Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
T. Peters, J. Golding (1987)
The epidemiology of childhood eczema: II. Statistical analyses to identify independent early predictors.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 1 1
S. Matsuoka, Reiko Nakagawa, Hirosi Nakayama, Kazuko Yamashita, Y. Kuroda (1999)
Prevalence of specific allergic diseases in school children as related to parental atopyPediatrics International, 41
M. Mercer, G. Joubert, R. Ehrlich, H. Nelson, M. Poyser, A. Puterman, E. Weinberg (2004)
Socioeconomic status and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema symptoms in young adolescentsPediatric Allergy and Immunology, 15
J. Riedler, C. Braun‐Fahrländer, W. Eder, M. Schreuer, M. Waser, S. Maisch, D. Carr, R. Schierl, D. Nowak, E. Mutius (2001)
Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional surveyThe Lancet, 358
W. Waters (1971)
Migraine: Intelligence, Social Class, and Familial PrevalenceBritish Medical Journal, 2
C. Galassi, M. Sario, A. Biggeri, L. Bisanti, E. Chellini, G. Ciccone, M. Petronio, S. Piffer, P. Sestini, F. Rusconi, G. Viegi, F. Forastiere (2006)
Changes in Prevalence of Asthma and Allergies Among Children and Adolescents in Italy: 1994–2002Pediatrics, 117
M. Asher, S. Montefort, B. Björkstén, C. Lai, D. Strachan, S. Weiland, H. Williams (2006)
Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveysThe Lancet, 368
T. Bleiker, H. Shahidullah, E. Dutton, R. Graham‐Brown (2000)
The prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis in a birth cohort: the importance of a family history of atopy.Archives of dermatology, 136 2
Naila Khalil, Jane Cauley, John Wilson, E Talbot, Lisa Morrow, Susan Muldoon (2006)
New insight into solvent-related end-stage renal disease: occupations, products and types of solvents at riskOccupational and Environmental Medicine, 64
A. Bockelbrink, J. Heinrich, I. Schäfer, A. Zutavern, M. Borte, M. Borte, O. Herbarth, B. Schaaf, A. Berg, T. Schäfer (2006)
Atopic eczema in children: another harmful sequel of divorceAllergy, 61
R. Beasley (1998)
Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAACThe Lancet, 351
Gower Street, London WC1E6EA, Ffphm Marmot, MRCPsych Stansfeld, MD Patel, MB North, MSc Head, MSc White, MSc Brunner, BSc Feeney, DSc Douglas, Frcp Rawles (1991)
Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II studyThe Lancet, 337
U. Gehring, S. Pattenden, H. Šlachtová, T. Antova, C. Braun‐Fahrländer, E. Fabiánová, T. Fletcher, C. Galassi, G. Hoek, S. Kuzmin, H. Luttmann-Gibson, H. Moshammer, P. Rudnai, R. Złotkowska, J. Heinrich (2006)
Parental education and children's respiratory and allergic symptoms in the Pollution and the Young (PATY) studyEuropean Respiratory Journal, 27
Waters Waters (1971)
Migraine, social class, and familial prevalenceBMJ, ii
U. Helmert,, S. Shea (1994)
Social inequalities and health status in western Germany.Public health, 108 5
Jessica Harris, H. Williams, C. White, S. Moffat, P. Mills, A. Taylor, P. Cullinan (2007)
Early allergen exposure and atopic eczemaBritish Journal of Dermatology, 156
Xianming Prel, U. Krämer, H. Behrendt, J. Ring, H. Oppermann, T. Schikowski, U. Ranft (2006)
Preschool children's health and its association with parental education and individual living conditions in East and West GermanyBMC Public Health, 6
K. Hill (2001)
The World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving PerformancePopulation and Development Review, 27
P. Ellwood, M. Asher, R. Beasley, T. Clayton, Alistair Stewart (2005)
The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9 1
L. Grize, M. Gassner, B. Wüthrich, B. Bringolf-Isler, K. Takken-Sahli, F. Sennhauser, T. Stricker, P. Eigenmann, C. Braun‐Fahrländer (2006)
Trends in prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 5–7‐year old Swiss children from 1992 to 2001Allergy, 61
Hywel Williams, David Strachan, R. Hay (1994)
Childhood eczema: disease of the advantaged?BMJ, 308
Wafa Al-Saeed, K. Al-Dawood, I. Bukhari, A. Bahnassy (2007)
Risk factors and co-morbidity of skin disorders among female schoolchildren in Eastern Saudi Arabia.Investigacion clinica, 48 2
P. Hartley, O. Hartley (1949)
Factors affecting the response of immunized guinea pigs to antigenic stimulus; further observations.Lancet, 1 6563
Maria Böhme, Aê Svensson, Inger Kull, S. Nordvall, C. Wahlgren (2001)
