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The return of the Scarlet Ibis: first breeding event in southern Brazil after local extinction

The return of the Scarlet Ibis: first breeding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 385-391 ARTICLE December 2015 The r eturn of the Scarlet Ibis: first br eeding event in southern Brazil after local extinction 1,2,3 1,2 Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer ¹ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus Universitário, Distrito Industrial, Bloco A, sala 227b, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. ² Laboratório de Ecologia de Ecossistemas Costeiros, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade da Região de Joinville. Rodovia Duque de Caxias, s/n, Poste 128 – km 8, CEP 89240-000, São Francisco do Sul, SC, Brazil. Corresponding author: dani.fink@gmail.com Received on 6 February 2015. Accepted on 4 June 2015. ABSTRACT: Here we describe the first bree ding event of the Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) in southern Brazil after a long period of local extinction. The species reproduced in a mixed colony on Jarivatuba Island, a mangrove area in Babitonga Bay, northern Santa Catarina. During the breeding season, between August 2011 and March 2012, regular surveys were carried out in the area with a powerboat to collect basic information on the species breeding. The first adult was recor ded in November 2011, along with a group of White-faced ibises (Plegadis chihi) that was nesting at the same site. In January 2012, the local Scarlet ibises displayed reproductive behavior, with adults in incubation position in the nests. The first chicks were recor ded on January 20, 2012. In March 2012, there were few adults in the colony, and juveniles were recorded in flig ht groups, including some outside the colony. Although there is no on-site housing, the region is very disturbed, with industries and marinas nearby, and it suffers from t he discharge of domestic and industrial effluents. The creation of a local protected area would be an adquate long-term strategy for the conservation of the Scarlet Ibis and this ecosystem. KEY-WORDS: Colony, Eudocimus ruber, mangrove, Santa Catarina State. INTRODUCTION State were in 1712 and 1763 in Florianópolis, and in 1820 and 1858 in Urussanga and Palhoça (Rosario The Scarlet I bis, Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) is 1996). Afterwards, there were no further records, and the considered one of the prettiest birds on the planet (Sick species was considered virtually extinct in Santa Catarina (Rosario 1996,Naka & Rodrigues 2000). Recent and 1997, Silva and Silva 2007). It inhabits mostly the coastal mangroves and wetlands in northern South America, in occasional records of the species in the north of the state countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and (Wasilewski et al. 2008) led it to be included in the list Tobago, Suriname and Guyana (Olmos & Silva and Silva of threatened fauna of Santa Catarina in the category 2003). In Brazil, there are populations in the northern “critically endangered” (Consema 2011). In Babitonga Bay, on the north coast of Santa region (Amapá, Pará and Maranhão states), in the northeast (Piauí, Ceará and Bahia states) and the other is Catarina, field work directed to the study of waterbir ds was in the south-southeast region (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, conducted between 2005 and 2009, but the species was Paraná and Santa Catarina states) (Teixeira et al. 1990; never recorded (Cremer & Grose 2010). An interesting Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003, Lima et al. 2007, WikiAves historical record made by Henderson (1821) indicates that the species was abundant in the region: “The whole 2015). The south-southeast population of the Scarlet I bis has suffered a great decline in numbers and disappeared of these rivers generally run tamely between low banks, of from many places in the last decades (Sick 1997). There marshy nature, abounding with considerable number of are no documented and satisfactory explanations about the beautiful scarlet guara bird, which delight the eye of the causes of local extinctions (Teixeira et al. 1990), but navigators.” Research involving breeding aspects of the Scarlet Ibis the most likely reasons are believed to be the collecting of eggs and feathers, capture of chicks and adults, and the in mangrove areas in Brazil was carried out at a breeding destruction of mangrove areas (Sick 1997,Gonçalves et colony on Cajual Island, Maranhão State (Rodrigues al. 2010). 1995; Hass et al.1999; Martinez & Rodrigues 1999), and The last records of the Scarlet Ibis in Santa Catarina in great detail in the mangroves of Santos-Cubatão, in São The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Paulo State (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2001, 2003, Olmos and unconsolidated soil. The mangrove forest in th is 2003, Silva and Silva 2007). Both colonies suffered from region is mainly composed of black mangrove (Avicennia the pressures of poaching, collecting of eggs and chicks shaueriana) and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) and habitat degradation. This human interference can (Ibama 1998, Dornelles et al. 2006). The salinity of the put in danger the reproduction of the species, leading surface water in the vicinity of the breeding colony varies adults to change or abandon the colony (Rodrigues 1995, from 17 to 22 ‰ (Oliveira et al. 2006). Nearby there is Hass et al. 1999, Martinez & Rodrigues 1999, Olmos & a large foundry as well as the Joinville Yacht Club and Silva and Silva 2003, Gonçalves et al. 2010). small marinas. The island is situated next to a