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Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy: Stage 1
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Over the last decade four‐dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have steadily continued to march toward routine clinical implementation.1 Clinical adoption has been driven by radiologists championing the utilization of 4D flow. They have realized the potential of 4D flow to aid in decision‐making of clinical diagnoses and prognoses. This has been made possible by technological advances in system hardware, data acquisition strategies, and reconstruction algorithms that have reduced 4D flow scan times. To date, most 4D flow applications have focused on body imaging. In these regions, hemodynamic parameters, including blood flow rates, pulse wave velocity, wall shear stress, pressure gradients and others, are used to characterize the health of the heart and large arteries such as the aorta. Yet, head/neck and neurovascular 4D flow has been underutilized compared to body applications, despite the fact that it appears to be a natural fit for 4D flow.The brain receives roughly 15–20% of the cardiac output. High perfusion levels make the brain susceptible to cardiovascular disease and, thus, a suitable target of 4D flow for hemodynamic characterization. Importantly, trans‐ and intra‐cranial 4D flow spatiotemporal resolution needs are different from body imaging. For example, neurovascular 4D flow typically requires large volumetric
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Wiley
Published: Aug 1, 2022
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