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The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin as a migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus (Aves, Falconidae)

The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin as a migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus (Aves,... Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 284–290. ARTICLE December 2019 The Tocantins-A raguaia Basin as a migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus (Aves, Falconidae) 1,5 2 3 4 Túlio Dornas , Willian Menq , Tiago Junqueira & Estevão F. Santos Universidade Federal do Tocantins, PNPD/CAPES/PPG-Ciências do Ambiente, Palmas, TO, Brazil. Portal Aves de Rapina Brasil, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Biota Projetos e Consultoria Ambiental Ltda., Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Projeto Avifauna de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Corresponding author: tuliodornas@yahoo.com.br Received on 20 September 2019. Accepted on 29 November 2019. ABSTRACT: The Peregrine Fa lco peregrinus, is an Nearctic migrant to Brazil where its status in central Brazil is still poorly known. Herein we present a compilation of records of the species from the state of Tocantins and comment on its use of a wintering site in the state of Goiás. These recor ds show that the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is a migration route for the species, and therefore a mid-continental migration route through the interior of South America. KEY-WORDS: Araguaia River, bird of prey, Brazil central, Cerrado Biome, migratory bird, North-South Railroad, Tocantins River. INTRODUCTION Although there is much published information about migratory movements of the Peregrine Falcon, The Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, there is little information about the individuals that is one of the most well studied birds in the world remain in Brazil during the wintering period, especially (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, White et al. 2013) in the central portion of the country, where the species occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Some is under-recorded. Therefore, the aim of this study is subspecies perform long migrations and can travel more present a synthesis of F. peregrinus records for the states of than 14,000 km between wintering and breeding areas Tocantins and Goiás, central Brazil, demonstrating that (Sick 1997, Fuller et al. 1998, Mestre 2007, Goodrich & the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is a migratory route Smith 2008). of the species. In South America at least three migratory routes of F. peregrinus are known: two coastal and one continental (Fuller et al. 1998). In coastal routes, individuals of F. METHODS peregrinus follow the Pacific or Atlantic coasts, making use of urban centers and coastal environments as stopover The F. peregrinus records for the states of Tocantins and sites to the southeastern and southern portion of Brazil, Goiás occurred in two ways: sightings and compilation northern Argentina and Uruguay, which comprise their of records. Sightings were conducted in the urban area of wintering areas. The continental route passes through t he Goiânia, capital of the state of Goiás, between 2016 and interior of the Amazon region, following river basins until 2018, and from January to April 2019, and in the region reaching the Pantanal through central-west, southeast with natural vegetation and pastures under the influence and southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Uruguay of the North-South Railway (NSR), in the rural area of (Fuller et al. 1998, Erize et al. 2006, Mestre 2007). the municipality of Oliveira de Fátima, central portion of In Brazil, the species has been recorded between the state of Tocantins, during fieldwork between 20 to 25 September and April, mostly in the south, southeast March 2019. and northeastern coasts (Silva-e-Silva 1996, Sick 1997, The compilation of records of F. peregrinus was Mestre 2007). Migrant populations show great fidelity to obtained from the citizen science platforms WikiAves their routes, stopover sites and wintering sites and may (wikiaves.com.br) and eBird (ebird.org), which are use the same wintering sites for several consecutive years publicly and freely accessible (Lees et al. 2014). The (Silva-e-Silva 1996, Sick 1997, Drummond 2010, White compiled records are presented by the accession number et al. 2013). on these respective platforms. However, some records were Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. kindly provided through requests to other ornithologists Amazon (semideciduous-ombrophilous) forests near or birdwatchers (Table 1). The compiled re cords were power transmission line towers. On 07 November 2015, mapped, assuming the geographic distribution of F. another sighting was reported by Marcelo Barbosa (eBird peregrinus as presented by White et al. (2019). list S25770349) in Lagoa da Confusão municipality, in a circular and naturally fragmented forest formation, locally called “ipuca”, adjacent to rice fields and a few RESULTS kilometers from the Javaés River and Bananal Island, at the western portion of Tocantins. On 22 March 2019, at 17:30 h, T.D. sighted a F. T.J. and E.F.S. conducted a regular series of peregrinus perched on a dry branch on a medium-sized observations of F. peregrinus in the urban area of Goiânia, tree top (between 10 and 15 m high) on the borders of the capital of the state of Goiás, between 2016 and 2018, North-South Railroad (NSR), municipality of Oliveira de