navigation Here we describe the first bree ding event of the channel that leads to the marinas in Joinville city. Scarlet Ibis in southern Brazil after a long period of local The Babitonga Bay estuary has an area of 160 km². extinction. More precisely, breeding records were made on It is surrounded by the cities of São Francisco do Sul, Jarivatuba Island, in the Babitonga Bay estuary, northern Araquari, Barra do Sul, Itapoá, Garuva and Joinville. The Santa Catarina State. climate is characterized as super-humid, according to the Thornthwaite classification (Gaplan 1986), and t he average annual rainfall is around 2.265 mm (Gonçalves METHODS et al. 2006). High tide is about 2 m during spring season (Cremer 2006). Study Area The largest bird colony in Babitonga Bay is located in Jarivatuba Island (Fink 2013). Besides the Scarlet Jarivatuba Island (26°29'66.45"S and 48°79'58.14"W) is Ibis, five species of Ar deidae breed in the area (Black- near the mouth of the Cachoeira River, and near Joinville crowned Night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax; Yellow- city (Figure 1), in Babitonga Bay. The island has an area crowned Night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea; Cattle Egret, of approximately 136,645 m² and was recently formed Bubulcus ibis; Snowy Egret, Egretha thula; and Little by the growth of mangrove trees. There is no human Blue Heron, E. caerulea), and one species of the family settlement on the island, probably due to the muddy Threskiornithidae, the White-faced I bis, Plegladis chihi. FIGURE 1. Localization of Jarivatuba Island, in Babitonga Bay, Joinville, Santa Catarina State. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Data Collection this was the first reproductive event of the species at this site, we decided not to perform any type of interference Between August 2011 and March 2012, excursions other than observing (e.g., tagging or collecting biological were made fortnightly to Jarivatuba Island to record the samples). The observations were conducted no closer waterbirds that nest, rest and feed in the area. Observations than 5 m from the nests. were made in a 5,5 m long boat with a 15 or 60 hp outboard motor, always during high tide, when it was possible to cross the channels inside the island. During RESULTS each survey when reproductive groups of the Scarlet Ibis were sighted, their geographic positions were recorded, Eighteen surveys were done in the breeding colony of along with the number of adults, nests and chicks, besides Jarivatuba Island. The Scarlet I bis was present in 11 behavioral information and physical characteristics related surveys, totaling 25 hours of direct observations of the to the reproductive period (Olmos & Silva and Silva species. The first Scarlet I bis was recorded at the site on 2003). Binoculars 8x42 were used during observations. Since this is a wary bird (Rodrigues 1995, Sick November 4, 2011. It was an adult flying with a group 1997), which responds quickly to any type of disturbance of White-faced Ibises, a species that was present in the (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003), and considering that colony since October in reproductive activity (Table 1). TABLE 1. Date, number of adults and chicks and characteristics of Scarlet ibises recorded on Jarivatuba Island, Joinville, SC. Number of Number of Date Observations adults chicks Nov/04/2011 1 0 First adult, flying over the bree ding colony with Plegadis chihi. Nov/17/2011 1 0 Adult, flying over the bree ding colony with P. chihi. Dec/06/2011 6 0 Adults, flying over the colony. Dec/13/2011 50 0 Collective flocks of adults, some individuals displaying: opening of wings and cleaning. Dec/20/2011 30 0 Presence of reproductive characteristics in adults: gular pouch, black bill and intense red feathers. Jan/05/2012 71 0 Five reproductive nuclei (set of nests). Some adults in incubation position in the nests. Jan/20/2012 52 0 Chicks with few days of life, showing thin and black fuzz. 28 nests recorded. Feb/01/2012 52 25 Chicks with fuzz and black claws at the tip of the wings. 26 nests recorded. Feb/17/2012 26 35 Chicks with gray fuzz and white bellies making small flights. Mar/06/2012 8 47 Chicks gray with fuzzy white bellies, performing flights with some adults. Chicks aggregated in nurseries. Mar/20/2012 27 39 Chicks gray with fuzzy white bellies fliying with some adults. Chicks aggregated in nurseries. Scarlet ibises selected the site for reproduction in (Figure 2). Two other nests were built individually. The early December, when many adults formed collective nests were built very close to each other, ranging from flocks in the colony. The bir ds established the colony in 5 to 12 nests per nucleus. They were b uild with wood late December, after the end of the reproductive cycle sticks, irregularly arranged and shaped like a coarse of the White-faced Ibis. The Scarlet I bis had only one bowl (Figure 3). Most nests were about 4 m above the breeding pulse. When recorded for the first time, this ground. In this period the chicks hardly moved, had species already had bright red plumage and a black beak, black feathers, and a very thin and orange beak, with a typical reproductive characteristic (Olmos & Silva and black spots. It was not possible to count each chick Silva 2003). individually, because we kept a safe distance to avoid Five Scarlet Ibis reproductive nuclei (set of nests) stressing the adults, making it difficul t to see the chicks. were recorded on Jarivatuba Island; four were located Eleven days later (Figure 4), the chicks could move out in the central region of the island and one on the edge the nest and reach nearby branches. