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K. Yashiro, Hidetaka Shiratori, H. Hamada (2007)
Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic archNature, 450
M. Biffi, G. Boriani, L. Frabetti, G. Bronzetti, A. Branzi (2001)
Left superior vena cava persistence in patients undergoing pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a 10-year experience.Chest, 120 1
Cardiovascular Images Absent Right Superior Vena Cava Multimodality Imaging of Upper Body Venous Drainage via Left-Sided Superior Vena Cava and Azygos Venous System Simon T. MacDonald, BMBCh, MRCP; Yaso Emmanuel, MBChB, MRCP; Saul Myerson, MD, MRCP; Bernard Prendergast, MD, FRCP; Stefan Neubauer, MD, FRCP; Paul Leeson, PhD, MRCP 63-year-old man was referred for cardiac evaluation veins on the left. Reversal of the pattern of persistence and Aafter a chest radiograph for an upper respiratory tract regression may occur if flow is restricted on the right during infection demonstrated prominent mediastinal borders (Fig- embryological development, similar to the mechanism de- ure 1). He had a normal clinical examination. A dilated scribed for correct patterning of the branchial arch arteries. coronary sinus was identified on transthoracic echocardiog- In the absence of other congenital anomalies, long-term raphy. On subsequent transesophageal echocardiography, ag- prognosis from abnormal superior vena caval development is itated saline contrast injected into the left antecubital vein thought to be good, and clinical relevance relates to technical first appeared in the coronary sinus, consistent with a persis- problems during pacemaker implantation, insertion of cen- tent left-sided superior vena cava (Figure 2A and Movie 1). tral lines, and cardiopulmonary bypass. The
Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging – Wolters Kluwer Health
Published: Sep 1, 2009
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