Clinical features of atopic dermatitis at two years of age: a prospective, population-based case-control study.Acta dermato-venereologica, 81 3
H. Wichmann (1996)
Possible explanation for the different trends of asthma and allergy in east and west GermanyClinical & Experimental Allergy, 26
A. Kalyoncu (1996)
Possible explanation for the different trends of asthma and allergy in East and West Germany and immigrantsClinical & Experimental Allergy, 26
H. Williams, C. Robertson, A. Stewart, N. Aït-Khaled, G. Anabwani, R. Anderson, I. Asher, R. Beasley, B. Björkstén, M. Burr, T. Clayton, Julian Crane, P. Ellwood, U. Keil, C. Lai, J. Mallol, F. Martinez, E. Mitchell, S. Montefort, N. Pearce, J. Shah, B. Sibbald, D. Strachan, E. Mutius, S. Weiland (1999)
Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 103 1 Pt 1
B. Taylor, J. Wadsworth, J. Golding, N. Butler (1983)
Breast feeding, eczema, asthma, and hayfever.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 37
Sandstrom (2004)
Prognosis and prognostic factors in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a long-term follow-up questionnaire studyBr J Dermatol, 150
Shah Aa (1994)
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 42 3
D. Strachan, B. Sibbald, S. Weiland, N. Ait-Khaled, G. Anabwani, H. Anderson, M. Asher, R. Beasley, B. Bjorkstén, M. Burr, T. Clayton, J. Crane, P. Ellwood, U. Keil, C. Lai, J. Mallol, F. Martinez, E. Mitchell, S. Montefort, N. Pearce, C. Robertson, J. Shah, A. Stewart, E. Mutius, H. Williams (1997)
Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 8
D. Strachan, L. Harkins, I. Johnston, H. Anderson (1997)
Childhood antecedents of allergic sensitization in young British adults.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 99 1 Pt 1
H. Williams, A. Stewart, E. Mutius, W. Cookson, H. Anderson (2008)
Is eczema really on the increase worldwide?The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 121 4
C. Apfelbacher, M. Ollert, J. Ring, H. Behrendt, U. Krämer (2010)
Contact to cat or dog, allergies and parental educationPediatric Allergy and Immunology, 21
H. Williams, A. Pembroke, H. Forsdyke, G. Boodoo, R. Hay, P. Burney (1995)
London-born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 32 2 Pt 1
Jessica Harris, P. Cullinan, H. Williams, P. Mills, S. Moffat, C. White, A. Taylor (2001)
Environmental associations with eczema in early lifeBritish Journal of Dermatology, 144
H. Sugiura, N. Umemoto, H. Deguchi, Y. Murata, K. Tanaka, T. Sawai, M. Omoto, M. Uchiyama, T. Kiriyama, M. Uehara (1998)
Prevalence of childhood and adolescent atopic dermatitis in a Japanese population: comparison with the disease frequency examined 20 years ago.Acta dermato-venereologica, 78 4
H. Klüken, T. Wienker, T. Bieber (2003)
Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome – a genetically complex disease. New advances in discovering the genetic contributionAllergy, 58
N. Breslow, N. Day, W. Davis (1980)
Statistical methods in cancer research: volume 1- The analysis of case-control studiesIARC scientific publications, 32
B. Wüthrich (1989)
Epidemiology of the allergic diseases: are they really on the increase?International archives of allergy and applied immunology, 90 Suppl 1
H. Williams (1992)
Is the prevalence of atopic dermatitis increasing?Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 17
J. Spergel, A. Paller (2003)
Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 112 6 Suppl
R. Coleman, R. Trembath, John Harper (1997)
Genetic studies of atopy and atopic dermatitisBritish Journal of Dermatology, 136
Paul Verboom, L. Roijen, M. Sturkenboom, R. Zeeuw, H. Menke, Frans Rutten (2002)
The cost of atopic dermatitis in the Netherlands: an international comparisonBritish Journal of Dermatology, 147
S. Lewis, J. Britton (1998)
Consistent effects of high socioeconomic status and low birth order, and the modifying effect of maternal smoking on the risk of allergic disease during childhood.Respiratory medicine, 92 10
S. Dom, J. Droste, M. Sariachvili, M. Hagendorens, C. Bridts, W. Stevens, K. Desager, M. Wieringa, J. Weyler (2009)
The influence of parental educational level on the development of atopic sensitization, wheezing and eczema during the first year of lifePediatric Allergy and Immunology, 20
G. Kwong, A. Proctor, Catherine Billings, R. Duggan, C. Das, Moira Whyte, C. Powell, R. Primhak (2001)