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer FIGURE 2. Jarivatuba Island, in Babitonga Bay, Joinville, Santa Catarina State. The white circles represent the Scarlet I bis reproductive nuclei. Source: Google Earth. FIGURE 3. Nest of Scarlet Ibis about one week old, on Jarivatuba Island, Babitonga Bay. Photo: D. Fink. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer FIGURE 4. Scarlet Ibis chick about three weeks old, on Jarivatuba Island, Babitonga Bay. Photo: D. Fink. The last survey was made on April 18, when 14 was considered extinct in the state (Rosario 1996; juveniles were observed foraging along the Cachoeira Naka & Rodrigues 2000).The recor ds of Scarlet Ibis in River, in pairs or alone. A group of 36 adults remained on Santa Catarina were only historical, dating back to the Jarivatuba Island, but reproductive activity was no longer eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Rosario 1996). recorded in the area. Only one chick was foraging in the Thus, no scientific or technical information about the tidal flat, together with a group of adults. species in the region existed until now. James Henderson, During the surveys, seven species of potential who wrote about his trip to Brazil (Henderson 1821), predators of bird eggs or chicks were recorded flying described a large number of scarlet ibises in Babitonga over the colony: Turkey Vulture (Catarthes aura), Black Bay. However, it is unknown why the species became Vulture (Coragyps atratus), Great Black Hawk (Urubitinga extinct in the region. Recently, Wasilewski et al. (2008) urubitinga), Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), reported two Scarlet ibises in Santa Catarina in a personal Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), Yellow-headed communication and without geographic coordinates: Caracara (Milvago chimachima), and Kelp Gull (Larus one in Babitonga Bay, without specifying the year, and dominicanus). However, only one predation event was one in São Francisco do Sul Bay in 2007. We believe recorded. On January 20, a Great Black Hawk attacked a that this second record is related to the Palmital River Scarlet Ibis chick in the nest. This nest was located in the region, referred to in some maps of Babitonga Bay as São only reproductive nucleus at the edge of the colony. After Francisco do Sul Bay. this event, no more adult Scarlet ibises were recorded at There are reports of young individuals in the this nucleus. neighboring state of Parana, but so far, a Scarlet Ibis breeding colony has not been recorded in this region; the last Scarlet Ibis record in this area was in 1820 (Olmos & DISCUSSION Silva and Silva 2003). The displacement of the Scarlet Ibis from Santos- There was a gap of about 150 years in the occurrence Cubatão to the Cananéia - Iguape - Ilha Comprida of the Scarlet Ibis in Santa Catarina, and the species region, where they formed new breeding colonies, was Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer confirmed t hrough the capture and tagging of some recorded on Jarivatuba Island, but the only event of individuals (Paludo et al. 2005, Silva and Silva 2007). predation recorded involved a Black Hawk. In Santos- The distance between the two aforementioned sites is 140 Cubatão, predation of chicks has been observed by km in a straight line (Silva and Silva 2007). The most the Harris Hawk, the main predator at this site, and likely hypothesis for the origin of the Scarlet ibises that peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Predation by reproduce in Babitonga Bay is that the individuals came mammals such as the Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon from Ilha Comprida, São Paulo State, the nearest known cancrivorus), the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja), the Crab- colony. In this case, Scarlet Ibis individuals traveled about eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Black Rat (Rattus 200 km in a straight line. norvegicus) or reptiles such as the Broad-snouted Caiman The breeding colony of Jarivatuba Island is the largest (Caiman longirostris) were recorded in breeding colonies in Babitonga Bay, considering the number of species and (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003), but were not detected individuals (Fink 2013). Besides the Scarlet Ibis, six other in our study. It is probable that Jarivatuba Island is more waterbird species nested in this colony. This could explain protected from terrestrial predators because it is an why the species chose this area first for reproduction in the isolated mangrove area. region. A large breeding colony represents security, and a People access Jarivatuba Island with boats only during mixed colony apparently is a safe place where other species high tide, which can cause some disturbance in the area. reproduce (Burger 1981). The island apparently does not Although artisanal fishermen fish around t he island, there suffer any direct anthropogenic disturbance, such as the has been no report of any situation of vandalism in this capture of eggs and chicks or hunting by humans. breeding colony. However, the region that surrounds the This first bree ding event of the Scarlet Ibis reported colony is very urbanized and industrialized, including a on Jarivatuba Island herein occurred after a period of heavy large foundry nearby. These factors could cause the Scarlet rains in December, where 314 mm of rain were recorded Ibis to move away and change location for breeding in the for 20 days. Some authors suggest that the species starts future (Hass 1999, Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003). breeding after being stimulated by heavy rainfall in the The city of Joinville has only 14% of domestic sewage rainy season (Rodrigues 1995, Silva and Silva 2007). The treated. Much of