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W. James (1968)
Stillbirth, neonatal death and birth intervalAnnals of Human Genetics, 32
E. Gardiner, J. Yerushalmy (1939)
Familial susceptibility to still births and neonatal deaths.American journal of hygiene, 30 1
(1955)
Social and biological factors in infmt mortality. Lancet i, 343. REQISTRAR GENERAL OF ENQLAND & WAIXS
S. Morrison, J. Heady, J. Morris (1959)
Social and Biological Factors in Infant Mortality*Archives of Disease in Childhood, 34
(1955)
I. OBJECTS AND METHODSThe Lancet, 265
W. James (1968)
Stillbirth and birth orderAnnals of Human Genetics, 32
J. Haldane, C. Smith (1948)
A simple exact test for birth-order effect.Annals of eugenics, 14 2
of pregnancy on the island of Kauai, Territory of Hawaii
W. James (1969)
Central nervous system malformation stillbirths, maternal age and birth orderAnnals of Human Genetics, 32
D. Barton, F. David (1958)
A TEST FOR BIRTH ORDER EFFECTAnnals of Human Genetics, 22
J. Yerushalmy (1938)
Neonatal mortality by order of birth and age of parents.American journal of hygiene, 28 2
J. Yerushalmy, J. Bierman, D. Kemp, A. Connor, F. French (1956)
Longitudinal studies of pregnancy on the island of Kauai, Territory of Hawaii. I. Analysis of previous reproductive history.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 71 1
M. Greenwood, G. Yule
On the Determination of Size of Family and of the Distribution of Characters in Order of Birth from Samples Taken Through Members of the SibshipsJournal of the Royal Statistical Society, 77
(1967)
The sociological study of reproduction and its outcome
BY WILLIAM H. JAMES The Galton Laboratory, University College London In this paper no account will be taken of the problem of disentangling the effects of birth order from those of maternal age. Effects will be referred to as âpositiveâ when, in the population as a whole, the probability of neonatal death (that is, death within one month of birth) increases with birth order, and they will be called ârealâ when there is evidence that there are secular changes within individual women of the propensity to bear an infant that will suffer neonatal death (NND). There is very considerablevariation between women in their chance of bearing such an infant (Gardiner & Yerushalmy, 1939), and I shall call women who are highly susceptible âNNDprone â. Usually the investigation of birth order effects is prompted by the observation that R(j),the proportion of affected cases in the j t h birth rank, varies withj. In the case of NND, it has been observed that R(j)decreases from j = 1 to j = 2 or 3, and thereafter increases (Yerushalmy, 1938; Heady, Daly & Morris, 1955; Burns, 1942). This pattern is similar to the variation of stillbirth rates with parity. Usually such
Annals of Human Genetics – Wiley
Published: May 1, 1970
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