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Extracellular histones and xenotransplantation

Extracellular histones and xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation may be an alternative source of organs for patients with end‐stage organ failure, but problems remain to be overcome. Five factors that are problematic are (a) a sustained systemic inflammatory response in the xenograft recipient, (b) thrombotic microangiopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation, (c) ischemia‐reperfusion injury, (d) complement activation, and (e) vascular endothelial cell injury. In xenotransplantation, histones, which are positively charged proteins, are released into the extracellular space from damaged and activated cells, cause cell and tissue damage, and act as danger/damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that mediate inflammation, coagulation disorders, an immune response, and cytotoxicity. We have previously demonstrated that serum histones increase after pig‐to‐baboon organ transplantation and infection. Treatment of the recipient with tocilizumab (interleukin‐6 receptor blockade) reduces the level of serum histones and C‐reactive protein. In this review, the potential role of extracellular histones in xenotransplantation is discussed, and we briefly summarize the relationship between extracellular histones and the inflammatory response, coagulation dysfunction, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, the complement system, and vascular endothelial cell injury. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Xenotransplantation Wiley

Extracellular histones and xenotransplantation

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References (110)

Publisher
Wiley
Copyright
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISSN
0908-665X
eISSN
1399-3089
DOI
10.1111/xen.12618
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Xenotransplantation may be an alternative source of organs for patients with end‐stage organ failure, but problems remain to be overcome. Five factors that are problematic are (a) a sustained systemic inflammatory response in the xenograft recipient, (b) thrombotic microangiopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation, (c) ischemia‐reperfusion injury, (d) complement activation, and (e) vascular endothelial cell injury. In xenotransplantation, histones, which are positively charged proteins, are released into the extracellular space from damaged and activated cells, cause cell and tissue damage, and act as danger/damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that mediate inflammation, coagulation disorders, an immune response, and cytotoxicity. We have previously demonstrated that serum histones increase after pig‐to‐baboon organ transplantation and infection. Treatment of the recipient with tocilizumab (interleukin‐6 receptor blockade) reduces the level of serum histones and C‐reactive protein. In this review, the potential role of extracellular histones in xenotransplantation is discussed, and we briefly summarize the relationship between extracellular histones and the inflammatory response, coagulation dysfunction, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, the complement system, and vascular endothelial cell injury.

Journal

Xenotransplantation – Wiley

Published: Sep 1, 2020

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