Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
E. Bernal, J. Gomez, I. Jarrín, Alfredo Cano, Á. Muñoz, A. Alcaraz, A. Imaz, J. Iribarren, M. Rivero, P. Arazo, F. Gutiérrez (2018)
Low-Level Viremia Is Associated With Clinical Progression in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral TreatmentJAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 78
Yan Zhao, Zunyou Wu, J. McGoogan, Yiyi Sha, De-cai Zhao, Ye Ma, R. Brookmeyer, R. Detels, J. Montaner (2018)
Nationwide Cohort Study of Antiretroviral Therapy Timing: Treatment Dropout and Virological Failure in China, 2011–2015Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 68
Zunyou Wu, Zhen-zhu Tang, Y. Mao, P. Veldhuisen, W. Ling, David Liu, Zhiyong Shen, R. Detels, G. Lan, L. Erinoff, R. Lindblad, Diane Gu, Hou-lin Tang, Lian Hu, Q. Zhu, Li Lu, N. Oden, A. Hasson, Yan Zhao, J. McGoogan, X. Ge, Nanci Zhang, K. Rou, Jinhui Zhu, Hui Wei, C. Shi, Xia Jin, Jian Li, J. Montaner (2017)
Testing and linkage to HIV care in China: a cluster-randomised trial.The lancet. HIV, 4 12
J. Santos, J. Blanco, M. Masiá, F. Gutiérrez, M. Pérez-Elías, J. Iribarren, L. Force, A. Antela, H. Knobel, M. Salavert, J. Quirós, M. Pino, R. Paredes, B. Clotet (2015)
Virological failure to raltegravir in Spain: incidence, prevalence and clinical consequences.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 70 11
Patrick Ryscavage, Sean Kelly, Jonathan Li, P. Harrigan, B. Taiwo (2014)
Significance and Clinical Management of Persistent Low-Level Viremia and Very-Low-Level Viremia in HIV-1-Infected PatientsAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58
N. Bachmann, Chantal Siebenthal, Valentina Vongrad, Teja Turk, Kathrin Neumann, N. Beerenwinkel, Jasmina Bogojeska, J. Fellay, Volker Roth, Yik Kok, C. Thorball, A. Borghesi, S. Parbhoo, Mario Wieser, J. Böni, M. Perreau, T. Klimkait, S. Yerly, M. Battegay, A. Rauch, M. Hoffmann, E. Bernasconi, M. Cavassini, R. Kouyos, H. Günthard, K. Metzner (2019)
Determinants of HIV-1 reservoir size and long-term dynamics during suppressive ARTNature Communications, 10
Yinzhong Shen, Zhenyan Wang, Hongzhou Lu, Jiangrong Wang, Jun Chen, Li Liu, Ren-fang Zhang, Yufang Zheng (2013)
Prevalence of Anemia among Adults with Newly Diagnosed HIV/AIDS in ChinaPLoS ONE, 8
(2016)
Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach
L. Hermans, Michelle Moorhouse, S. Carmona, D. Grobbee, L. Hofstra, D. Richman, H. Tempelman, W. Venter, A. Wensing (2017)
Effect of HIV-1 low-level viraemia during antiretroviral therapy on treatment outcomes in WHO-guided South African treatment programmes: a multicentre cohort study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 18 2
O. Elvstam, G. Marrone, P. Medstrand, C. Treutiger, A. Sönnerborg, M. Gisslén, P. Björkman (2020)
All-Cause Mortality and Serious Non-AIDS Events in Adults With Low-level Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viremia During Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Results From a Swedish Nationwide Observational StudyClinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 72
O. Elvstam, P. Medstrand, A. Yilmaz, P. Isberg, M. Gisslén, P. Björkman (2017)
Virological failure and all-cause mortality in HIV-positive adults with low-level viremia during antiretroviral treatmentPLoS ONE, 12
Y. Mao, Zunyou Wu, K. Poundstone, Chang-he Wang, Q. Qin, Ye Ma, Wei Ma (2010)
Development of a unified web-based national HIV/AIDS information system in ChinaInternational Journal of Epidemiology, 39
Y. Ding, S. Duan, R. Ye, S. Yao, D. Cao, Y. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Zhang, P. Li, Y. Xu, H. Wei, C. Yin, X. Liu, N. He (2019)
Effects of aging, baseline renal function and stage of HIV infection on post‐treatment changes in renal function among HIV‐infected patients: a retrospective cohort studyHIV Medicine, 20
S. Duan, Sheng Shen, M. Bulterys, Yujiang Jia, Yue-cheng Yang, L. Xiang, Fei Tian, Lin Lu, Yao Xiao, Min-jie Wang, M. Jia, Hua-zhou Jiang, S. Vermund, Yan Jiang (2010)
Estimation of HIV-1 incidence among five focal populations in Dehong, Yunnan: a hard hit area along a major drug trafficking routeBMC Public Health, 10
Art-Cc (2015)