and from January to April 2019. Sightings of this species Fátima, central region of the state of Tocantins (10 41'S; at the top of buildings in the urban center of Goiânia 48 48'W). Given the small size of the individual, it was from 27 October 2017 to 20 March 2018, demonstrated assumed to be a male (Fig. 1). The region is located the perennial use of this urban complex during wintering within the Cerrado Biome, 90 km from the right bank period (Table 1). of the Tocantins River. The vegetation was composed of At the end of the austral spring, on 20 November a mosaic of fragments of semideciduous seasonal forests, 2018, the species was again detected by T.J. on the same “Cerradão” gallery forest and Cerrado sensu strictu, perch on top of buildings in Goiânia city center. Sighting interspersed with pastures intended for livestock. This of the species on these buildings continued until 25 record shows to be the first documented of the species in December 2018. After that date, no further sighting and/ Tocantins. or photographic records were shared on citizen science Reports of the occurrence of F. peregrinus in the platforms. T.J. observed a female Falco rufigularis s haring state of Tocantins are remarkably scarce compared with the same perch used by F. peregrinus, from December the numerous records of the species in other regions of 2018 through January 2019. Apparent interspecific Brazil (Mestre 2007). While in cities, such as São Paulo, competition, or even frequent harassment by F. rufigularis Recife and Porto Alegre, it is possible to count different (mobbing behavior), forced F. peregrinus to find another pairs or individuals in the same wintering period (Pereira hunting and resting perch. et al. 2006, Mestre 2007), in Tocantins there have been However, on 20 February 2019, E.F.S. spotted an no more than four sightings of the species. These are in individual on another building tower in the urban center chronological order: in April 2006, a female was spotted of Goiânia. The individual used t his perch for three atop a large dry tree on the banks of the Araguaia River, on consecutive days. In the evening it was catching bats, the edge of Cantão State Park (Dornas & Pinheiro 2011). returning to the same perch to consume the prey. The Between 18–22 November 2010, Brito et al. (2016) same perch was used in 2016, when E.F.S. documented mention a sighting in the region of Presidente Kennedy, the individual at the same time of the year (Table 1; north central Tocantins, in areas of transitional Cerrado- WA2125588). The E.F.S. sighting point (16 42'06''S; Figure 1. Male Falco peregrinus registered on the banks of the North-South Railroad, in Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins state, Brazil. Photo author: Túlio Dornas. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Table 1. Compiled records of Falco peregrinus for the state of Goiás, Brazil, through sightings and media deposited on the Wikiaves database. Date (dd/mm/yyyy) Autor Municipality Source Coordinates o o 19/04/2019 Jayrson Araújo Goiânia WA3338803 16 48'S; 49 16'W o o 22/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 21/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 20/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 25/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 14/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 13/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 12/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 10/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 29/10/2018 André Siade Anápolis WA3161421 16 19'S; 48 56'W o o 25/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 24/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 23/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 20/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 20/03/2018 Igor Oliveira Goiânia WA2918299 16 36'S; 49 17'W o o 04/02/2018 André De Lucca Goiânia Sighting 16 37'S; 49 15'W o o 30/01/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 26/01/2018 Igor Oliveira Goiânia WA2861801 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/12/2017 Matheus dos Santos Goiânia WA2829930 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 23/12/2017 Kennedy Road Goiânia WA2823841 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 22/12/2017 Kelrene Lara Goiânia WA2858406 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 13/12/2017 Ivo Zecchin Goiânia WA2814435 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/10/2017 André Mendonça Goiânia WA2757513 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/10/2017 Márcia Bessa Goiânia WA2823575 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 27/10/2017 Jayrson Oliveira Goiânia WA2759201 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 27/10/2017 Marcelo Dionísio Goiânia WA2766727 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 26/10/2017 Marcelo Dionísio Goiânia WA2753124 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 24/10/2017 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia WA2749446 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 25/12/2016 Rodolfo P. Oliveira Rio Verde WA2412786 17 47'S; 50 52'W o o 25/12/2016 Rodolfo P. Oliveira Rio Verde WA2412785 17 47'S; 50 52'W o o 30/10/2016 Geraldo Morais Aparecida de Goiânia WA2353219 17 49'S; 49 14'W o o 14/02/2016 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia WA2125588 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 15/03/2013 Rafael Pedra Itumbiara WA909996 18 24'S; 49 13'W o o 15/03/2013 Rafael Pedra Itumbiara WA909995 18 24'S; 49 