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Textile-type triboelectric nanogenerator using Teflon wrapping wires as wearable power source

Textile-type triboelectric nanogenerator using Teflon wrapping wires as wearable power source Wearable electronic devices such as mobile communication devices, portable computers, and various sensors are the latest significant innovations in technology which use the Internet of Things (IoT ) to track personal data. Wear ‑ able energy harvesters are required to supply electricity to such devices for the convenience of users. In this study, a textile‑type triboelectric nanogenerator ( T ‑ TENG), produced using commercial electrode fibers, was fabricated to generate electrical energy using external mechanical stimulation. The commercial fiber was an electrode coated with Teflon on a copper wire with a diameter of ~ 320 μm. Using this commercial fiber, a T ‑ TENG was easily fabricated by knitting and weaving. The performance of the T‑ TENG was analyzed to understand the effect of force and frequency. It was observed that the performance of the T‑ TENG did not degrade even under harsh conditions and treatment. The textile‑type TENG possessed an energy harvesting capability with an output power density of ~ 0.36 W/m and could operate electronic devices by charging a capacitor. Keywords: Energy harvesting, Triboelectric, Nanogenerator, Textile‑type, Teflon wrapping wire Introduction nanogenerator (TENG) and piezoelectric nanogenerator Wearable technologies, also called “wearables”, such as (PENG), which produce electrical energy from external mobile communication devices, portable computers, and mechanical stimulation, are receiving considerable atten- wearable sensors using smart Internet of Things (IoT) tion [10]. However, PENGs have limitations because of technology have received considerable attention recently their complicated manufacturing process and relatively [1–4]. Wearable electronic devices require a flexible and low output power. Many studies are being conducted on wearable electricity supply source instead of the existing TENGs that are easy to manufacture and have a low fre- rigid solid-state electricity supply sources [5–7]. There - quency and high output voltage [11, 12]. fore, research on power storage such as wearable super- Substantial research has been conducted to pro- capacitors and batteries are being conducted. However, duce wearable TENGs from wearable textiles [13–15]. even with power storage capability, external power is The textile-type TENGs (T-TENG) are largely divided, required for charging. Several studies have been con- based on the manufacturing method [16, 17], into fab- ducted on wearable energy harvesters for supplying elec- ric and fiber. For fabric TENGs, the fabric itself is used tricity from natural movements [8, 9] to make wearables as a tribo-material, or the fabric is directly coated with more convenient for use. Among them, triboelectric a functional material to be used as a functional fabric [18–21]. For example, the fabric is coated with carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and metals (i.e., Ag, nickel, *Correspondence: joonwon@postech.ac.kr etc.) to achieve conductivity; or the fabric is coated with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyurethane, etc. to make and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam‑ro, Nam‑gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk a tribo-material. The fabric-type TENG manufactured in 37673, South Korea © The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 2 of 8 this manner has a relatively high output power because it wrapping wire was used for the weft. For knitting, the has a higher areal density than the fiber type, however it pattern density is controlled by adjusting the loop length is limited because of its airtight properties and low dura- of T-TENG. In this study, a knitted T-TENG was used for bility [22, 23]. Accordingly, research is being conducted performance evaluation. The knitted T-TENG was fabri - on a new T-TENG manufactured using a fiber composed cated with a middle pattern density and an area of 25  cm of a core–shell structure [24–26]. A fiber is manufactured was fabricated for characterizing of T-TENG. The latex using a conductive material (carbon nanotube, liquid was used as the opposite material of Teflon for T-TENG metal, etc.) as the core, and the tribo-material is coated power generation. with a shell around the core. The fiber can be sewed, knitted, or woven into a textile that is used for energy Characterization harvesting. However, it is difficult to use in the cloth - Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray ing industry because thick fibers are formed in the coat - spectroscopy (SEM–EDS, SU6600, Hitachi) was used to ing of the shell with a tribo-material, and the process of characterize the surface morphology and properties. A manufacturing the fibers is relatively complicated [27]. solenoid motor (JF-1040) was used to provide mechani- To overcome the limitations of the existing fiber-type cal stimulation for evaluating the performance of the TENG, the easy-to-use fiber must have a thin diameter T-TENG. The applied force was measured by using a load for use in the clothing industry [28]. In addition, TENG cell (BONGSHIN, DBBP-20). The output voltage and made of these fibers must be flexible, bendable, and be current signals of the textile-type TENG were measured capable of large-scale fabricating. using an electrometer (Keithley 2400). The