Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
G. Doherty-Sneddon, Fiona Phelps (2005)
Gaze aversion: A response to cognitive or social difficulty?Memory & Cognition, 33
D. Riby, P. Hancock (2008)
Viewing it differently: Social scene perception in Williams syndrome and AutismNeuropsychologia, 46
G. Doherty-Sneddon, G. Kent (1996)
Visual signals and the communication abilities of children.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 37 8
J. Clarke, Gudrun Amerom (2008)
Asperger's SyndromeSocial Work in Health Care, 46
M. Freeth, D. Ropar, P. Chapman, P. Mitchell (2010)
The eye gaze direction of an observed person can bias perception, memory, and attention in adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder.Journal of experimental child psychology, 105 1-2
S. Willemsen-Swinkels, J. Buitelaar, F. Weijnen, H. Engeland (1998)
Timing of Social Gaze Behavior in Children with a Pervasive Developmental DisorderJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28
Emily Lund (2014)
Social Communication Questionnaire
(1997)
British Picture Vocabulary Scale II
H. Clark, S. Brennan (1991)
Grounding in communication
M. Kane, R. Engle (2002)
The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspectivePsychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9
C. Kemner, M. Verbaten, Juliane Cuperus, G. Camfferman, H. Engeland (1998)
Abnormal Saccadic Eye Movements in Autistic ChildrenJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28
H. McGurk, J. MacDonald (1976)
Hearing lips and seeing voicesNature, 264
Fiona Phelps, G. Doherty-Sneddon, Hannah Warnock (2006)
Helping children think: Gaze aversion and teachingBritish Journal of Development Psychology, 24
Y. Searcy, A. Lincoln, F. Rose, E. Klima, Nasim Bavar, J. Korenberg (2004)
The relationship between age and IQ in adults with Williams syndrome.American journal of mental retardation : AJMR, 109 3
F. Previc, Shannon Murphy (1997)
Vertical Eye Movements during Mental Tasks: A Re-Examination and HypothesisPerceptual and Motor Skills, 84
G. Beattie (1981)
A further investigation of the cognitive interference hypothesis of gaze patterns during conversationBritish Journal of Social Psychology, 20
L. Markson, K. Paterson (2009)
Effects of gaze-aversion on visual-spatial imagination.British journal of psychology, 100 Pt 3
Dawson Dawson, Toth Toth, Abbott Abbott, Osterling Osterling, Munson Munson, Estes Estes, Liaw Liaw (2004)
Defining the early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and responses to emotionsDevelopmental Psychology, 40
F. Greenberg, Richard Lewis (1988)
Williams syndrome.Pediatrics, 84 5
Elisa Frigerio, D. Burt, C. Gagliardi, Giuseppina Cioffi, S. Martelli, D. Perrett, R. Borgatti (2006)
Is everybody always my friend? Perception of approachability in Williams syndromeNeuropsychologia, 44
A. Glenberg, Jennifer Schroeder, David Robertson (1998)
Averting the gaze disengages the environment and facilitates rememberingMemory & Cognition, 26
A. Kendon (1967)
Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction.Acta psychologica, 26 1
(1998)
Timing of social gaze behaviour
Jon Brock, S. Einav, D. Riby (2009)
The other end of the spectrum? Social cognition in Williams syndrome.