13'W Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Date (dd/mm/yyyy) Autor Municipality Source Coordinates Aparecida do Rio o o 31/10/2012 Felipe Zenha WA1913644 18 17'S; 51 08'W Doce o o 05/04/2012 Juliano Mafra Corumbaíba WA1027528 18 23'S; 48 39'W o o 05/04/2012 Juliano Mafra Corumbaíba WA616728 18 23'S; 48 39'W o o 07/02/2010 Tiago Junqueira Itumbiara WA546620 18 15'S; 48 53'W o o 30/11/1999 Milton Melo Itumbiara WA907270 18 24'S; 49 13'W 49 17'10''W) is located just over 3 km from the T.J. the Araguaia River, in the state of Pará (Ariane Gouvea, o o perch (16 40'55''S; 49 16'10''W). After the last E.F.S. eBird lists S50980498 and S51300295). sighting of 20 February 2019, only one additional On the other hand, the record presented by Brito et record was made for Goiânia on citizen science platforms al. (2016) in November 2010 in the region of Presidente (WA3338803). It was assumed that the species would Kennedy and at the “ipuca” forest fragment in Lagoa da stay in mid-March and April 2019 in Goiânia, before it Confusão (Marcelo Barbosa, eBird list S25770349), in returns to the Northern Hemisphere. November 2015, reveal the use of the region as a stopover Between 1999 and 2013 in southern Goiás, there site for the species in its migration to the southernmost are at least six records of the species between the cities regions. The use of the Araguaia Valley and Bananal Is land of Itumbiara and Corumbaíba, near the banks of the region is further reinforced by records of the species in Paranaíba River, in November, February, March and São Félix do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, on the left bank April (Table 1). Although there is no synthesis of records of the Araguaia River, on 30 November 2008 (Bradley with better temporal representativeness, it is remarkable Davis, eBird list S14459547). that F. peregrinus used this southern region of Goiás for Other records made in south of Pará state: Marabá, prolonged periods during the wintering period. (Silva-e-Silva 1996), Canaã dos Carajás, (WA1523550), Santana do Araguaia (Somenzari et al. 2011), Paragominas (Lees et al. 2012); and Maranhão state: Sambaíba DISCUSSION (Tatiana Pongiluppi, eBird List S41906604), support this trajectory through central Brazil as migratory route Although some maps show the southern center of Goiás of the species, demonstrating arrival at the end of the as a wintering area of the species, apparently the result of southern winter towards the south of the continent, with cartographic artifact due to the delimitation of polygons a later return towards the Northern Hemisphere in late of occurrence of the species in Brazil, evidence of F. Austral Summer. It is assumed that this route via central peregrinus wintering in the state of Goiás was not known Brazil, using the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, has been used previous to this work. The region has been assumed by individuals during the wintering period in the Goiás to be a zone of passage or stopover site for the species region, especially in Goiânia, as previously presented. (Erize et al. 2006, White et al. 2019). Our systematic A behavioral characteristic of F. peregrinus in monitoring and the compilation of records from citizen its migratory movements is the use of landscape science platforms for the state of Goiás strongly confirm macroelements as references in their flights (White et al. that both the city of Goiânia and the southern portion of 2013). Goodrich & Smith (2008) point out that some Goiás are wintering sites of F. peregrinus in central Brazil. species of migratory birds of prey use riverbeds as a guide Therefore, the F. peregrinus records for Tocantins in their migration. However, in the migration route and Goiás explains the use of the Tocantins-Araguaia along central Brazil, in addition to the use of riverbeds, River Basin as a migratory route by the species, which we hypothesized that F. peregrinus uses the newly built apparently has a preference for the areas near and adjacent North-South Railroad (NSR) as a macroelement in to the two large rivers of the region (Fig. 2). The migratory the landscape to aid migration. The NSR is a Brazilian movements resulting from the sightings of Dornas & longitudinal railroad, expected to be 4155 km long when Pinheiro (2011) and the documented records presented in it is completed and designed to connect the southern and this study in municipality of Oliveira de Fátima coincide northern ends of the country, as well as the main east- with the species returning to the Northern Hemisphere west projected railroads in different regions of the country to start the next reproductive period (White et al. 2013). (Valec 2018). The stretch of tracks alrea dy completed and This migration route is reinfor ced by records at Fazenda in partial operation consist of almost 1600 km between Fartura, on 02 and 03 February 2014, on the left bank of the region of Anápolis, in Goiás, and Açailândia, in Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Figure 2. Known wintering areas (green polygon), wintering areas updated (beige polygon – records from the Wikiaves portal, Mestre 2007 and this survey) and the migratory routes of Falco peregrinus: 1) Pacific Coast Route; 2) At lantic Coast Route; and 3) Continental Route, 3a) Amazonia-Pantanal Route and 3b) Central Brazil Route. Locations: Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins (green circle); Goiania, Goiás (red) and Itumbiara, Goiás (yellow). Purple polygon indicates resident populations. Figure 3. Localities of registration of Falco peregrinus in Tocantins state and the west banks of the Araguaia River, in Pará and Mato Grosso states. Green point: Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins; yellow: Presidente Kennedy, Tocantins; orange: Lagoa da Confusão; red: Parque Estadual do Cantão; blue: Fazenda Fartura, Pará state; black: São Félix do Araguaia, Mato Grosso state. The black star is Palmas city. The black line is NRS railroa d route. The green spot shows part of the wintering area recognized b y White et al. (2019). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Maranhão, crossing the north-center of Goiás, all of the supplied by birdwatchers, offere d to this synthesis state of Tocantins and part of Maranhão (Valec 2018). presented. In the rainy season, between November and April, Therefore, we conclude that these recor ds it was found that the railroad edges, especially near consolidate the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin as a streams and rivers, concentrate an abundance of different migration route of F. peregrinus, confirming definitively bird species, including passerines, small doves, parrots that the central portion of Brazil is a wintering site of the and ducks. This accumulation of water marginally to species. Finally, it is worth mentioning the importance of the railroad, attracting the birds in a remarkable way, Brazil in the global maintenance of this emblematic bird as observed at a several points in the fieldwork by the of prey, especially regarding the migrant subspecies that authors, was analogous to the ecological role played are established in South America. floodplains and riparian forests along large rivers. At the time of record, 20 minutes before nightfall, the presence of vocally restless passerines (Turdus leucomelas, Saltator ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS maximus and Ramphocelus carbo), parrots and columbids (Brotogeris chiriri and Columbina talpacoti, respectively) T.D. thanks by scholarship postdoc PNPD/CAPES signaled a possible falcon attack before their sleeping granted since April 2019 and W.M. thank Biota Soluções perch, however aborted due to our approach and presence. Ambientais for logistical support for the fieldwork. E.F.S. Similarly, the role played by large rivers as a thanks Jadir R. Santos (his father) for all his support and macroelement of the landscape, where potential prey for encouragement on sightings and documentation. We F. peregrinus concentrate due to the inherent biological thanks the English review made for Alexander Lees, Amy characteristics of these environments, can also be Upgren and Peter Wennerhag. We thanks two reviewers attributed to the railroad. The NSR is an almost linear for excellent contributions. The authors appreciate the north-south line, similar to the routes used by the species performance of the Goiaves birdwatching group, based during its migratory movements through central Brazil. in Goiânia city, for the consistent records of the species Thus, F. peregrinus would have a projected landscape view in the state of Goiás. The group's proactivity reflects of a large longitudinal section, at least 1600 km, and 100 the importance of popular actions in the generation m wide on average. of scientific knowledge. This is also true for eBir d and The use of highways as macroe lements is also Wikiaves users, whose shared records also represent the possible. However, we did not search or sample areas of application of citizen science. influence of local highways. We assume that the structure of the highways appears to be different, besides they do not have the same linear route as the NRS, the intense and REFERENCES continuous traffic of vehicles could prevent a systemic use Brito G.R.R., Kirwan G.M., Assis C.P., Firme D.H., Figueira D., of the marginal roadside by Peregrine Falcon. Moreover, Buiainain N. & Raposo M.A. 2016. A collection of birds from we suggest that the earthworks system applied to the Presidente Kennedy and adjacent areas, Tocantins: a further NRS railroad is different than the highways, providing contribution to knowledge of Amazonian avifauna between the in the railroad a greater retention of water from streams, Araguaia and Tocantins Rivers. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 24: 168–184. forming frequent and extensive flooding along the route, Dornas T. & Pinheiro R.T. 2011. Ilha do Bananal e Planície do implying greater abundance and availability of prey in the Cantão, p. 111–115. In: Valente R., Silva J.M.C., Straube F.C. & railroad than on the highways. Nascimento J.L.X. (eds.). Conservação de aves migratórias Neárticas We also believe that the species may be found in no Brasil. Belém: Conservation International. the future in the urban limits of Palmas city (Fig. 3). The Drummond S.M. 2010. Notas sobre Falcão-Peregrino (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771) em período de invernagem na Bahia. http://www. emergence of large buildings and urban characteristics avesderapinabrasil.com/arquivo/artigos/ARB1_1.pdf. (Access on of large Brazilian megacities, such as Goiânia, São Paulo 16 August 2019). and Recife, together with large flocks of Feral Pigeons Erize F., Mata J.R.R. & Rumboll M. 2006. Birds of South America, (Columba livia) and/or parrots such as B. chiriri and non-passerines: rheas to woodpeckers. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Eupsittulla aurea, may support our prediction. Ferguson-Lees J. & Christie D.A. 2001. Raptors of the world. Boston: However, the confirmation of all t hese assumptions Houghton Miffling Company. will depend on more systematic studies and programs to Fuller M.R., Seegar S.W. & Schueck S.L. 1998. Routes and travel rates monitor prey along the railway and highways line and of migrating Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus and Swainson's in the urban boundaries of Palmas city. The growth in Hawks Buteo swainsoni in the Western Hemisphere. Journal of Avian Biology 29: 433–440. birdwatching can reduce the time needed to receive Goodrich L.J. & Smith J.P. 2008. Raptor migration in North America, information about these assumptions, given the massive p. 37–149. In: Bildstein K. L., Smith J.P., Ruelas E.I. & Veit contribution that citizen science platforms, mostly R.R. (eds.). State of North America's birds of prey Cambridge-MA. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Washington: American Ornithologists' Union. Silva-e-Silva R. 1996. Records and geographical distribution of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 (Aves, Falconidae) Lees A.C., Moura N.G., Santana A., Aleixo A., Barlow J.O.S., in Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 39: 249–270. Berenguer E., Ferreira J. & Gardner T.A. 2012. Paragominas: a Somenzari M., Silveira L.F., Piacentini V.Q., Rego M.A., Schunck F. quantitative baseline inventory of an eastern Amazonian avifauna. & Cavarzere V. 2011. Birds of an Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone in Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 20: 93–118. southern Pará, Brazil, and the efficiency of associating multiple Lees A.C., Naka L.N., Aleixo A., Cohn-Haft M., Piacentini V.Q., methods in avifaunal inventories. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia Santos M.P.D. & Silveira L.F. 2014. Conducting rigorous 19: 260–275. avian inventories: Amazonian case studies and a roadmap for Valec. 2018. Ferrovia Norte-Sul: integrando o Brasil. Brasília: Editora improvement. 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The Tocantins-Araguaia Basin as a migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus (Aves, Falconidae)

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Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 284–290. ARTICLE December 2019 The Tocantins-A raguaia Basin as a migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus (Aves, Falconidae) 1,5 2 3 4 Túlio Dornas , Willian Menq , Tiago Junqueira & Estevão F. Santos Universidade Federal do Tocantins, PNPD/CAPES/PPG-Ciências do Ambiente, Palmas, TO, Brazil. Portal Aves de Rapina Brasil, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Biota Projetos e Consultoria Ambiental Ltda., Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Projeto Avifauna de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Corresponding author: tuliodornas@yahoo.com.br Received on 20 September 2019. Accepted on 29 November 2019. ABSTRACT: The Peregrine Fa lco peregrinus, is an Nearctic migrant to Brazil where its status in central Brazil is still poorly known. Herein we present a compilation of records of the species from the state of Tocantins and comment on its use of a wintering site in the state of Goiás. These recor ds show that the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is a migration route for the species, and therefore a mid-continental migration route through the interior of South America. KEY-WORDS: Araguaia River, bird of prey, Brazil central, Cerrado Biome, migratory bird, North-South Railroad, Tocantins River. INTRODUCTION Although there is much published information about migratory movements of the Peregrine Falcon, The Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, there is little information about the individuals that is one of the most well studied birds in the world remain in Brazil during the wintering period, especially (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, White et al. 2013) in the central portion of the country, where the species occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Some is under-recorded. Therefore, the aim of this study is subspecies perform long migrations and can travel more present a synthesis of F. peregrinus records for the states of than 14,000 km between wintering and breeding areas Tocantins and Goiás, central Brazil, demonstrating that (Sick 1997, Fuller et al. 1998, Mestre 2007, Goodrich & the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is a migratory route Smith 2008). of the species. In South America at least three migratory routes of F. peregrinus are known: two coastal and one continental (Fuller et al. 1998). In coastal routes, individuals of F. METHODS peregrinus follow the Pacific or Atlantic coasts, making use of urban centers and coastal environments as stopover The F. peregrinus records for the states of Tocantins and sites to the southeastern and southern portion of Brazil, Goiás occurred in two ways: sightings and compilation northern Argentina and Uruguay, which comprise their of records. Sightings were conducted in the urban area of wintering areas. The continental route passes through t he Goiânia, capital of the state of Goiás, between 2016 and interior of the Amazon region, following river basins until 2018, and from January to April 2019, and in the region reaching the Pantanal through central-west, southeast with natural vegetation and pastures under the influence and southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Uruguay of the North-South Railway (NSR), in the rural area of (Fuller et al. 1998, Erize et al. 2006, Mestre 2007). the municipality of Oliveira de Fátima, central portion of In Brazil, the species has been recorded between the state of Tocantins, during fieldwork between 20 to 25 September and April, mostly