data collec - In this study, a T-TENG was fabricated to produce tion and preprocessing system used LabVIEW software electrical energy using external mechanical stimula- and NI collection cards that allow real-time data collec- tion using a commercial fiber. The commercial fiber was tion. All tests were conducted by selecting an appropri- an electrode (copper wire with a diameter of ~ 320  μm) ate resistance to measure the output voltage within the coated with Teflon. A large area T-TENG can be woven measurement range of the equipment. or knit using this fiber. The fabricated TENG is flexible and bendable; therefore, it is suitable for wearables; it is Results and discussion easy to connect the copper electrode inside the fiber to A fiber made of commercially available wire wrapped by electronic devices. The T-TENG has an energy harvest - Teflon was used to fabricate the T-TENG used for energy ing capability that not only has an output power density harvesting. The fiber was a Teflon wrapped 160 μm cop - of ~ 0.36  W/m , but also can operate electronic devices per wire with a diameter of 320  μm (Fig.  1a). Figure  1b, by charging a capacitor. In addition, it has good harvest- shows that the surface was generally flat, and fluorine ing ability without degradation, even after immersion in and carbon were common. Traditional methods such as acidic and basic solutions, owing to the hydrophobicity of knitting can be used with these thin and flexible wires to Teflon. We believe that new research on energy harvest - fabricate T-TENG (Fig.  1c). As the T-TENGs can with- ing using commercial fibers will not only be applicable stands bending, wrinkling, and torsion; they can easily be to the clothing industry, but will be a new step in easily converted to wearable devices (Fig.  1d). The fabricated usable TENG. T-TENG was characterized using a pushing machine composed of a solenoid motor and load cell that meas- Materials and methods ured its force (Fig.  1e). The working principle of the fab - Materials ricated T-TENG is the coupling of the triboelectrification Yellow and blue Teflon wrapping wires (SME) were and electrostatic induction effects. As shown in Fig.  1f, purchased from commercial vendor. A latex glove when the two materials come into contact some electrical (Microflex) was purchased from commercial vendor. charge is transferred from one material to the other. One Special-grade hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35–37%), and material becomes negatively charged as it gains electrons; electronic-grade sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.9%) were the other material loses electrons, and becomes positively purchased from a commercial vendor (SAMCHUN charged. When the charged materials are separated, cur- Chemicals). rent flows in the circuit. When the two materials come close again current flows in the circuit in the opposite Fabrication of the textile‑type triboelectric nanogenerator direction. We used Teflon, which can easily absorb elec - The purchased Teflon wrapping wire was used without trons as one material; we used Latex as the other material any further treatment. T-TENGs are fabricated using because it can be positively charged as it easily loses elec- knitting or home weaving machines. In the case of weav- trons. The performance of the T-TENG was evaluated ing, a general yarn was used for the wrap, and Teflon using these materials. K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 3 of 8 Fig. 1 a Photograph and b SEM image and EDS analysis of commercial Teflon wrapping wire. c T ‑ TENG produced by knitting methods. d Photograph of fabricated T‑ TENG with flexible properties. e Experimental setup to characterize T ‑ TENG. f Mechanism of T‑ TENG Many factors affect the output of the T-TENG; among in the electrical output of the T-TENG with increas- them, we investigated the effect of frequency and force. ing frequency is attributed to the contribution of the The frequency and force were adjusted using a solenoid charge transfer and charge density. The output voltage motor and LabVIEW, respectively. The resulting force and current of the T-TENG were measured varying the 6 10 was measured using a load cell under the T-TENG. First, resistance from 10 to 10   Ω (Fig.  2e). As the external the open-circuit voltage and closed-circuit current of resistance increased, the output voltage of the T-TENG the T-TENG at 1  Hz were measured according to the increased and the output current decreased. The power applied force (Fig.  2a, b). As the force increased from density of T-TENG was ~ 0.36  W/m with an external 5 to 40  N, the voltage output of the T-TENG increased load resistance of 10  Ω (Fig. 2f ). The fabricated T-TENG from ~ 100 V to ~ 250 V. This increase in voltage is due to has a higher maximum output voltage and maximum the higher force applied to the T-TENG, tighter contact power density compared with the previous fiber type between the two friction materials, and an increase in the T-TENG (Table 1). contact area. The current output increased up to a force The durability of T-TENGs in harsh environments of 20 N and then stabilized. The output current was sta - is important for their application in wearable devices. bilized compared with output voltage depending on the Therefore, the ability of the T-TENG to generate elec - force because the short-circuit current is proportional to tricity was tested after immersing it in 1  M acid and the speed of contact-separation. 