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City & Society Forum By Nadir Kinossian Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography Recently, cities in Europe and the USA have witnessed public debates and violent clashes provoked by decisions to remove monuments. Decisions to protect, abandon, or demolish monuments stem from conflicting interpretations of the past by contemporary actors. According to Laurajane Smith (2006), the most resourceful actors and groups promote their interpretations of the past, which then become parts of official heritage, or the authorized heritage discourse. Heritage and architecture are used by elites to shape collective identities and gain influence. Conflicting ideas about religious and ethnic identities, or the past, as expressed in architecture and monuments, can be divisive and provoke tensions and conflicts. Unlike architecture and monumental art, landscapes do not function as a medium for transmitting ideologically charged messages to the public. Human geography ‘discovered’ landscape in the twentieth century, since when anthropologists, human geographers, and art historians have contributed to studies of symbolic and cultural landscape. Cosgrove (1998) conceptualizes landscape as the “way of seeing”, implying a mutually constitutive relationship between the viewers and landscape. According to Mitchell (2003), such ways of seeing are pluralist but at the same time contingent and influenced by
City & Society – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2018
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