Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
J. Figuerola, A. Green (2000)
The evolution of sexual dimorphism in relation to mating patterns, cavity nesting, insularity and sympatry in the AnseriformesFunctional Ecology, 14
G. Petts (1999)
The World's Water 1998–1999; The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources; P.H. Gleick; Island Press, Covelo, USA, 1998, XII+307 pages, paperback, ISBN 1-559-63592-4 US$ 29.95Journal of Hydrology, 222
B. Meatyard (2001)
Threatened Birds of the WorldBiological Conservation, 101
Balmford Balmford (1996)
Extinction filters and current resiliencethe significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology, 11
A. Purvis, A. Rambaut (1995)
Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative dataComputer applications in the biosciences : CABIOS, 11 3
Mace Mace, Stuart Stuart (1994)
IUCN Red List categoriesSpecies, 21–22
(1996)
A global overview of wetlands loss and degradation
A. Williams (2007)
Waterbird Population EstimatesOstrich, 78
K. Gaston, T. Blackburn (1996)
Global scale macroecology: Interactions between population size, geographic range size and body size in the AnseriformesJournal of Animal Ecology, 65
P. Dunn, L. Whittingham, T. Pitcher (2001)
MATING SYSTEMS, SPERM COMPETITION, AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS, 55
Blomberg Blomberg, Garland Garland, Ives Ives (2003)
Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative databehavioural traits are more labile, 57
Stevens Stevens (1989)
The latitudinal gradient in geographical rangeHow so many species coexist in the tropics, 133
T. Garland, P. Harvey, A. Ives (1992)
Procedures for the Analysis of Comparative Data Using Phylogenetically Independent ContrastsSystematic Biology, 41
R. Soni (1969)
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesThe Indian Forester, 95
B. Livezey (1986)
A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological charactersThe Auk, 103
J. Wattel (1993)
Handbook of Birds of the world.
Jianguo Liu, G. Daily, P. Ehrlich, G. Luck (2003)
Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversityNature, 421
G. Stevens (1989)
The Latitudinal Gradient in Geographical Range: How so Many Species Coexist in the TropicsThe American Naturalist, 133
Tim Robinson, W. Wint, A. Tatem (2009)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
K. Gaston, T. Blackburn (1995)
Birds, body size and the threat of extinctionPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 347
Ihaka Ihaka, Gentleman Gentleman (1996)
Ra language for data analysis and graphics, 5
M. Mckinney (2001)
Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nationsAnimal Conservation, 4
S. Baird, John Cassin, G. Lawrence (1974)
The birds of North America
(1984)
Normal’ extinctions of isolated populations
K. Burnham, David Anderson (2003)
Model selection and multimodel inference : a practical information-theoretic approachJournal of Wildlife Management, 67
A. Green (1996)
Analyses of Globally Threatened Anatidae in Relation to Threats, Distribution, Migration Patterns, and Habitat UseConservation Biology, 10
R. Furness, J. Greenwood (1993)
Birds as monitors of environmental change, 19
M. Murray, R. Palma, R. Pilgrim, Matthew Shaw (1990)
Ectoparasites of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds., 1
M. Williamson, W. Kunin, K. Gaston (1997)
The Biology of RarityJournal of Ecology, 85
G. Mace (1994)
Draft IUCN Red List Categories, Version 2.2., 21
P. Bennett, I. Owens (1997)
Variation in extinction risk among birds: chance or evolutionary predisposition?Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 264
(1996)
Natural history of the waterfowl
C. Perrins (1978)
Birds of the Western PalearcticNature, 272
Freckleton Freckleton, Harvey Harvey, Pagel Pagel (2002)
Phylogenetic analysis and comparative dataa test and review of the evidence, 160
H. Kokko, R. Brooks (2003)
Sexy to die for? Sexual selection and the risk of extinctionAnnales Zoologici Fennici, 40
G. Thomas, R. Lanctot, T. Székely (2006)
Can intrinsic factors explain population declines in North American breeding shorebirds? A comparative analysisAnimal Conservation, 9
Arnold Arnold, Owens Owens (2002)
Extra‐pair paternity and egg dumping in birdslife-history, parental care and the risk of rehabilitation, 269
R. Duncan, T. Blackburn, T. Worthy (2002)
Prehistoric bird extinctions and human huntingProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269
Purvis Purvis, Rambaut Rambaut (1995)
Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC)an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data, 11
D. Fisher, I. Owens (2004)