1 M base for 1 h, respectively. Owing to the water repel- The output voltage and current of the T-TENG were lency and chemical resistance of Teflon, there was little measured while increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 Hz change in the surface after immersion compared to that (Fig.  2c, d). It was established that the output voltage before immersion (Fig.  3a, b). In addition, there was lit- increased to 3  Hz and then stabilized; the output cur- tle change in performance when a pushing machine (at rent increased as the frequency increased. The increase 1 Hz and 15 N) was used with the T-TENG (Fig. 3c). The Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 4 of 8 Fig. 2 Electrical output performance of the T‑ TENG using 500 MΩ. a Open‑ circuit voltage and b Short‑ circuit current of the T‑ TENG at varying pressure at frequency of 1 Hz. c Open‑ circuit voltage and d Short‑ circuit current of the T‑ TENG at varying frequency at pressure of 15 N. (e) Output voltage, current, and f Instantaneous power density of the T‑ TENG at varying external load resistances Table 1 Comparison of the performance of different fiber type T ‑ TENG Reference Triboelectric pair Fabrication method of Thickness of fiber Maximum Maximum Fabrication method of fiber output power textile voltage density This work Latex–Teflon Commercial product ~ 320 μm 400 V 0.36 W/m Knitting and weaving [29] Polyester–Silicon rubber Dip‑ coating – 120 V 0.08 W/m Knitting [30] Skin–Silicon 3D printing ~ 840 μm – 0.03 W/m – [31] Polyamide 6–polytetra‑ Yarning ~ 500 μm 50 V 0.01 W/m Knitting fluoroethylene [32] Silk–polytetrafluoroeth‑ Vacuuming ~ 600 μm 105 V 0.03 W/m Knitting and weaving ylene [33] Nylon–Silicon Yarning and surface treat‑ – – 0.09 W/m Knitting and weaving ment [34] Polyester–Parylene Electroless plating and – 50 V 0.39 W/m Weaving Chemical Vapor Deposition [35] PET–Polyimide Polymer‑assisted meatal ~ 350 μm 5 V 0.03 W/m Weaving deposition and dip‑ coating [36] Polyamide 6–Polyvinyl Yarning and roll‑to ‑roll ~ 290 μm 29 V 0.02 W/m Knitting chloride coating [37] Nylon–Silicone Rubber Dip‑ coating and spraying ~ 900 μm 4 V 0.001 W/m – K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 5 of 8 Fig. 3 SEM image of T‑ TENG after (a) Acid treatment and (b) Base treatment. c Output voltage density of T‑ TENG using 100 MΩ depending on treatment. d Output voltage density of T‑ TENG using 100 MΩ depending on pattern density. e Relative change of output voltage of T‑ TENG by repetition of contact‑separation. f Relative change of output voltage of T ‑ TENG according to durability test pattern density varies by controlling the loop length of area where the Teflon and latex meet in the same area the T-TENG during knitting. The performance of the increases. fabricated T-TENG varied depending on the pattern den- For practical use, the durability of the manufac- sity, which was determined as low, middle, and high. The tured T-TENG is important. Thus, the performance of voltage produced increases from ~ 1 to ~ 2  V/cm as the T-TENG in repeated external stimuli was tested. The rel - pattern density increases (Fig.  3d). This is because the ative output voltage (V/V ) did not change significantly F Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 6 of 8 when the contact-separation was cycled 2500 times motion. We fabricated an insole in a shoe (Fig.  5a) with using a pushing machine, which implies the output volt- an integrated T-TENG (area: 30  cm ). Based on the age of T-TENG was constant during the cycles (Fig.  3e). human motion of standing, walking, running, and falling, The performance of T-TENG were measured according the contact separation between the socks and T-TENG −1 to the cycle of bending, (Curvature: 0.35  cm ), wrin- is repeated to harvest energy. The output voltage var - kling, and torsion (torsion angle: 15°). In the wrinkling ied depending on the human motion. The output volt - test, T-TENG was attached to the palm of the hand. The age is higher when running than when walking (Fig.  5b). clenching and opening of the fist was defined as one This is because the contact area between the socks and cycle. The performance degradation of the T-TENG was T-TENG increases during running. This indicates that negligible in the cycles of bending, wrinkling, and torsion the T-TENG fabricated by knitting can be used as a compared with the first output voltage (Fig. 3f ). wearable energy source powered by human movement. Normally, the T-TENG generates an alternating cur- In addition, there is little change in the output voltage rent (AC); therefore, the output must be converted to in standing state. However, only negative output voltage DC to power an external electronic device. A commer- occurs in the falling state (Fig. 5b). This makes it possible cial capacitor was charged by connecting a rectifier cir - to distinguish a human motion state. cuit to the T-TENG (Fig.  4a). The capacitor was charged over 2  V while repeatedly applying contact separation Conclusion with a force of 15 N at 2 Hz using a pushing machine on In this study, a T-TENG that can generate electric power the T-TENG (Fig.  4b). By connecting a 4.7  μF capaci- via external mechanical stimulation was fabricated by tor charged over 2  V with the T-TENG to the calcula- knitting a commercial electrode as a fiber. The output tor, the calculator was able to perform simple additions voltage and current were measured according to the and multiplications for ~ 8  s (Fig.  4c). The developed applied frequency and magnitude of the force, and the T-TENG can supply