Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
D. Goff, D. Lloyd‐Jones, G. Bennett, S. Coady, R. D'Agostino, R. Gibbons, P. Greenland, D. Lackland, D. Levy, C. O’Donnell, Jennifer Robinson, J. Schwartz, Susan Shero, Sidney Smith, P. Sorlie, N. Stone, Peter Wilson, Harmon Jordan, Lev Nevo, Janusz Wnek, Jeffrey Anderson, L. Halperin, Nancy Albert, Biykem Bozkurt, R. Brindis, Lesley Curtis, D. DeMets, J. Hochman, Richard Kovacs, E. Ohman, S. Pressler, Frank Sellke, Win-Kuang Shen (2014)
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice GuidelinesCirculation, 129
D. Goff, D. Lloyd-Jones, G. Bennett, Sean Coady, Ralph D'Agostino, Raymond Gibbons, Philip Greenland, Daniel Lackland, Daniel Levy, Christopher O’Donnell, J. Robinson, J. Schwartz, Susan Shero, Sidney Smith, P. Sorlie, N. Stone, P. Wilson (2014)
2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63 25 Pt B
P. Greenland, J. Alpert, G. Beller, E. Benjamin, M. Budoff, Z. Fayad, E. Foster, M. Hlatky, J. Hodgson, F. Kushner, M. Lauer, L. Shaw, Sidney Smith, Allen Taylor, W. Weintraub, N. Wenger, A. Jacobs (2010)
2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Circulation, 122 25
A. Agatston, W. Janowitz, W. Janowitz, F. Hildner, F. Hildner, N. Zusmer, N. Zusmer, M. Viamonte, M. Viamonte, R. Detrano, R. Detrano (1990)
Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 15 4
K. Henderson, B. Kaufman, S. Stearns, D. Couper, C. Sueta, Anna Kucharska‐Newton, R. Foraker, J. Asafu-Adjei, P. Chang (2016)
VALIDATION OF THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (ASCVD) POOLED COHORT RISK EQUATIONS BY EDUCATION LEVEL: THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNITIES (ARIC) STUDYJournal of the American College of Cardiology, 67
(2007)
ACCF/AHA 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring By Computed Tomography in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain
M. Pencina, R. Agostino, R. Agostino, R. Vasan (2008)
Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyondStatistics in Medicine, 27
R. Detrano, A. Guerci, J. Carr, D. Bild, G. Burke, A. Folsom, Kiang Liu, S. Shea, M. Szklo, D. Bluemke, D. O'leary, R. Tracy, K. Watson, N. Wong, R. Kronmal (2008)
Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups.The New England journal of medicine, 358 13
Allen Taylor, Jody Bindeman, I. Feuerstein, Felix Cao, M. Brazaitis, P. O'Malley (2005)
Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 46 5
P. Wilson, R. D’Agostino, Daniel Levy, Albert Belanger, H. Silbershatz, W. Kannel (1998)
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories.Circulation, 97 18
D. Lloyd‐Jones, E. Leip, M. Larson, R. D'Agostino, A. Beiser, P. Wilson, P. Wolf, D. Levy (2006)
Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of AgeCirculation, 113
M. Lauer, E. Blackstone, James Young, E. Topol (1999)
Cause of death in clinical research: time for a reassessment?Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 34 3
(2015)
Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study
L. Shaw, R. Bugiardini, C. Merz (2009)
Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 54 17
L. Shaw, P. Raggi, E. Schisterman, D. Berman, T. Callister (2003)
Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.Radiology, 228 3
S. Lakoski, P. Greenland, N. Wong, P. Schreiner, D. Herrington, R. Kronmal, Kiang Liu, R. Blumenthal (2007)
Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as "low risk" based on Framingham risk score: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).Archives of internal medicine, 167 22
D. Lloyd‐Jones, P. Wilson, M. Larson, A. Beiser, E. Leip, R. D'Agostino, D. Levy (2004)
Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease.The American journal of cardiology, 94 1
V. Valenti, B. Hartaigh, R. Heo, Iksung Cho, Joshua Schulman-Marcus, H. Gransar, Q. Truong, L. Shaw, J. Knapper, A. Kelkar, P. Sandesara, F. Lin, S. Sciarretta, H. Chang, T. Callister, J. Min (2015)
A 15-Year Warranty Period for Asymptomatic Individuals Without Coronary Artery Calcium: A Prospective Follow-Up of 9,715 Individuals.JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 8 8
P. Muntner, Lisandro Colantonio, Mary Cushman, David Goff, G. Howard, V. Howard, Brett Kissela, E. Levitan, D. Lloyd-Jones, M. Safford (2014)
Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations.JAMA, 311 14
E. Michos, C. Vasamreddy, D. Becker, L. Yanek, T. Moy, E. Fishman, L. Becker, R. Blumenthal (2005)
Women with a low Framingham risk score and a family history of premature coronary heart disease have a high prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.American heart journal, 150 6
R. Pasternak, J. Abrams, P. Greenland, L. Smaha, P. Wilson, N. Houston-Miller (2003)
34th Bethesda Conference: Task force #1--Identification of coronary heart disease risk: is there a detection gap?Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 41 11
E. Michos, K. Nasir, J. Braunstein, J. Rumberger, M. Budoff, W. Post, R. Blumenthal (2006)
Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women.Atherosclerosis, 184 1
Joshua Schulman-Marcus, V. Valenti, Bríain Hartaigh, H. Gransar, Q. Truong, A. Giambrone, T. Callister, L. Shaw, F. Lin, J. Min (2014)
Prognostic utility of coronary artery calcium scoring in active smokers: a 15-year follow-up study.International journal of cardiology, 177 2
