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Introduction The pantanal eartheater, Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840), is widely distributed throughout South America. A sedentary, benthopelagic species that inhabits lotic and lentic freshwater environments, it has iliophagic feeding habits and cares for its offspring ( Fernandes et al., 2002 ; Kullander, 2003 ). In some reservoirs of the Paraná River basin in Brazil, it is considered an exotic species and is exploited by commercial fishing, such as in the Itaipu Reservoir, where it is sold extensively in filleted form ( Fernandes et al., 2002 ). Many species of teleosteans present bisexual individuals, not hermaphrodites, with unusual gonad morphology, i.e. fish with male and female tissues where one or both are never functional ( Sadovy and Shapiro, 1987 ). The simultaneous presence of ovarian and spermatic tissues in the gonads and ovotestes characterizes protogynous or protandrous hermaphroditic fishes ( Mitcheson and Liu, 2008 ). In some protogynous species there are two kinds of males: primary males, which develop directly as males from immature females; and secondary males, which develop from adult females through sexual reversal ( Nostro and Guerrero, 1996 ). Diandric individuals of a protogynous species present both primary and secondary males ( Cole, 2003 ). The
Journal of Applied Ichthyology – Wiley
Published: Jun 1, 2011
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