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Footnotes 1 . For a further discussion of such agency costs, see Michael C. Jensen, “Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings (May 1986), pp. 323–329. 2 . W. Carl Kester, “Capital Ownership Structure: A Comparison of United States and Japanese Manufacturing Corporations,” Financial Management (Spring 1986), pp. 5–16. 3 . Stephen Bronte, Japanese Finances, Markets, and Institutions (London: Euromoney Publications, 1982), p. 17. 4 . Takeo Hoshi, Anil Kashyap, and David Scharfstein, “Corporate Structure, Liquidity, and Investment: Evidence from Japanese Industrial Groups,” Quarterly Journal of Economics , forthcoming. 5 . The maximum permissible size of the reserve is equivalent to 40% of the liability that would be incurred if all employees voluntarily separated at the rate of the balance sheet. 6 . Alfred Chandler, Scale and Scope (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). 7 . Michael Porter, “From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review (May‐June 1987), pp. 43–59. 8 . “Zaiteku Sends Stocks and Tokkin Soaring,” Euromoney: Special Survey , April 1987, pp. 130–131. 9 . Corporate financial managers may still have been right about the cost of their company's equity, but for the wrong reason.
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 1991
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