the untreated domestic and industrial rainfall could be related to the availability of some forms effluents are dumped into Babitonga Bay through t he of prey, more abundant under these conditions, such as Cachoeira River (Oliveira et al. 2006). Moreover, Joinville crustaceans, fish and insects (Rodrigues 1995, Sick 1997, is the largest industrial city in Santa Catarina State and Frederick 2002). industrial effluents without proper treatment can cause Olmos & Silva and Silva (2001, 2003) and Olmos contamination by trace elements and organochlorine (2003) report that in the Santos-Cubatão mangrove, compounds, especially for species at the top of the food the Scarlet Ibis can have three reproductive pulses, in chain, such as waterbirds (Fink 2013). November, December and January, being the first species At one edge of the island is the navigation channel to start breeding activities in the whole waterbird colony. to the Cachoeira River, where many marines are installed. In this area the mean number of breeding pairs was 130 The mangrove trees on this edge suffer serious impact and the last reproductive pulse produced few chicks, due due to motorboat traffic at high speed, which leads to to predation by the Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicintus). soil erosion and consequently the toppling of trees. One Herons and ibises, in general, have two reproductive peaks, solution to reduce this impact could be the establishment referred to as a bimodal pattern. In this case, the second of navigation rules in the area, such as speed limits for peak generally accommodates pairs that were unsuccessful vessels. in the first bree ding pulse and also migrants who arrived Babitonga Bay is home to many species of birds, later (Rodgers 1980). In Babitonga Bay, the Scarlet Ibis resident and migratory, which use the site for feeding, was the last species to reproduce. These individuals could resting and reproduction (Cremer & Grose 2010, Cremer be latecomers, arriving from other breeding colonies, and et al. 2011). Furthermore, the region is considered an this could cause a delay in their beginning of reproductive “Important Area for Conservation of Birds” due to the activities and the occurrence of only one reproductive presence of endangered species (Bencke et al. 2006). Thus, pulse. Colonial birds that nest later tend to have less the presence of an endangered species, such as the Scarlet reproductive success, a phenomenon known as late Ibis, which is “critically endangered” in Santa Catarina breeder, which often occurs with young or inexperienced State, deserves special attention by the government, individuals (Rodgers 1980, Olmos & Silva and Silva and the creation of a protected area would be a long- 2003). Another possibility is that these individuals were term strategy for the conservation of this species and its mature and experienced, and arrived later because they ecosystem. Continued research on the colony would be had their nests destroyed in another breeding colony. very important to determine if the species will stay in Seven species of potential bird predators were this area. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Hass, A.; Matos, R. H. R. & Marcondes-Machado, L. O. 1999. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ecologia reprodutiva e distribuição espacial da colônia de Eudocimus ruber (Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae) na ilha do This work was part of Projeto Aves, supported by Fundo Cajual, Maranhão. Ararajuba, 7: 41-44. de Apoio à Pesquisa, FAP/UNIVILLE. D. Fink thanks IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Capes/PROSUP for the scholarship. We are grateful to Naturais Renováveis. 1998. Proteção e controle de ecossistemas costeiros: manguezal da Baía da Babitonga. Brasília. (Coleção Meio Alexandre Grose for some historical articles and to Tamara Ambiente, Série Estudos-Pesca). Carlini, Johny Guenther, Annelise Colin, Ana Kassia Lima, P. C.; Lima, T. N. C. & Lima, R. C. F. R. 2007. Ocorrência e Moraes and the boat pilots, Edson Melo and Rodrigo reprodução do guará Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) na Bahia, Belesso Agnolon, for their help in the field. Dr. A. Leyva em colônia mista de garça-vaqueira Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) e garça-azul Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758), no Recôncavo da (USA) helped with English editing of the manuscript. Bahia. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 136:12. Martinez, C. & Rodrigues, A. A. F. 1999. Breeding biology of the Scarlet Ibis on Cajualisland, northern Brazil. Journal of Field REFERENCES Ornithology, 70:558-566. Naka, L. N. & Rodrigues, M. 2000. As aves da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 294p. Bencke, G. A.; Mauricio, G. N.; Develey, P . F. & Goerck, J. M. 2006. Áreas Importantes para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil. Parte I – Oliveira, T. M. N.; Tureck, C. R.; Bassfeld, J. C.; Torrens, B. M. O.; Estados do Domínio da Mata Atlântica. Birdlife International: Faria, J. M. & Brasil, K. 2006. Integridade Ambiental da Baía SAVE, 494p. da Babitonga: Características Físico-químicas, Microbiológicas e Ecotoxicidade, p.20-60. In: Cremer, M. J.; Morales, P. R. D. Burger, J. 1981. A model for evolution of mixed-colony of & Oliveira, T. M. N. (orgs.). Diagnóstico Ambiental da Baía da Ciconiiforms. The Quar terly Review of Biology, 56: 143-167. CONSEMA – Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente. 2011. Babitonga. Joinville: Editora Univille. Resolução n°02/2011. Reconhece a Lista Oficial de Espécies Olmos, F. & Silva e Silva, R. 2001. 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(Linnaeus, 1758)] http://www.wikiaves.com.br/mapaRegistros_ guara (acess on 29 April 2015). Henderson, J. 1821. A history of Brazil: comprising its geography, commerce, colonization, aboriginal inhabitants. London: printed for the author, and published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. Associate Editor: Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

