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R.McN. Alexander (1983)
Allometry of leg bones of moas (Dinornithes) and other birdsJ Zool London, 200
R.McN. Alexander (1981)
Factors of safety in the structure of animalsSci Prog Oxford, 67
R.McN. Alexander (1983)
On the massive legs of a moa (Pachyornis elephantopus, Dinornithes)J Zool London, 201
N.C. Heglund, G.A. Cavagna, C.R. Taylor (1982)
Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammalsJ exp Biol, 97
R.McN. Alexander (1983)
Animal mechanics
R.McN. Alexander, H.C. Bennet-Clark (1977)
Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissuesNature London, 265
R.McN. Alexander, A.S. Jayes (1983)
A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammalsJ Zool London, 201
A.S. Jayes, R.McN. Alexander (1982)
Estimates of mechanical stresses in leg muscles of galloping greyhounds (Canis familiaris)J Zool London, 198
R.F. Ker (1981)
Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries)J exp Biol, 93
G.A. Cavagna, N.C. Heglund, C.R. Taylor (1977)
Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditureAm J Physiol, 223
A.A. Biewener, J. Thomason, A. Goodship, L.E. Lanyon (1983)
Bone stress in the horse fore limb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methodsJ Biomechan, 16
R.McN. Alexander, G.M.O. Maloiy, R. Njau, A.S. Jayis (1979)
Mechanics of running of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)J Zool London, 187
Ostriches were filmed running at maximum speed, and forces on the feet were calculated. Measurements were made of the principal structures in the legs of an ostrich. Hence peak stresses in muscles, tendons and bones were calculated. They lay within the range of stresses calculated for strenuous activities of other vertebrates. The ostrich makes substantial savings of energy in running, by elastic storage in stretched tendons.
Acta Biotheoretica – Springer Journals
Published: Apr 30, 2004
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