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D. Korn, A. Leeds (2002)
Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of clinical psychology, 58 12
De JonghA., ten BroekeE. (2003)
Handboek EMDR: Een geprotocolleerde behandelmethode voor de gevolgen van psychotrauma [Manual of EMDR: A protocolized treating method for the consequences of psychotrauma]Lisse
van den HoutM. A., EngelhardI. M. (2012)
How does EMDR work? Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(5), 724–738, 3
I. Engelhard, M. Hout, M. Smeets (2011)
Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 42 1
F. Schmidt (2008)
Meta-AnalysisOrganizational Research Methods, 11
E-mail: s.matthijssen@altrecht.nl interference
I. Engelhard, Sophie Uijen, M. Hout (2010)
The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memoriesEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1
Matthew Yaggie, L. Stevens, Seth Miller, A. Abbott, C. Woodruff, Mike Getchis, Sean Stevens, L. Sherlin, Brandon Keller, S. Daiss (2015)
Electroencephalography Coherence, Memory Vividness, and Emotional Valence Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements During Unpleasant Memory Recall and Subsequent Free Association: Implications for Eye Movement Desensitization and ReprocessingJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9
M. Hout, I. Engelhard, Daniel Beetsma, C. Slofstra, Hellen Hornsveld, J. Houtveen, A. Leer (2011)
EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 42 4
R. Pilz, Riccarda Hartleb, G. Konrad, E. Reininghaus, H. Unterrainer (2017)
[The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in substance use disorders: A systematic review].Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 85 10
A. Leeds, N. York (2009)
A Guide to the Standard EMDR Protocols for Clinicians, Supervisors, and Consultants
A. Jongh, E. Broeke (2003)
Handboek EMDR: een geprotocolleerde behandelmethode voor de gevolgen van psychotrauma
A. Leeds, D. Korn (2012)
A Commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A Valid Test of Resource Development and Installation? Absolutely NotJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6
Brandon Keller, L. Stevens, Colleen Lui, James Murray, Matthew Yaggie (2014)
The Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements on EEG Coherence When Recalling a Pleasant MemoryJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8
van den HoutM. A., EngelhardI. M., BeetsmaD., SlofstraC., HornsveldH., HoutveenJ., LeerA. (2011)
EMDR and mindfulnessEye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42
(2011)
A valid test of resource
Uri Bergmann (2010)
EMDR’s Neurobiological Mechanisms of Action: A Survey of 20 Years of SearchingJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4
Raymond Gunter, Glen Bodner (2008)
How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: support for a working-memory account.Behaviour research and therapy, 46 8
van EijckK., de GraafP. M. (2001)
De invloed van persoonlijkheidskenmerken op het bereikte opleidingsniveau [The influence of personality traits on the achieved educational level]Mens en Maatschappij, 76
Christopher Lee, P. Cuijpers (2013)
A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 44 2
Louise Maxfield, W. Melnyk, Gordon Hayman (2008)
A Working Memory Explanation for the Effects of Eye Movements in EMDRJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2
M. Hout, M. Eidhof, J. Verboom, Marianne Littel, I. Engelhard (2014)
Blurring of emotional and non-emotional memories by taxing working memory during recallCognition & Emotion, 28
M. Hout, P. Muris, E. Salemink, M. Kindt (2001)
Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements.The British journal of clinical psychology, 40 Pt 2
LeedsA. M., KornD. L. (2012)
A commentary on Hornsveld et al(2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6
A. Barrowcliff, N. Gray, T. Freeman, M. Macculloch (2004)
Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memoriesThe Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15
(2013)
The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders
F. Shapiro (1995)
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures
J. Bisson, A. Ehlers, R. Matthews, S. Pilling, D. Richards, S. Turner (2007)
Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorderBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 190
M. Hout, I. Engelhard, M. Smeets, Hellen Hornsveld, E. Hoogeveen, E. Heer, M. Toffolo, M. Rijkeboer (2010)
Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memoriesApplied Cognitive Psychology, 24
K. Eijck, P. Graaf (2001)
De invloed van persoonlijkheidskenmerken op het bereikte opleidingsniveau
J. Dehaan (2008)
Commentary on:Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53
E. Kemps, M. Tiggemann (2007)
Reducing the vividness and emotional impact of distressing autobiographical memories: The importance of modality-specific interferenceMemory, 15
Hellen Hornsveld, A. Jongh, E. Broeke (2012)
Stop the Use of Eye Movements in Resource Development and Installation, Until Their Additional Value Has Been Proven: A Rejoinder to Leeds and Korn (2012)Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6
M. Hout, I. Engelhard (2012)
How does EMDR work?Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3
F. Shapiro (2014)
The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences.The Permanente journal, 18 1
Hellen Hornsveld, J. Houtveen, M. Vroomen, Immanuel Kapteijn, Dorienke Aalbers, M. Hout (2011)
Evaluating the Effect of Eye Movements on Positive Memories Such as Those Used in Resource Development and InstallationJournal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5
S. Nieuwenhuis, B. Elzinga, Priscilla Ras, Floris Berends, Peter Duijs, Z. Samara, H. Slagter (2013)
Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrievalBrain and Cognition, 81
A. Baddeley, J. Andrade (2000)
Working memory and the vividness of imagery.Journal of experimental psychology. General, 129 1
According to working memory theory, a task that taxes working memory during simultaneous focus on a memory will tend to reduce memory vividness and emotional intensity. Results have been found for both negative and positive memories. Some studies have shown the necessity of modality-specific tasks, with visual tasks producing greater deterioration of a visual memory, and auditory tasks reducing the quality of an auditory or verbal memory; other studies have reported cross-modality effects. Research has confirmed that eye movements similar to those in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy produce these effects on visual imagery. However, the effects of eye movements on positive verbal imagery remain unclear. This study tested the effects of eye movements on positive verbal statements. In two experiments, undergraduates performed 15–20 seconds of eye movements or 15–20 seconds of keeping eyes stationary while focusing on a statement of a positive relevant personality trait (e.g., “I’m persistent”). Results showed that 15–20 seconds of eye movements did not enhance or diminish participant’s belief in possessing the trait. Discussion focuses on methodological factors and calls for future research on the effect of eye movements on verbal material.
Journal of EMDR Practice and Research – Springer Publishing
Published: Jan 1, 2016
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