Marilee Martens, Sarah Wilson, D. Reutens (2008)
Research Review: Williams syndrome: a critical review of the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical phenotype.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 49 6
G. Doherty-Sneddon, D. Riby, L. Whittle (2011)
Gaze aversion as a cognitive load management strategy in Autism and Williams syndrome
G. Doherty-Sneddon, V. Bruce, L. Bonner, S. Longbotham, C. Doyle (2002)
Development of gaze aversion as disengagement from visual information.Developmental psychology, 38 3
Leslie Speer, A. Cook, W. McMahon, E. Clark (2007)
Face processing in children with autismAutism, 11
D. Donnai, A. Karmiloff-Smith (2000)
Williams syndrome: from genotype through to the cognitive phenotype.American journal of medical genetics, 97 2
C. Pierrot-Deseilligny, René Müri, C. Ploner, Bertrand Gaymard, S. Rivaud-Pechoux (2003)
Cortical control of ocular saccades in humans: a model for motricity.Progress in brain research, 142
D. Riby, Nicola Jones, Philippa Brown, L. Robinson, S. Langton, V. Bruce, L. Riby (2011)
Attention to Faces in Williams SyndromeJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41
I. Rapin (2000)
Handbook of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in childrenAnnals of Neurology, 47
G. Doherty-Sneddon, L. Bonner, V. Bruce (2001)
Cognitive demands of face monitoring: Evidence for visuospatial overloadMemory & Cognition, 29
A. Klin, W. Jones, R. Schultz, F. Volkmar (2003)
The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 358 1430
R. Goodman (2001)
Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 11
Atsushi Senju, Mark Johnson (2009)
Atypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and developmentNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33
K. Dalton, Brendon Nacewicz, T. Johnstone, Hillary Schaefer, M. Gernsbacher, H. Goldsmith, Andrew Alexander, Richard Davidson (2005)
Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autismNature Neuroscience, 8
G. Dawson, S. Webb, J. McPartland (2005)
Understanding the Nature of Face Processing Impairment in Autism: Insights From Behavioral and Electrophysiological StudiesDevelopmental Neuropsychology, 27
Speer Speer, Cook Cook, McMahon McMahon, Clark Clark (2007)
Face processing in children with autism: effect of stimulus contents and typeAutism, 11
S. Fletcher‐Watson, S. Leekam, Michelle Turner, Lynne Moxon (2006)
Do people with autistic spectrum disorder show normal selection for attention? Evidence from change blindness.British journal of psychology, 97 Pt 4
Face-to-face interference 289
S. Goldstein, C. Reynolds (2010)
Handbook of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in children
T. Doyle, U. Bellugi, J. Korenberg, J. Graham (2004)
“Everybody in the world is my friend” hypersociability in young children with Williams syndromeAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 124A
Fletcher‐Watson Fletcher‐Watson, Leekam Leekam, Turner Turner, Moxon Moxon (2006)
Do people with autism spectrum disorders have normal scope and content of attention?British Journal of Psychology, 97
V. Mittal, E. Walker (2011)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersPsychiatry Research, 189
(1996)
Visual signals in children’s communication
G. Dawson, K. Toth, R. Abbott, J. Osterling, J. Munson, A. Estes, Jane Liaw (2004)
Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress.Developmental psychology, 40 2
D. Riby, P. Hancock (2009)
Looking at movies and cartoons: eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 53 2
P. Strømme, P. Bjømstad, K. Ramstad (2002)
Prevalence Estimation of Williams SyndromeJournal of Child Neurology, 17
H. Ehrlichman (1981)
From gaze aversion to eye‐movement suppression: An investigation of the cognitive interference explanation of gaze patterns during conversationBritish Journal of Social Psychology, 20
Y. Kikuchi, Atsushi Senju, Y. Tojo, Hiroo Osanai, T. Hasegawa (2009)
Faces do not capture special attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: a change blindness study.Child development, 80 5
C. Mervis, C. Morris, B. Klein-Tasman, J. Bertrand, Susanna Kwitny, L. Appelbaum, Catherine Rice (2003)
Attentional Characteristics of Infants and Toddlers With Williams Syndrome During Triadic InteractionsDevelopmental Neuropsychology, 23
Wendy Jones, U. Bellugi, Z. Lai, Michael Chiles, J. Reilly, A. Lincoln, R. Adolphs (2000)
II. Hypersociability in Williams SyndromeJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12
A. Klin, W. Jones, R. Schultz, F. Volkmar, D. Cohen (2002)
Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism.Archives of general psychiatry, 59 9
F. Previc, C. Declerck, B. Brabander (2005)
Why your "head is in the clouds" during thinking: the relationship between cognition and upper space.Acta psychologica, 118 1-2
Visual communication cues facilitate interpersonal communication. It is important that we look at faces to retrieve and subsequently process such cues. It is also important that we sometimes look away from faces as they increase cognitive load that may interfere with online processing. Indeed, when typically developing individuals hold face gaze it interferes with task completion. In this novel study we quantify face interference for the first time in Williams syndrome (WS) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These disorders of development impact on cognition and social attention, but how do faces interfere with cognitive processing? Individuals developing typically as well as those with ASD (n = 19) and WS (n = 16) were recorded during a question and answer session that involved mathematics questions. In phase 1 gaze behaviour was not manipulated, but in phase 2 participants were required to maintain eye contact with the experimenter at all times. Looking at faces decreased task accuracy for individuals who were developing typically. Critically, the same pattern was seen in WS and ASD, whereby task performance decreased when participants were required to hold face gaze. The results show that looking at faces interferes with task performance in all groups. This finding requires the caveat that individuals with WS and ASD found it harder than individuals who were developing typically to maintain eye contact throughout the interaction. Individuals with ASD struggled to hold eye contact at all points of the interaction while those with WS found it especially difficult when thinking.
Developmental Science – Wiley
Published: Mar 1, 2012
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.