L. Fleisher, K. Fleischmann, Andrew Auerbach, Susan Barnason, Joshua Beckman, Biykem Bozkurt, V. Dávila-Román, Marie Gerhard-Herman, Thomas Holly, Garvan Kane, Joseph Marine, M. Nelson, Crystal Spencer, Annemarie Thompson, Henry Ting, Barry Uretsky, D. Wijeysundera (2014)
2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64 22
P. Greenland, J. Alpert, G. Beller, E. Benjamin, M. Budoff, Z. Fayad, E. Foster, M. Hlatky, J. Hodgson, F. Kushner, M. Lauer, L. Shaw, Sidney Smith, Allen Taylor, W. Weintraub, N. Wenger, A. Jacobs, Jeffrey Anderson, N. Albert, C. Buller, M. Creager, S. Ettinger, R. Guyton, J. Halperin, J. Hochman, Rick Nishimura, E. Ohman, R. Page, William Stevenson, L. Tarkington, C. Yancy (2010)
2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56 25
A. Bellasi, Carolyn Lacey, Allen Taylor, P. Raggi, P. Wilson, M. Budoff, V. Vaccarino, L. Shaw (2007)
Comparison of prognostic usefulness of coronary artery calcium in men versus women (results from a meta- and pooled analysis estimating all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease death or myocardial infarction).The American journal of cardiology, 100 3
P. Greenland, J. Alpert, G. Beller, E. Benjamin, M. Budoff, Z. Fayad, E. Foster, M. Hlatky, J. Hodgson, F. Kushner, M. Lauer, L. Shaw, Sidney Smith, Allen Taylor, W. Weintraub, N. Wenger, A. Jacobs (2010)
2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Circulation, 122 25
V. Fuster, L. Rydén, Davis Cannom, H. Crijns, A. Curtis, K. Ellenbogen, J. Halperin, G. Kay, Jean-Yves Huezey, J. Lowe, S. Olsson, E. Prystowsky, J. Tamargo, L. Wann, Sidney Smith, S. Priori, N. Estes, M. Ezekowitz, W. Jackman, C. January, R. Page, D. Slotwiner, W. Stevenson, C. Tracy, A. Jacobs, Jeffrey Anderson, N. Albert, C. Buller, M. Creager, S. Ettinger, R. Guyton, J. Hochman, F. Kushner, E. Ohman, L. Tarkington, C. Yancy (2011)
2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.Circulation, 123 10
D. Lloyd‐Jones, P. Wilson, M. Larson, E. Leip, A. Beiser, R. D'Agostino, J. Cleeman, D. Levy (2003)
Lifetime risk of coronary heart disease by cholesterol levels at selected ages.Archives of internal medicine, 163 16
N. Stone, Jennifer Robinson, A. Lichtenstein, C. Merz, C. Blum, R. Eckel, A. Goldberg, D. Gordon, D. Levy, D. Lloyd‐Jones, P. Mcbride, J. Schwartz, Susan Shero, Sidney Smith, K. Watson, P. Wilson (2014)
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice GuidelinesCirculation, 129
P. Raggi, M. Góngora, A. Gopal, T. Callister, M. Budoff, L. Shaw (2008)
Coronary artery calcium to predict all-cause mortality in elderly men and women.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52 1
T. Okwuosa, P. Greenland, Hongyan Ning, Kiang Liu, D. Bild, G. Burke, J. Eng, D. Lloyd‐Jones (2011)
Distribution of coronary artery calcium scores by Framingham 10-year risk strata in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) potential implications for coronary risk assessment.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57 18
P. Raggi, L. Shaw, D. Berman, T. Callister (2004)
Gender-based differences in the prognostic value of coronary calcification.Journal of women's health, 13 3
N. Cook, P. Ridker (2014)
Further insight into the cardiovascular risk calculator: the roles of statins, revascularizations, and underascertainment in the Women's Health Study.JAMA internal medicine, 174 12
Background— Cardiovascular screening of women using traditional risk factors has been challenging, with results often classifying a majority of women as lower risk than men. The aim of this report was to determine the long-term prognosis of asymptomatic women and men classified at low-intermediate risk undergoing screening with coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring. Methods and Results— A total of 2363 asymptomatic women and men with traditional risk factors aggregating into a low-intermediate Framingham risk score (6%–9.9%; 10-year predicted risk) underwent CAC scanning. Individuals were followed up for a median of 14.6 years. We estimated all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards models; hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The area under the curve from a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was calculated. There were 1072 women who were older (55.6 years) when compared with the 1291 men (46.7 years; P <0.0001), resulting in a greater prevalence and extent of CAC; 18.8% of women and 15.1% of men had a CAC score ≥100 ( P =0.029). This older group of women had a 1.44-fold higher 15-year adjusted mortality hazard when compared with men ( P =0.022). For women, the 15-year mortality ranged from 5.0% for those with a CAC score of 0 to 23.5% for those with a CAC score ≥400 ( P <0.001). For men, the 15-year mortality ranged from 3.5% for those with a CAC score of 0 to 18.0% for those with a CAC score ≥400 ( P <0.001). Women with CAC scores >10 had a higher mortality risk when compared with men. Conclusions— Our findings extend previous work that CAC effectively identifies high-risk women with a low-intermediate risk factor burden. These data require validation in external cohorts but lend credence to the use of CAC in women to improve risk detection algorithms that are currently based on traditional risk factors.
Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging – Wolters Kluwer Health
Published: Apr 1, 2016
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.