Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
A. Cheng, K. Yuen, W. Chan (2006)
Topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of refractory anterior segment inflammatory disorders.Cornea, 25 5
M. Borazan, A. Karalezli, Y. Akova, A. Akman, H. Kıyıcı, S. Erbek (2009)
Efficacy of olopatadine HCI 0.1%, ketotifen fumarate 0.025%, epinastine HCI 0.05%, emedastine 0.05% and fluorometholone acetate 0.1% ophthalmic solutions for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a placebo‐controlled environmental trialActa Ophthalmologica, 87
G. Kymionis, D. Goldman, T. Ide, S. Yoo (2008)
Tacrolimus Ointment 0.03% in the Eye for Treatment of Giant Papillary ConjunctivitisCornea, 27
Mark Daniell, Marios Constantinou, H. Vu, Hugh Taylor (2006)
Randomised controlled trial of topical ciclosporin A in steroid dependent allergic conjunctivitisBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 90
K. Nishino, A. Fukushima, S. Okamoto, Y. Ohashi, K. Fukata, A. Ozaki, H. Ueno (2002)
Suppression of experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Brown Norway rats by topical application of FK506Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 240
C. Foster, E. Cohen, Michael Hettinger, P. Laibson, P. Laibson, P. Berkowitz, P. Berkowitz, D. Caldwell, D. Caldwell, P. Kastl, P. Kastl, R. Eiferman, R. Eiferman, M. Friedlaender, M. Friedlaender, L. Wilson, L. Wilson, J. Lass, Ronald Smith, David Wallace, K. Wright, H. Blackman, Richard Fosster, Richard Fosster, H. Gelender, H. Gelender, L. Schwartz, L. Schwartz, D. Brick, D. Brick, G. Foulks, G. Foulks, Dan Jones, Dan Jones (1988)
Evaluation of topical cromolyn sodium in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Ophthalmology, 95 2
Dial Das, Moosa Khan, A. Gul, R. Alam (2011)
Safety and efficacy of lodoxamide in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 61 3
T. Ruzicka, T. Bieber, E. Schöpf, A. Rubins, A. Dobozy, J. Bos, S. Jabłońska, Imitiaz Ahmed, K. thestrup-pedersen, F. Daniel, A. Finzi, S. Reitamo (1997)
A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group.The New England journal of medicine, 337 12
A. Lambiase, S. Minchiotti, A. Leonardi, A. Secchi, M. Rolando, G. Calabria, J. Orsoni, E. Zola, G. Ferreri, P. Aragona, A. Reibaldi, G. Chisari, S. Bonini (2009)
Prospective, Multicenter Demographic and Epidemiological Study on Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Glimpse of Ocular Surface in Italian PopulationOphthalmic Epidemiology, 16
S. Tatlıpınar, E. Akpek (2005)
Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of ocular surface disordersBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 89
A. Leonardi, S. Curnow, H. Zhan, V. Calder (2006)
Multiple cytokines in human tear specimens in seasonal and chronic allergic eye disease and in conjunctival fibroblast culturesClinical & Experimental Allergy, 36
C. Libetta, V. Sepe, M. Zucchi, V. Portalupi, F. Meloni, T. Rampino, A. Canton (2007)
The effect of sirolimus- or cyclosporine-based immunosuppression effects on T-cell subsets in vivo.Kidney international, 72 1
A. Lambiase, A. Leonardi, M. Sacchetti, V. Deligianni, S. Sposato, S. Bonini (2011)
Topical cyclosporine prevents seasonal recurrences of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in a randomized, double-masked, controlled 2-year study.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 128 4
F. Mantelli, M. Santos, T. Petitti, R. Sgrulletta, M. Cortes, A. Lambiase, S. Bonini, S. Bonini (2007)
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials on topical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitisBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 91
P. Vérin, R. Allewaert, J. Joyaux, E. Piozzi, J. Koliopoulos, E. Bloch-Michel (2001)
Comparison of Lodoxamide 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution and Levocabastine 0.05% Ophthalmic Suspension in Vernal KeratoconjunctivitisEuropean Journal of Ophthalmology, 11
Karen Shaw, Andrew Ho, Anuradha Raghavan, Jaime Kim, J. Jain, Jungchan Park, Surendra Sharma, Anjana Rao, Patrick Hogan (1995)
Immunosuppressive drugs prevent a rapid dephosphorylation of transcription factor NFAT1 in stimulated immune cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92 24
A. Paulis, R. Cirillo, A. Ciccarelli, Mario Condorelli, Gianni Marone (1991)
FK-506, a potent novel inhibitor of the release of proinflammatory mediators from human Fc epsilon RI+ cells.Journal of immunology, 146 7
S. Smedt, John Nkurikiye, Yannick Fonteyne, S. Tuft, D. Bacquer, C. Gilbert, P. Kestelyn (2011)
Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Rwanda, Central Africa: a prospective, randomised, double-masked, controlled clinical trialBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 96