The return of the Scarlet Ibis: first breeding event in southern Brazil after local extinction

Fink, Daniela; Cremer, Marta Jussara
Ornithology Research , Volume 23 (4) – Dec 1, 2015
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Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 385-391 ARTICLE December 2015 The r eturn of the Scarlet Ibis: first br eeding event in southern Brazil after local extinction 1,2,3 1,2 Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer ¹ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Campus Universitário, Distrito Industrial, Bloco A, sala 227b, CEP 89219-710, Joinville, SC, Brazil. ² Laboratório de Ecologia de Ecossistemas Costeiros, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade da Região de Joinville. Rodovia Duque de Caxias, s/n, Poste 128 – km 8, CEP 89240-000, São Francisco do Sul, SC, Brazil. Corresponding author: dani.fink@gmail.com Received on 6 February 2015. Accepted on 4 June 2015. ABSTRACT: Here we describe the first bree ding event of the Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) in southern Brazil after a long period of local extinction. The species reproduced in a mixed colony on Jarivatuba Island, a mangrove area in Babitonga Bay, northern Santa Catarina. During the breeding season, between August 2011 and March 2012, regular surveys were carried out in the area with a powerboat to collect basic information on the species breeding. The first adult was recor ded in November 2011, along with a group of White-faced ibises (Plegadis chihi) that was nesting at the same site. In January 2012, the local Scarlet ibises displayed reproductive behavior, with adults in incubation position in the nests. The first chicks were recor ded on January 20, 2012. In March 2012, there were few adults in the colony, and juveniles were recorded in flig ht groups, including some outside the colony. Although there is no on-site housing, the region is very disturbed, with industries and marinas nearby, and it suffers from t he discharge of domestic and industrial effluents. The creation of a local protected area would be an adquate long-term strategy for the conservation of the Scarlet Ibis and this ecosystem. KEY-WORDS: Colony, Eudocimus ruber, mangrove, Santa Catarina State. INTRODUCTION State were in 1712 and 1763 in Florianópolis, and in 1820 and 1858 in Urussanga and Palhoça (Rosario The Scarlet I bis, Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) is 1996). Afterwards, there were no further records, and the considered one of the prettiest birds on the planet (Sick species was considered virtually extinct in Santa Catarina (Rosario 1996,Naka & Rodrigues 2000). Recent and 1997, Silva and Silva 2007). It inhabits mostly the coastal mangroves and wetlands in northern South America, in occasional records of the species in the north of the state countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and (Wasilewski et al. 2008) led it to be included in the list Tobago, Suriname and Guyana (Olmos & Silva and Silva of threatened fauna of Santa Catarina in the category 2003). In Brazil, there are populations in the northern “critically endangered” (Consema 2011). In Babitonga Bay, on the north coast of Santa region (Amapá, Pará and Maranhão states), in the northeast (Piauí, Ceará and Bahia states) and the other is Catarina, field work directed to the study of waterbir ds was in the south-southeast region (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, conducted between 2005 and 2009, but the species was Paraná and Santa Catarina states) (Teixeira et al. 1990; never recorded (Cremer & Grose 2010). An interesting Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003, Lima et al. 2007, WikiAves historical record made by Henderson (1821) indicates that the species was abundant in the region: “The whole 2015). The south-southeast population of the Scarlet I bis has suffered a great decline in numbers and disappeared of these rivers generally run tamely between low banks, of from many places in the last decades (Sick 1997). There marshy nature, abounding with considerable number of are no documented and satisfactory explanations about the beautiful scarlet guara bird, which delight the eye of the causes of local extinctions (Teixeira et al. 1990), but navigators.” Research involving breeding aspects of the Scarlet Ibis the most likely reasons are believed to be the collecting of eggs and feathers, capture of chicks and adults, and the in mangrove areas in Brazil was carried out at a breeding destruction of mangrove areas (Sick 1997,Gonçalves et colony on Cajual Island, Maranhão State (Rodrigues al. 2010). 