in the south, southeast March 2019. and northeastern coasts (Silva-e-Silva 1996, Sick 1997, The compilation of records of F. peregrinus was Mestre 2007). Migrant populations show great fidelity to obtained from the citizen science platforms WikiAves their routes, stopover sites and wintering sites and may (wikiaves.com.br) and eBird (ebird.org), which are use the same wintering sites for several consecutive years publicly and freely accessible (Lees et al. 2014). The (Silva-e-Silva 1996, Sick 1997, Drummond 2010, White compiled records are presented by the accession number et al. 2013). on these respective platforms. However, some records were Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. kindly provided through requests to other ornithologists Amazon (semideciduous-ombrophilous) forests near or birdwatchers (Table 1). The compiled re cords were power transmission line towers. On 07 November 2015, mapped, assuming the geographic distribution of F. another sighting was reported by Marcelo Barbosa (eBird peregrinus as presented by White et al. (2019). list S25770349) in Lagoa da Confusão municipality, in a circular and naturally fragmented forest formation, locally called “ipuca”, adjacent to rice fields and a few RESULTS kilometers from the Javaés River and Bananal Island, at the western portion of Tocantins. On 22 March 2019, at 17:30 h, T.D. sighted a F. T.J. and E.F.S. conducted a regular series of peregrinus perched on a dry branch on a medium-sized observations of F. peregrinus in the urban area of Goiânia, tree top (between 10 and 15 m high) on the borders of the capital of the state of Goiás, between 2016 and 2018, North-South Railroad (NSR), municipality of Oliveira de and from January to April 2019. Sightings of this species Fátima, central region of the state of Tocantins (10 41'S; at the top of buildings in the urban center of Goiânia 48 48'W). Given the small size of the individual, it was from 27 October 2017 to 20 March 2018, demonstrated assumed to be a male (Fig. 1). The region is located the perennial use of this urban complex during wintering within the Cerrado Biome, 90 km from the right bank period (Table 1). of the Tocantins River. The vegetation was composed of At the end of the austral spring, on 20 November a mosaic of fragments of semideciduous seasonal forests, 2018, the species was again detected by T.J. on the same “Cerradão” gallery forest and Cerrado sensu strictu, perch on top of buildings in Goiânia city center. Sighting interspersed with pastures intended for livestock. This of the species on these buildings continued until 25 record shows to be the first documented of the species in December 2018. After that date, no further sighting and/ Tocantins. or photographic records were shared on citizen science Reports of the occurrence of F. peregrinus in the platforms. T.J. observed a female Falco rufigularis s haring state of Tocantins are remarkably scarce compared with the same perch used by F. peregrinus, from December the numerous records of the species in other regions of 2018 through January 2019. Apparent interspecific Brazil (Mestre 2007). While in cities, such as São Paulo, competition, or even frequent harassment by F. rufigularis Recife and Porto Alegre, it is possible to count different (mobbing behavior), forced F. peregrinus to find another pairs or individuals in the same wintering period (Pereira hunting and resting perch. et al. 2006, Mestre 2007), in Tocantins there have been However, on 20 February 2019, E.F.S. spotted an no more than four sightings of the species. These are in individual on another building tower in the urban center chronological order: in April 2006, a female was spotted of Goiânia. The individual used t his perch for three atop a large dry tree on the banks of the Araguaia River, on consecutive days. In the evening it was catching bats, the edge of Cantão State Park (Dornas & Pinheiro 2011). returning to the same perch to consume the prey. The Between 18–22 November 2010, Brito et al. (2016) same perch was used in 2016, when E.F.S. documented mention a sighting in the region of Presidente Kennedy, the individual at the same time of the year (Table 1; north central Tocantins, in areas of transitional Cerrado- WA2125588). The E.F.S. sighting point (16 42'06''S; Figure 1. Male Falco peregrinus registered on the banks of the North-South Railroad, in Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins state, Brazil. Photo author: Túlio Dornas. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Table 1. Compiled records of Falco peregrinus for the state of Goiás, Brazil, through sightings and media deposited on the Wikiaves database. Date (dd/mm/yyyy) Autor Municipality Source Coordinates o o 19/04/2019 Jayrson Araújo Goiânia WA3338803 16 48'S; 49 16'W o o 22/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 21/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 20/02/2019 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia Sighting 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 25/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 14/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 13/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 12/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 10/12/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 29/10/2018 André Siade Anápolis WA3161421 16 19'S; 48 56'W o o 25/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 24/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 23/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 20/10/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 