Increasing prevalence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms in children is confined to mild symptomsThorax, 56
M. Asher, U. Keil, H. Anderson, R. Beasley, J. Crane, F. Martinez, E. Mitchell, N. Pearce, B. Sibbald, A. Stewart, D. Strachan, S. Weiland, H. Williams (1995)
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods.The European respiratory journal, 8 3
B. Sibbald, E. Rink (1991)
Labelling of rhinitis and hayfever by doctors.Thorax, 46
T. Schäfer, U. Krämer, D. Vieluf, D. Abeck, H. Behrendt, J. Ring (2000)
The excess of atopic eczema in East Germany is related to the intrinsic typeBritish Journal of Dermatology, 143
Joachim Heinrich, Matei Popescu, M. Wjst, Inge Goldstein, H.-Erich Wichmann (1998)
Atopy in children and parental social class.American journal of public health, 88 9
S. Holgate (1999)
The epidemic of allergy and asthmaNature, 402
J. Ring, Ute Krämer, T. Schäfer, D. Abeck, D. Vieluf, H. Behrendt (1999)
Environmental Risk Factors for Respiratory and Skin Atopy: Results from Epidemiological Studies in Former East and West GermanyInternational Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 118
B. Taylor, M. Wadsworth, J. Wadsworth, C. Peckham (1984)
CHANGES IN THE REPORTED PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD ECZEMA SINCE THE 1939-45 WARThe Lancet, 324
A. Zutavern, T. Hirsch, Wolfgang Leupold, S. Weiland, S. Weiland, Ulrich Keil, E. Mutius (2005)
Atopic dermatitis, extrinsic atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis: results from a cross‐sectional studyClinical & Experimental Allergy, 35
D. Waite, E. Eyles, S. Tonkin, T. O'DONNELL (1980)
Asthma prevalence in Tokelauan children in two environmentsClinical & Experimental Allergy, 10
(2004)
Epidemiology and Health Services Research Prognosis and prognostic factors in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: a long-term follow-up questionnaire study
(1995)
Atopic eczema. We should look on the environment
M. Marmot, M. Shipley, G. Rose (1984)
INEQUALITIES IN DEATH—SPECIFIC EXPLANATIONS OF A GENERAL PATTERN?The Lancet, 323
Coleman (1997)
Genetic studies of atopy and atopic dermatitisBr J Dermatol, 136
L. Arruda, D. Solé, C. Baena-Cagnani, C. Naspitz (2005)
Risk factors for asthma and atopyCurrent Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 5
Weber AS, Haidinger G. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children is influenced by their parents’ education: results of two cross‐sectional studies conducted in Upper Austria. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 1028–1035. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an important health problem worldwide. Several studies have shown that a positive family history is a strong risk factor. We studied the prevalence of AD among 23,583 Austrian school children and examined the association between the prevalence of AD in children and their parents’ education at two points in time. As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood programme, two cross‐sectional studies were conducted in Upper Austria (Federal State of Austria) between the years 1995–97 (Phase I) and 2001–03 (Phase III). All pupils of pre‐school classes and of first and second grade of all elementary schools in seven districts of Upper Austria received standardized questionnaires, resulting in a total of 13,399 (Phase I) and 13,731 (Phase III) children. All variables examined concerning AD showed an increase in prevalence in the age group examined: During the first study, 9.6% of the children ever had eczema diagnosed by a doctor (Phase III: 13.3%), whereas 9.2% ever had symptoms of AD (Phase III: 11.0%). In Phase I, 6.0% of the children had an itchy rash in the past 12 months (Phase III: 6.7%). In both studies, high parental education (i.e. high school or university degree) was an independent statistically significant risk factor for eczema in the child, resulting in an adjusted Odds Ratio between 1.13 and 1.37. In a census‐like‐survey, we are able to demonstrate a statistically significant association between parental education and the prevalence of AD in their children, which is independent of a possible parental AD.
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology – Wiley
Published: Nov 1, 2010
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.