1995; Hass et al.1999; Martinez & Rodrigues 1999), and The last records of the Scarlet Ibis in Santa Catarina in great detail in the mangroves of Santos-Cubatão, in São The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Paulo State (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2001, 2003, Olmos and unconsolidated soil. The mangrove forest in th is 2003, Silva and Silva 2007). Both colonies suffered from region is mainly composed of black mangrove (Avicennia the pressures of poaching, collecting of eggs and chicks shaueriana) and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) and habitat degradation. This human interference can (Ibama 1998, Dornelles et al. 2006). The salinity of the put in danger the reproduction of the species, leading surface water in the vicinity of the breeding colony varies adults to change or abandon the colony (Rodrigues 1995, from 17 to 22 ‰ (Oliveira et al. 2006). Nearby there is Hass et al. 1999, Martinez & Rodrigues 1999, Olmos & a large foundry as well as the Joinville Yacht Club and Silva and Silva 2003, Gonçalves et al. 2010). small marinas. The island is situated next to a navigation Here we describe the first bree ding event of the channel that leads to the marinas in Joinville city. Scarlet Ibis in southern Brazil after a long period of local The Babitonga Bay estuary has an area of 160 km². extinction. More precisely, breeding records were made on It is surrounded by the cities of São Francisco do Sul, Jarivatuba Island, in the Babitonga Bay estuary, northern Araquari, Barra do Sul, Itapoá, Garuva and Joinville. The Santa Catarina State. climate is characterized as super-humid, according to the Thornthwaite classification (Gaplan 1986), and t he average annual rainfall is around 2.265 mm (Gonçalves METHODS et al. 2006). High tide is about 2 m during spring season (Cremer 2006). Study Area The largest bird colony in Babitonga Bay is located in Jarivatuba Island (Fink 2013). Besides the Scarlet Jarivatuba Island (26°29'66.45"S and 48°79'58.14"W) is Ibis, five species of Ar deidae breed in the area (Black- near the mouth of the Cachoeira River, and near Joinville crowned Night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax; Yellow- city (Figure 1), in Babitonga Bay. The island has an area crowned Night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea; Cattle Egret, of approximately 136,645 m² and was recently formed Bubulcus ibis; Snowy Egret, Egretha thula; and Little by the growth of mangrove trees. There is no human Blue Heron, E. caerulea), and one species of the family settlement on the island, probably due to the muddy Threskiornithidae, the White-faced I bis, Plegladis chihi. FIGURE 1. Localization of Jarivatuba Island, in Babitonga Bay, Joinville, Santa Catarina State. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Data Collection this was the first reproductive event of the species at this site, we decided not to perform any type of interference Between August 2011 and March 2012, excursions other than observing (e.g., tagging or collecting biological were made fortnightly to Jarivatuba Island to record the samples). The observations were conducted no closer waterbirds that nest, rest and feed in the area. Observations than 5 m from the nests. were made in a 5,5 m long boat with a 15 or 60 hp outboard motor, always during high tide, when it was possible to cross the channels inside the island. During RESULTS each survey when reproductive groups of the Scarlet Ibis were sighted, their geographic positions were recorded, Eighteen surveys were done in the breeding colony of along with the number of adults, nests and chicks, besides Jarivatuba Island. The Scarlet I bis was present in 11 behavioral information and physical characteristics related surveys, totaling 25 hours of direct observations of the to the reproductive period (Olmos & Silva and Silva species. The first Scarlet I bis was recorded at the site on 2003). Binoculars 8x42 were used during observations. Since this is a wary bird (Rodrigues 1995, Sick November 4, 2011. It was an adult flying with a group 1997), which responds quickly to any type of disturbance of White-faced Ibises, a species that was present in the (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003), and considering that colony since October in reproductive activity (Table 1). TABLE 1. Date, number of adults and chicks and characteristics of Scarlet ibises recorded on Jarivatuba Island, Joinville, SC. Number of Number of Date Observations adults chicks Nov/04/2011 1 0 First adult, flying over the bree ding colony with Plegadis chihi. Nov/17/2011 1 0 Adult, flying over the bree ding colony with P. chihi. Dec/06/2011 6 0 Adults, flying over the colony. Dec/13/2011 50 0 Collective flocks of adults, some individuals displaying: opening of wings and cleaning. Dec/20/2011 30 0 Presence of reproductive characteristics in adults: gular pouch, black bill and intense red feathers. Jan/05/2012 71 0 Five reproductive nuclei (set of nests). Some adults in incubation position in the nests. Jan/20/2012 52 0 Chicks with few days of life, showing thin and black fuzz. 28 nests recorded. Feb/01/2012 52 25 Chicks with fuzz and black claws at the tip of the wings. 26 nests recorded. Feb/17/2012 26 35 Chicks with gray fuzz and white bellies making small flights. Mar/06/2012 8 47 Chicks gray with fuzzy white bellies, performing flights with some adults. Chicks aggregated in nurseries. Mar/20/2012 27 39 Chicks gray with fuzzy white bellies fliying with some adults. Chicks aggregated in nurseries. Scarlet ibises selected the site for reproduction in (Figure 2). Two other nests were built individually. The early December, when many adults formed collective nests were built very close to each other, ranging from flocks in the colony. The bir ds established the colony in 5 to 12 nests per nucleus. They were b uild with wood late December, after the end of the reproductive cycle sticks, irregularly arranged and shaped like a coarse of the White-faced Ibis. The Scarlet I bis had only one bowl (Figure 3). Most nests were about 4 m above the breeding pulse. When recorded for the first time, this ground. In this period the chicks hardly moved, had species already had bright red plumage and a black beak, black feathers, and a very thin and orange beak, with a typical reproductive characteristic (Olmos & Silva and black spots. It was not possible to count each chick Silva 2003). individually, because we kept a safe distance to avoid Five Scarlet Ibis reproductive nuclei (set of nests) stressing the adults, making it difficul t to see the chicks. were recorded on Jarivatuba Island; four were located Eleven days later (Figure 4), the chicks could move out in the central region of the island and one on the edge the nest and reach nearby branches. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer FIGURE 2. Jarivatuba Island, in Babitonga Bay, Joinville, Santa Catarina State. The white circles represent the Scarlet I bis reproductive nuclei. Source: Google Earth. FIGURE 3. Nest of Scarlet Ibis about one week old, on Jarivatuba Island, Babitonga Bay. Photo: D. Fink. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer FIGURE 4. Scarlet Ibis chick about three weeks old, on Jarivatuba Island, Babitonga Bay. Photo: D. Fink. The last survey was made on April 18, when 14 was considered extinct in the state (Rosario 1996; juveniles were observed foraging along the Cachoeira Naka & Rodrigues 2000).The recor ds of Scarlet Ibis in River, in pairs or alone. A group of 36 adults remained on Santa Catarina were only historical, dating back to the Jarivatuba Island, but reproductive activity was no longer eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Rosario 1996). recorded in the area. Only one chick was foraging in the Thus, no scientific or technical information about the tidal flat, together with a group of adults. species in the region existed until now. James Henderson, During the surveys, seven species of potential who wrote about his trip to Brazil (Henderson 1821), predators of bird eggs or chicks were recorded flying described a large number of scarlet ibises in Babitonga over the colony: Turkey Vulture (Catarthes aura), Black Bay. However, it is unknown why the species became Vulture (Coragyps atratus), Great Black Hawk (Urubitinga extinct in the region. Recently, Wasilewski et al. (2008) urubitinga), Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), reported two Scarlet ibises in Santa Catarina in a personal Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus), Yellow-headed communication and without geographic coordinates: Caracara (Milvago chimachima), and Kelp Gull (Larus one in Babitonga Bay, without specifying the year, and dominicanus). However, only one predation event was one in São Francisco do Sul Bay in 2007. We believe recorded. On January 20, a Great Black Hawk attacked a that this second record is related to the Palmital River Scarlet Ibis chick in the nest. This nest was located in the region, referred to in some maps of Babitonga Bay as São only reproductive nucleus at the edge of the colony. After Francisco do Sul Bay. this event, no more adult Scarlet ibises were recorded at There are reports of young individuals in the this nucleus. neighboring state of Parana, but so far, a Scarlet Ibis breeding colony has not been recorded in this region; the last Scarlet Ibis record in this area was in 1820 (Olmos & DISCUSSION Silva and Silva 2003). The displacement of the Scarlet Ibis from Santos- There was a gap of about 150 years in the occurrence Cubatão to the Cananéia - Iguape - Ilha Comprida of the Scarlet Ibis in Santa Catarina, and the species region, where they formed new breeding colonies, was Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer confirmed t hrough the capture and tagging of some recorded on Jarivatuba Island, but the only event of individuals (Paludo et al. 2005, Silva and Silva 2007). predation recorded involved a Black Hawk. In Santos- The distance between the two aforementioned sites is 140 Cubatão, predation of chicks has been observed by km in a straight line (Silva and Silva 2007). The most the Harris Hawk, the main predator at this site, and likely hypothesis for the origin of the Scarlet ibises that peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Predation by reproduce in Babitonga Bay is that the individuals came mammals such as the Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon from Ilha Comprida, São Paulo State, the nearest known cancrivorus), the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja), the Crab- colony. In this case, Scarlet Ibis individuals traveled about eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Black Rat (Rattus 200 km in a straight line. norvegicus) or reptiles such as the Broad-snouted Caiman The breeding colony of Jarivatuba Island is the largest (Caiman longirostris) were recorded in breeding colonies in Babitonga Bay, considering the number of species and (Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003), but were not detected individuals (Fink 2013). Besides the Scarlet Ibis, six other in our study. It is probable that Jarivatuba Island is more waterbird species nested in this colony. This could explain protected from terrestrial predators because it is an why the species chose this area first for reproduction in the isolated mangrove area. region. A large breeding colony represents security, and a People access Jarivatuba Island with boats only during mixed colony apparently is a safe place where other species high tide, which can cause some disturbance in the area. reproduce (Burger 1981). The island apparently does not Although artisanal fishermen fish around t he island, there suffer any direct anthropogenic disturbance, such as the has been no report of any situation of vandalism in this capture of eggs and chicks or hunting by humans. breeding colony. However, the region that surrounds the This first bree ding event of the Scarlet Ibis reported colony is very urbanized and industrialized, including a on Jarivatuba Island herein occurred after a period of heavy large foundry nearby. These factors could cause the Scarlet rains in December, where 314 mm of rain were recorded