D. García, J. Alperte, J. Cristóbal, A. Orobia, E. Muro, Z. Valyi, Beatriz Río, M. Arnao (2011)
Topical Tacrolimus Ointment for Treatment of Intractable Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis: A Case Report and Review of the LiteratureCornea, 30
A. Leonardi, F. Busca, L. Motterle, F. Cavarzeran, I. Fregona, M. Plebani, A. Secchi (2006)
Case series of 406 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients: a demographic and epidemiological study.Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 84 3
A. Iqbal, Sanaullah Jan, T. Babar, Muhammad Khan (2003)
Corneal complications of vernal catarrh.Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 13 7
N. Pucci, E. Novembre, A. Cianferoni, E. Lombardi, R. Bernardini, R. Caputo, L. Campa, A. Vierucci (2002)
Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine eyedrops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 89 3
P. Tam, A. Young, L. Cheng, P. Lam (2010)
Topical tacrolimus 0.03% monotherapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis—case seriesBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 94
D. Benezra, J. Pe’er, M. Brodsky, E. Cohen (1986)
Cyclosporine eyedrops for the treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis.American journal of ophthalmology, 101 3
L Schneider, S Tilles, P Lio (2013)
Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012J Allergy Clin Immunol, 131
Antonio Secchi, M. Tognon, Andrea Leonardi (1990)
Topical use of cyclosporine in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.American journal of ophthalmology, 110 6
P. Vichyanond, C. Tantimongkolsuk, P. Dumrongkigchaiporn, O. Jirapongsananuruk, N. Visitsunthorn, P. Kosrirukvongs (2004)
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: Result of a novel therapy with 0.1% topical ophthalmic FK-506 ointment.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 113 2
Y. Ohashi, N. Ebihara, H. Fujishima, A. Fukushima, N. Kumagai, Y. Nakagawa, K. Namba, S. Okamoto, J. Shoji, E. Takamura, Kunihiko Hayashi (2010)
A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tacrolimus ophthalmic suspension 0.1% in severe allergic conjunctivitis.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 26 2
A. Leonardi, S. Sathe, M. Bortolotti, A. Beaton, R. Sack (2009)
Cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, angiogenic and growth factors in tears of normal subjects and vernal keratoconjunctivitis patientsAllergy, 64
N. Ebihara, Y. Ohashi, E. Uchio, S. Okamoto, N. Kumagai, J. Shoji, E. Takamura, Y. Nakagawa, K. Nanba, A. Fukushima, H. Fujishima (2009)
A large prospective observational study of novel cyclosporine 0.1% aqueous ophthalmic solution in the treatment of severe allergic conjunctivitis.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25 4
P. Pacharn, N. Visitsunthorn, O. Jirapongsananuruk, P. Vichyanond (2007)
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (vkc) Treated With 0.1% Fk-506 Ophthalmic Ointment: Result Of A Three Years Follow-upThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 119
Stefan Trocme, K. Leiferman, T. George, Stefano Bonini, C. Foster, Eefke Smit, S. Sra, L. Grabowski, Claes Dohlman (2003)
Neutrophil and eosinophil participation in atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitisCurrent Eye Research, 26
P. Kosrirukvongs, P. Vichyanond, Warapat Wongsawad (2003)
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Thailand.Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 21 1
Matthew Carnahan, D. Goldstein (2000)
Ocular complications of topical, peri-ocular, and systemic corticosteroidsCurrent Opinion in Opthalmology, 11
P. Labcharoenwongs, O. Jirapongsananuruk, N. Visitsunthorn, P. Kosrirukvongs, Phimramphai Saengin, P. Vichyanond (2012)
A double-masked comparison of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment and 2% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children.Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 30 3
A. Leonardi, P. Brun, M. Tavolato, G. Abatangelo, M. Plebani, A. Secchi (2000)
Growth factors and collagen distribution in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 41 13
A. Leonardi (2002)
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pathogenesis and treatmentProgress in Retinal and Eye Research, 21
Jia-jie Zhai, J. Gu, Jin Yuan, Jiaqi Chen (2011)
Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Ocular DiseasesBioDrugs, 25
A. Kılıç, B. Gürler (2006)
Topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie, 41 6
Johannes Ring, A. Alomar, T. Bieber, M. Deleuran, A. Fink-Wagner, C. Gelmetti, U. Gieler, J. Lipozenčić, T. Luger, A. Oranje, T. Schäfer, T. Schwennesen, S. Seidenari, D. Simon, S. Ständer, G. Stingl, S. Szalai, J. Szepietowski, A. Taïeb, T. Werfel, A. Wollenberg, U. Darsow (2012)
Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part IJournal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 26
A. Leonardi, G. Abatangelo, R. Cortivo, A. Secchi (1995)
Collagen types I and III in giant papillae of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.British Journal of Ophthalmology, 79
L. Schneider, S. Tilles, P. Lio, M. Boguniewicz, L. Beck, Jennifer LeBovidge, N. Novak, D. Bernstein, J. Blessing-Moore, David Khan, D. Lang, R. Nicklas, J. Oppenheimer, J. Portnoy, C. Randolph, D. Schuller, S. Spector, D. Wallace (2013)
Practice parameter Atopic dermatitis : A practice parameter update 2012
A. El-Asrar, S. Al-Mansouri, K. Tabbara, L. Missotten, K. Geboes (2006)
Immunopathogenesis of conjunctival remodelling in vernal keratoconjunctivitisEye, 20
Liat Attas-Fox, Y. Barkana, V. Iskhakov, Svetlana Rayvich, Y. Gerber, Y. Morad, I. Avni, D. Zadok (2008)
Topical Tacrolimus 0.03% Ointment for Intractable Allergic Conjunctivitis: An Open-Label Pilot StudyCurrent Eye Research, 33
A. Farrell, P. Antrobus, D. Simpson, S. Powell, H. Chapel, B. Ferry (2001)
A rapid flow cytometric assay to detect CD4+ and CD8+ T‐helper (Th) 0, Th1 and Th2 cells in whole blood and its application to study cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis before and after cyclosporin therapyBritish Journal of Dermatology, 144
Hannele Virtanen, S. Reitamo, M. Kari, O. Kari (2006)
Effect of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment on conjunctival cytology in patients with severe atopic blepharoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study.Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 84 5
M. Boguniewicz, Virginia Fiedler, S. Raimer, Ira Lawrence, D. Leung, Jon Hanifin (1998)
A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatric Tacrolimus Study Group.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 102 4 Pt 1
A. Kheirkhah, Mehdi Zavareh, F. Farzbod, M. Mahbod, M. Behrouz (2011)
Topical 0.005% tacrolimus eye drop for refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitisEye, 25
L. Spadavecchia, P. Fanelli, R. Tesse, L. Brunetti, F. Cardinale, M. Bellizzi, G. Rizzo, U. Procoli, G. Bellizzi, L. Armenio (2006)
Efficacy of 1.25% and 1% topical cyclosporine in the treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis in childhoodPediatric Allergy and Immunology, 17
M. Kuwano, H. Ibuki, N. Morikawa, A. Ota, Y. Kawashima (2004)
Cyclosporine A Formulation Affects Its Ocular Distribution in RabbitsPharmaceutical Research, 19
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a sight-threatening inflammatory disease of conjunctiva and cornea. It is frequently observed in young children with the onset usually occurring in the first decade of life. Mild cases of VKC tend to remit with nonspecific and supportive therapy. In contrast, severe cases are usually more protracted with remission/relapse occurring for a prolonged period of time. Although VKC is classified as an allergic eye condition, the role of allergens as an inciting factor is not clear. Pathogenesis of VKC involves roles for IgE, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory cells (T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) with the release of their granular proteins, proliferation of fibroblasts, and laying down exuberant amounts of collagen fibers in the conjunctival tissue. In severe VKC cases—often of tarsal VKC—diagnostic giant papilla are classically observed on the upper tarsal plate, giving the classic ‘cobble-stone’ appearance. Corneal ulcer can occur from the effect of eosinophilic granular proteins on corneal epithelium and by physical trauma by intense eye rubbing. Topical corticosteroids, often required for controlling symptoms and signs in severe VKC, can lead to serious ocular complications. Immunomodulators that have been investigated for VKC treatment include topical ocular preparations of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. Severe VKC responds promptly to topical cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, mostly within 1 month of therapy. Prolonged use of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in VKC is safe and is tolerated by most patients without significant side effects. Recent investigations on the use of these two agents in VKC are the main purpose of this review. The use of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are a major breakthrough in treatment for severe VKC, a debilitating allergic eye disease in children.
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports – Springer Journals
Published: Apr 28, 2013
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.