20/03/2018 Igor Oliveira Goiânia WA2918299 16 36'S; 49 17'W o o 04/02/2018 André De Lucca Goiânia Sighting 16 37'S; 49 15'W o o 30/01/2018 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia Sighting 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 26/01/2018 Igor Oliveira Goiânia WA2861801 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/12/2017 Matheus dos Santos Goiânia WA2829930 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 23/12/2017 Kennedy Road Goiânia WA2823841 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 22/12/2017 Kelrene Lara Goiânia WA2858406 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 13/12/2017 Ivo Zecchin Goiânia WA2814435 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/10/2017 André Mendonça Goiânia WA2757513 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 30/10/2017 Márcia Bessa Goiânia WA2823575 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 27/10/2017 Jayrson Oliveira Goiânia WA2759201 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 27/10/2017 Marcelo Dionísio Goiânia WA2766727 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 26/10/2017 Marcelo Dionísio Goiânia WA2753124 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 24/10/2017 Tiago Junqueira Goiânia WA2749446 16 40'S; 49 16'W o o 25/12/2016 Rodolfo P. Oliveira Rio Verde WA2412786 17 47'S; 50 52'W o o 25/12/2016 Rodolfo P. Oliveira Rio Verde WA2412785 17 47'S; 50 52'W o o 30/10/2016 Geraldo Morais Aparecida de Goiânia WA2353219 17 49'S; 49 14'W o o 14/02/2016 Estevão F. Santos Goiânia WA2125588 16 42'S; 49 17'W o o 15/03/2013 Rafael Pedra Itumbiara WA909996 18 24'S; 49 13'W o o 15/03/2013 Rafael Pedra Itumbiara WA909995 18 24'S; 49 13'W Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Date (dd/mm/yyyy) Autor Municipality Source Coordinates Aparecida do Rio o o 31/10/2012 Felipe Zenha WA1913644 18 17'S; 51 08'W Doce o o 05/04/2012 Juliano Mafra Corumbaíba WA1027528 18 23'S; 48 39'W o o 05/04/2012 Juliano Mafra Corumbaíba WA616728 18 23'S; 48 39'W o o 07/02/2010 Tiago Junqueira Itumbiara WA546620 18 15'S; 48 53'W o o 30/11/1999 Milton Melo Itumbiara WA907270 18 24'S; 49 13'W 49 17'10''W) is located just over 3 km from the T.J. the Araguaia River, in the state of Pará (Ariane Gouvea, o o perch (16 40'55''S; 49 16'10''W). After the last E.F.S. eBird lists S50980498 and S51300295). sighting of 20 February 2019, only one additional On the other hand, the record presented by Brito et record was made for Goiânia on citizen science platforms al. (2016) in November 2010 in the region of Presidente (WA3338803). It was assumed that the species would Kennedy and at the “ipuca” forest fragment in Lagoa da stay in mid-March and April 2019 in Goiânia, before it Confusão (Marcelo Barbosa, eBird list S25770349), in returns to the Northern Hemisphere. November 2015, reveal the use of the region as a stopover Between 1999 and 2013 in southern Goiás, there site for the species in its migration to the southernmost are at least six records of the species between the cities regions. The use of the Araguaia Valley and Bananal Is land of Itumbiara and Corumbaíba, near the banks of the region is further reinforced by records of the species in Paranaíba River, in November, February, March and São Félix do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, on the left bank April (Table 1). Although there is no synthesis of records of the Araguaia River, on 30 November 2008 (Bradley with better temporal representativeness, it is remarkable Davis, eBird list S14459547). that F. peregrinus used this southern region of Goiás for Other records made in south of Pará state: Marabá, prolonged periods during the wintering period. (Silva-e-Silva 1996), Canaã dos Carajás, (WA1523550), Santana do Araguaia (Somenzari et al. 2011), Paragominas (Lees et al. 2012); and Maranhão state: Sambaíba DISCUSSION (Tatiana Pongiluppi, eBird List S41906604), support this trajectory through central Brazil as migratory route Although some maps show the southern center of Goiás of the species, demonstrating arrival at the end of the as a wintering area of the species, apparently the result of southern winter towards the south of the continent, with cartographic artifact due to the delimitation of polygons a later return towards the Northern Hemisphere in late of occurrence of the species in Brazil, evidence of F. Austral Summer. It is assumed that this route via central peregrinus wintering in the state of Goiás was not known Brazil, using the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, has been used previous to this work. The region has been assumed by individuals during the wintering period in the Goiás to be a zone of passage or stopover site for the species region, especially in Goiânia, as previously presented. (Erize et al. 2006, White et al. 2019). Our systematic A behavioral characteristic of F. peregrinus in monitoring and the compilation of records from citizen its migratory movements is the use of landscape science platforms for the state of Goiás strongly confirm macroelements as references in their flights (White et al. that both the city of Goiânia and the southern portion of 2013). Goodrich & Smith (2008) point out that some Goiás are wintering sites of F. peregrinus in central Brazil. species of migratory birds of prey use riverbeds as a guide Therefore, the F. peregrinus records for Tocantins in their migration. However, in the migration route and Goiás explains the use of the Tocantins-Araguaia along central Brazil, in addition to the use of riverbeds, River Basin as a migratory route by the