Ibis to move away and change location for breeding in the for 20 days. Some authors suggest that the species starts future (Hass 1999, Olmos & Silva and Silva 2003). breeding after being stimulated by heavy rainfall in the The city of Joinville has only 14% of domestic sewage rainy season (Rodrigues 1995, Silva and Silva 2007). The treated. Much of the untreated domestic and industrial rainfall could be related to the availability of some forms effluents are dumped into Babitonga Bay through t he of prey, more abundant under these conditions, such as Cachoeira River (Oliveira et al. 2006). Moreover, Joinville crustaceans, fish and insects (Rodrigues 1995, Sick 1997, is the largest industrial city in Santa Catarina State and Frederick 2002). industrial effluents without proper treatment can cause Olmos & Silva and Silva (2001, 2003) and Olmos contamination by trace elements and organochlorine (2003) report that in the Santos-Cubatão mangrove, compounds, especially for species at the top of the food the Scarlet Ibis can have three reproductive pulses, in chain, such as waterbirds (Fink 2013). November, December and January, being the first species At one edge of the island is the navigation channel to start breeding activities in the whole waterbird colony. to the Cachoeira River, where many marines are installed. In this area the mean number of breeding pairs was 130 The mangrove trees on this edge suffer serious impact and the last reproductive pulse produced few chicks, due due to motorboat traffic at high speed, which leads to to predation by the Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicintus). soil erosion and consequently the toppling of trees. One Herons and ibises, in general, have two reproductive peaks, solution to reduce this impact could be the establishment referred to as a bimodal pattern. In this case, the second of navigation rules in the area, such as speed limits for peak generally accommodates pairs that were unsuccessful vessels. in the first bree ding pulse and also migrants who arrived Babitonga Bay is home to many species of birds, later (Rodgers 1980). In Babitonga Bay, the Scarlet Ibis resident and migratory, which use the site for feeding, was the last species to reproduce. These individuals could resting and reproduction (Cremer & Grose 2010, Cremer be latecomers, arriving from other breeding colonies, and et al. 2011). Furthermore, the region is considered an this could cause a delay in their beginning of reproductive “Important Area for Conservation of Birds” due to the activities and the occurrence of only one reproductive presence of endangered species (Bencke et al. 2006). Thus, pulse. Colonial birds that nest later tend to have less the presence of an endangered species, such as the Scarlet reproductive success, a phenomenon known as late Ibis, which is “critically endangered” in Santa Catarina breeder, which often occurs with young or inexperienced State, deserves special attention by the government, individuals (Rodgers 1980, Olmos & Silva and Silva and the creation of a protected area would be a long- 2003). Another possibility is that these individuals were term strategy for the conservation of this species and its mature and experienced, and arrived later because they ecosystem. Continued research on the colony would be had their nests destroyed in another breeding colony. very important to determine if the species will stay in Seven species of potential bird predators were this area. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015 The return of the Scarlet I bis: first bree ding event in southern Brazil after local extinction Daniela Fink and Marta Jussara Cremer Hass, A.; Matos, R. H. R. & Marcondes-Machado, L. O. 1999. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ecologia reprodutiva e distribuição espacial da colônia de Eudocimus ruber (Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae) na ilha do This work was part of Projeto Aves, supported by Fundo Cajual, Maranhão. Ararajuba, 7: 41-44. de Apoio à Pesquisa, FAP/UNIVILLE. D. Fink thanks IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Capes/PROSUP for the scholarship. We are grateful to Naturais Renováveis. 1998. Proteção e controle de ecossistemas costeiros: manguezal da Baía da Babitonga. Brasília. (Coleção Meio Alexandre Grose for some historical articles and to Tamara Ambiente, Série Estudos-Pesca). Carlini, Johny Guenther, Annelise Colin, Ana Kassia Lima, P. C.; Lima, T. N. C. & Lima, R. C. F. R. 2007. Ocorrência e Moraes and the boat pilots, Edson Melo and Rodrigo reprodução do guará Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) na Bahia, Belesso Agnolon, for their help in the field. Dr. A. Leyva em colônia mista de garça-vaqueira Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) e garça-azul Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758), no Recôncavo da (USA) helped with English editing of the manuscript. Bahia. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 136:12. Martinez, C. & Rodrigues, A. A. F. 1999. Breeding biology of the Scarlet Ibis on Cajualisland, northern Brazil. 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(Linnaeus, 1758)] http://www.wikiaves.com.br/mapaRegistros_ guara (acess on 29 April 2015). Henderson, J. 1821. A history of Brazil: comprising its geography, commerce, colonization, aboriginal inhabitants. London: printed for the author, and published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. Associate Editor: Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(4), 2015

Journal

Ornithology Research – Springer Journals

Published: Dec 1, 2015

Keywords: Colony; Eudocimus ruber; mangrove; Santa; Catarina State

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