Impact of low-level viremia on clinical and virological outcomes in treated HIV-1-infected patientsAIDS, 29
(2020)
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV
(2023)
Association of low-level viremia with mortality among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Dehong, Southwest China: A retrospective cohort study
Tong Zhang, H. Ding, Ming-hui An, Xiaonan Wang, Wen Tian, Bin Zhao, H. Shang, Xiaoxu Han (2019)
Factors associated with high-risk low-level viremia leading to virologic failure: 16-year retrospective study of a Chinese antiretroviral therapy cohortBMC Infectious Diseases, 20
(2018)
AIDS and Hepatitis C Professional Group, Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS (2018)], 57
R. Gandhi, D. McMahon, R. Bosch, C. Lalama, J. Cyktor, B. Macatangay, C. Rinaldo, S. Riddler, E. Hogg, C. Godfrey, A. Collier, J. Eron, J. Mellors (2017)
Levels of HIV-1 persistence on antiretroviral therapy are not associated with markers of inflammation or activationPLoS Pathogens, 13
Qiyu Zhu, Yikui Wang, Jing Liu, X. Duan, Meibin Chen, Jin Yang, Tao Yang, Shi-jiang Yang, P. Guan, Yan Jiang, S. Duan, Ji-bao Wang, Cong Jin (2020)
Identifying Major Drivers of Incident HIV Infection Using Recent Infection Testing Algorithms (RITAs) to Precisely Inform Targeted Prevention.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
M. Saag, C. Benson, R. Gandhi, J. Hoy, R. Landovitz, M. Mugavero, P. Sax, Davey Smith, M. Thompson, S. Buchbinder, C. Rio, J. Eron, G. Fätkenheuer, H. Günthard, J. Molina, D. Jacobsen, P. Volberding (2018)
Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA PanelJAMA, 320
P. Allison (1995)
Survival analysis using sas®: a practical guide
Sultan Hussen, M. Mama, Bitewu Mekonnen, Manaye Yihune, Mulugeta Shimbre, Negussie Boti, M. Shure (2019)
Predictors of Time to Viral Load Suppression of Adult PLWHIV on ART in Arba Minch General Hospital: A Follow up StudyEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 29
C. Cohen (2009)
Low-Level Viremia in HIV-1 Infection: Consequences and Implications for Switching to a New RegimenHIV Clinical Trials, 10
P. Tien, Andy Choi, A. Zolopa, C. Benson, R. Tracy, R. Scherzer, P. Bacchetti, M. Shlipak, C. Grunfeld (2010)
Inflammation and Mortality in HIV-Infected Adults: Analysis of the FRAM Study CohortJAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 55
S. Snapinn, Qi Jiang, B. Iglewicz (2005)
Illustrating the Impact of a Time-Varying Covariate With an Extended Kaplan-Meier EstimatorThe American Statistician, 59
(2018)
[Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS (2018)].Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 57 12
INTRODUCTIONAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced the viral load (VL) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and alleviated the damage to the immune system. Although the majority of people living with HIV (PLHIV) achieve viral suppression below the detectable limits (<50 copies/ml) within several months of ART [1,2], approximately 4–30% of infected individuals have a VL level remaining between 50 and 1000 copies/ml, the degree of virological failure defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [3–5]. In other words, a low degree of VL is still detectable in this subset of PLHIV, an event referred to as low‐level viremia (LLV), usually defined as two or more consecutive HIV‐1 RNA values of 50–1000 copies/ml plus no levels consecutively higher than 1000 copies/ml according to guidelines used in other prior literature [6]. There is currently no consensus on how to define LLV. Different ART guidelines such as Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) [1], International Antiviral Society [7] and Chinese Medical Association [8] (VL between 50 and 199 copies/ml defined as LLV) and WHO (between 50 and 1000 copies/ml) [5] collectively give different definitions for LLV.Based on existing cohort studies, the relationship between LLV and mortality is inconclusive. Bernal et
HIV Medicine – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2023
Keywords: antiretroviral therapy; HIV; low‐level viremia; mortality; time‐dependent exposure
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.