species, which we hypothesized that F. peregrinus uses the newly built apparently has a preference for the areas near and adjacent North-South Railroad (NSR) as a macroelement in to the two large rivers of the region (Fig. 2). The migratory the landscape to aid migration. The NSR is a Brazilian movements resulting from the sightings of Dornas & longitudinal railroad, expected to be 4155 km long when Pinheiro (2011) and the documented records presented in it is completed and designed to connect the southern and this study in municipality of Oliveira de Fátima coincide northern ends of the country, as well as the main east- with the species returning to the Northern Hemisphere west projected railroads in different regions of the country to start the next reproductive period (White et al. 2013). (Valec 2018). The stretch of tracks alrea dy completed and This migration route is reinfor ced by records at Fazenda in partial operation consist of almost 1600 km between Fartura, on 02 and 03 February 2014, on the left bank of the region of Anápolis, in Goiás, and Açailândia, in Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Figure 2. Known wintering areas (green polygon), wintering areas updated (beige polygon – records from the Wikiaves portal, Mestre 2007 and this survey) and the migratory routes of Falco peregrinus: 1) Pacific Coast Route; 2) At lantic Coast Route; and 3) Continental Route, 3a) Amazonia-Pantanal Route and 3b) Central Brazil Route. Locations: Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins (green circle); Goiania, Goiás (red) and Itumbiara, Goiás (yellow). Purple polygon indicates resident populations. Figure 3. Localities of registration of Falco peregrinus in Tocantins state and the west banks of the Araguaia River, in Pará and Mato Grosso states. Green point: Oliveira de Fátima, Tocantins; yellow: Presidente Kennedy, Tocantins; orange: Lagoa da Confusão; red: Parque Estadual do Cantão; blue: Fazenda Fartura, Pará state; black: São Félix do Araguaia, Mato Grosso state. The black star is Palmas city. The black line is NRS railroa d route. The green spot shows part of the wintering area recognized b y White et al. (2019). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019 Migratory route and a wintering area of Falco peregrinus Dornas et al. Maranhão, crossing the north-center of Goiás, all of the supplied by birdwatchers, offere d to this synthesis state of Tocantins and part of Maranhão (Valec 2018). presented. In the rainy season, between November and April, Therefore, we conclude that these recor ds it was found that the railroad edges, especially near consolidate the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin as a streams and rivers, concentrate an abundance of different migration route of F. peregrinus, confirming definitively bird species, including passerines, small doves, parrots that the central portion of Brazil is a wintering site of the and ducks. This accumulation of water marginally to species. Finally, it is worth mentioning the importance of the railroad, attracting the birds in a remarkable way, Brazil in the global maintenance of this emblematic bird as observed at a several points in the fieldwork by the of prey, especially regarding the migrant subspecies that authors, was analogous to the ecological role played are established in South America. floodplains and riparian forests along large rivers. At the time of record, 20 minutes before nightfall, the presence of vocally restless passerines (Turdus leucomelas, Saltator ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS maximus and Ramphocelus carbo), parrots and columbids (Brotogeris chiriri and Columbina talpacoti, respectively) T.D. thanks by scholarship postdoc PNPD/CAPES signaled a possible falcon attack before their sleeping granted since April 2019 and W.M. thank Biota Soluções perch, however aborted due to our approach and presence. Ambientais for logistical support for the fieldwork. E.F.S. Similarly, the role played by large rivers as a thanks Jadir R. Santos (his father) for all his support and macroelement of the landscape, where potential prey for encouragement on sightings and documentation. We F. peregrinus concentrate due to the inherent biological thanks the English review made for Alexander Lees, Amy characteristics of these environments, can also be Upgren and Peter Wennerhag. We thanks two reviewers attributed to the railroad. The NSR is an almost linear for excellent contributions. The authors appreciate the north-south line, similar to the routes used by the species performance of the Goiaves birdwatching group, based during its migratory movements through central Brazil. in Goiânia city, for the consistent records of the species Thus, F. peregrinus would have a projected landscape view in the state of Goiás. The group's proactivity reflects of a large longitudinal section, at least 1600 km, and 100 the importance of popular actions in the generation m wide on average. of scientific knowledge. This is also true for eBir d and The use of highways as macroe lements is also Wikiaves users, whose shared records also represent the possible. However, we did not search or sample areas of application of citizen science. influence of local highways. 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Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(4): 2019

Journal

Ornithology Research – Springer Journals

Published: Dec 1, 2019

Keywords: Araguaia River; bird of prey; Brazil central; Cerrado Biome; migratory bird; North-South Railroad; Tocantins River

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