The comparative method in conservation biology.Trends in ecology & evolution, 19 7
A. Balmford (1996)
Extinction filters and current resilience: the significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology.Trends in ecology & evolution, 11 5
M. Cardillo, A. Purvis, W. Sechrest, J. Gittleman, J. Bielby, G. Mace (2004)
Human Population Density and Extinction Risk in the World's CarnivoresPLoS Biology, 2
T. Blackburn, K. Gaston (2002)
Extrinsic factors and the population sizes of threatened birdsEcology Letters, 5
Zhao Hong (2002)
Birds as Monitors of Environmental ChangeChinese Journal of Zoology
S. Pimm, H. Jones, J. Diamond (1988)
On the Risk of ExtinctionThe American Naturalist, 132
Ross Ihaka (1996)
Gentleman R: R: A language for data analysis and graphics
J. Felsenstein (1985)
Phylogenies and the Comparative MethodThe American Naturalist, 125
R. Freckleton, P. Harvey, M. Pagel (2002)
Phylogenetic Analysis and Comparative Data: A Test and Review of EvidenceThe American Naturalist, 160
S. Delany, D. Scott (2002)
Waterbird population estimates
D. Simberloff (2009)
Small and Declining Populations
J. Briskie, M. Mackintosh (2004)
Hatching failure increases with severity of population bottlenecks in birds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 2
E. Morrow, T. Pitcher (2003)
Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in birdsProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270
B. Monroe, C. Sibley (1993)
A World Checklist of Birds
P. Harvey, M. Pagel (1991)
The comparative method in evolutionary biology
Gaston Gaston, Blackburn Blackburn (1995)
Birds, body size and the threat of extinctionPhil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 347
(2004)
World population prospects: the 2004 revision
K. Arnold, I. Owens (2002)
Extra-pair paternity and egg dumping in birds: life history, parental care and the risk of retaliationProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269
Bennett Bennett, Owens Owens (1997)
Variation in extinction risk among birdschance or evolutionary predisposition?, 264
G. Gage, M. Brooke, M. Symonds, D. Wege (2004)
Ecological correlates of the threat of extinction in Neotropical bird speciesAnimal Conservation, 7
Gaston Gaston, Blackburn Blackburn (1996)
Global scale macroecologyinteractions between population size, geographic range and body size in the Anseriformes, 65
S. Cramp (1977)
Ostrich to ducks
S. Blomberg, T. Garland, A. Ives (2003)
TESTING FOR PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN COMPARATIVE DATA: BEHAVIORAL TRAITS ARE MORE LABILE, 57
(2007)
183-191 c 2007 The Authors
D. Simberloff (2001)
Threatened Birds of the World, 118
(2002)
Wetlands international global series no. 12
Many wildfowl species are declining and 34 out of 159 extant species are globally threatened, some of which are the subject of specific conservation programmes. Here we investigate which factors predict declining population trends across 154 species of Anseriformes. First we show that there are proportionately fewer declining wildfowl populations in North America, Europe and Australasia than in south and central America, Africa and Asia. Second, we use phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether population size, global range size and ecological, life‐history and sexually‐selected traits predict population trends. We also consider anthropogenic threats, and human impacts within the breeding and non‐breeding ranges of species. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts we show that small population size and small global ranges are the most important intrinsic factors that predispose wildfowl species to declining populations. Many wildfowl are hunted but, contrary to expectation, hunting did not influence population trends. Declining populations were associated with high International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat category, although the relationship is not very strong (r=0.134, n=129 contrasts) possibly because the IUCN criteria integrate population size, range size and an assessment of threat. Two extrinsic factors were significant predictors of population declines: the increase in area of agricultural land within a species' range (an indirect measure of wetland loss), and the total number of different threat processes such as habitat loss and pollution that threaten a species. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that both anthropogenic threats and intrinsic ecological factors are influencing population declines in wildfowl.
Animal Conservation – Wiley
Published: May 1, 2007
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.