Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
K. Carr, R. L. Kendal, E. G. Flynn (2016)
Eureka!: What is innovation, how does it develop, and who does it?, 87
A. Clark, D. Chalmers (1998)
The extended mind, 58
N. Destan, E. Hembacher, S. Ghetti, C. M. Roebers (2014)
Early metacognitive abilities: The interplay of monitoring and control processes in 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children, 126
G. O. Einstein, M. A. McDaniel (1990)
Normal aging and prospective memory, 16
K. L. Armitage, J. Redshaw (2021)
Children boost their cognitive performance with a novel offloading technique, 00
A. Bulley, J. Redshaw, T. Suddendorf (2020)
The cambridge handbook of the imagination
S. J. Gilbert (2015a)
Strategic offloading of delayed intentions into the external environment, 68
M. J. Beran, S. Decker, A. Schwartz, J. D. Smith (2012)
Uncertainty monitoring by young children in a computerized task, 2012
K. L. Armitage, A. Bulley, J. Redshaw (2020)
Developmental origins of cognitive offloading, 287
A. Bulley, T. McCarthy, S. J. Gilbert, T. Suddendorf, J. Redshaw (2020)
Children devise and selectively use tools to offload cognition, 30
J. R. Finley, F. Naaz, F. Goh (2018)
Memory and technology: How we use information in the brain and the world
C. R. Beal (1985)
Development of knowledge about the use of cues to aid prospective retrieval, 56
X. Hu, L. Luo, S. M. Fleming (2019)
A role for metamemory in cognitive offloading, 193
M. Geurten, S. Willems (2016)
Metacognition in early childhood: Fertile ground to understand memory development?, 10
B. E. Heisel, K. Ritter (1981)
Young children's storage behavior in a memory‐for‐location task, 31
T. L. Dunn, E. F. Risko (2016)
Toward a metacognitive account of cognitive offloading, 40
G. O. Einstein, M. A. McDaniel (1996)
Prospective memory: Theory and applications
F. K. Balcomb, L. A. Gerken (2008)
Three‐year‐old children can access their own memory to guide responses on a visual matching task, 11
S. J. Gilbert, A. Bird, J. M. Carpenter, S. M. Fleming, C. Sachdeva, P.‐C. Tsai (2020)
Optimal use of reminders: Metacognition, effort, and cognitive offloading, 149
A. Dufresne, A. Kobasigawa (1989)
Children's spontaneous allocation of study time: Differential and sufficient aspects, 47
S. Grinschgl, H. Meyerhoff, F. Papenmeier (2020)
Interface and interaction design: How mobile touch devices foster cognitive offloading, 108
S. J. Gilbert (2015b)
Strategic use of reminders: Influence of both domain‐general and task‐specific metacognitive confidence, independent of objective memory ability, 33
J. Cohen (1992)
A power primer, 112
Metacognition plays an essential role in adults’ cognitive offloading decisions. Despite possessing basic metacognitive capacities, however, preschool‐aged children often fail to offload effectively. Here, we introduced 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds to a novel search task in which they were unlikely to perform optimally across trials without setting external reminders about the location of a target. Children watched as an experimenter first hid a target in one of three identical opaque containers. The containers were then shuffled out of view before children had to guess where the target was hidden. In the test phase, children could perform perfectly by simply placing a marker in a transparent jar attached to the target container prior to shuffling, and then later selecting the marked container. Children of all ages used this external strategy above chance levels if they had seen it demonstrated to them, but only the 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds independently devised the strategy to improve their future performance. These results suggest that, when necessary for optimal performance, even 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds can use metacognitive knowledge about their own future uncertainty to deploy effective external solutions.
Developmental Science – Wiley
Published: May 1, 2022
Keywords: cognitive development; cognitive offloading; metacognition; problem solving; reminder setting
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.