power to electronic devices by har- output power density was measured according to the vesting mechanical energy generated by normal human resistance. The fabricated T-TENG had an output power Fig. 4 a Circuit of charging capacitor using T‑ TENG under periodic mechanical stimulation. The voltage–time relationship at different load capacitances using (b) Pushing machine and (c) Photograph of a working calculator using a charged capacitor K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 7 of 8 Fig. 5 a Photograph of a shoe with T‑ TENG integrated in the insole and a schematic diagram of the energy harvesting mechanism. b Output voltage of T‑ TENG measured when walking, standing, running and falling at 30 MΩ 3. Lou Z, Wang L, Shen G (2018) Recent advances in smart wearable sensing density of ~ 0.36  W/m . We confirmed that it worked systems. AdvMater Technol 3(12):1800444. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ admt. satisfactorily without degradation even in harsh exter- 20180 0444 nal conditions. In addition, the T-TENG could charge 4. Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J (2021) Electronic textiles for wearable point‑ of‑ care systems. Chem Rev 122(3):3259–3291. https:// doi. a capacitor to drive electronic devices. We believe that, org/ 10. 1021/ acs. chemr ev. 1c005 02 in the future, the fabricated T-TENGs could be used in 5. Xu C, Song Y, Han M, Zhang H (2021) Portable and wearable self‑powered wearable electronics with working environments such as systems based on emerging energy harvesting technology. Microsyst Nanoeng 7(1):1–14. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ s41378‑ 021‑ 00248‑z bending and twisting. 6. Macário D, Domingos I, Carvalho N, Pinho P, Alves H (2022) Harvesting cir‑ cuits for triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable applications. iScience 25(4):103977. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. isci. 2022. 103977 Abbreviations 7. Zhang S, Xia Q, Ma S, Yang W, Wang Q, Yang C, Jin B, Liu C (2021) Current IoT: Internet of Things; TENG: Triboelectric nanogenerator; T‑ TENG: Textile‑type advances and challenges in nanosheet‑based wearable power supply triboelectric nanogenerator; PENG: Piezoelectric nanogenerator. devices. iScience 24(12):103477. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. isci. 2021. Acknowledgements 8. Zou Y, Raveendran V, Chen J (2020) Wearable triboelectric nanogenera‑ Not applicable. tors for biomechanical energy harvesting. Nano Energy 77:105303. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. nanoen. 2020. 105303 Author contributions 9. Shi Q, Dong B, He T, Sun Z, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Lee C (2020) Progress in KS performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. wearable electronics/photonics—moving toward the era of artificial CW supported the data analysis. WDJ carried out the device fabrication. KJ intelligence and internet of things. InfoMat 2(6):1131–1162. https:// doi. supervised the study and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and org/ 10. 1002/ inf2. 12122 approved the final manuscript. 10. Haroun AF, Le X, Gao S, Dong B, He T, Zhang Z, Wen F, Xu S, Lee C (2021) Progress in micro/nano sensors and nanoenergy for future AIoT‑based Funding smart home applications. Nano Express 2:022005. https:// doi. org/ 10. 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Textile-type triboelectric nanogenerator using Teflon wrapping wires as wearable power source

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Abstract

Wearable electronic devices such as mobile communication devices, portable computers, and various sensors are the latest significant innovations in technology which use the Internet of Things (IoT ) to track personal data. Wear ‑ able energy harvesters are required to supply electricity to such devices for the convenience of users. In this study, a textile‑type triboelectric nanogenerator ( T ‑ TENG), produced using commercial electrode fibers, was fabricated to generate electrical energy using external mechanical stimulation. The commercial fiber was an electrode coated with Teflon on a copper wire with a diameter of ~ 320 μm. Using this commercial fiber, a T ‑ TENG was easily fabricated by knitting and weaving. The performance of the T‑ TENG was analyzed to understand the effect of force and frequency. It was observed that the performance of the T‑ TENG did not degrade even under harsh conditions and treatment. The textile‑type TENG possessed an energy harvesting capability with an output power density of ~ 0.36 W/m and could operate electronic devices by charging a capacitor. Keywords: Energy harvesting, Triboelectric, Nanogenerator, Textile‑type, Teflon wrapping wire Introduction nanogenerator (TENG) and piezoelectric nanogenerator Wearable technologies, also called “wearables”, such as (PENG), which produce electrical energy from external mobile communication devices, portable computers, and mechanical stimulation, are receiving considerable atten- wearable sensors using smart Internet of Things (IoT) tion [10]. However, PENGs have limitations because of technology have received considerable attention recently their complicated manufacturing process and relatively [1–4]. Wearable electronic devices require a flexible and low output power. Many studies are being conducted on wearable electricity supply source instead of the existing TENGs that are easy to manufacture and have a low fre- rigid solid-state electricity supply sources [5–7]. There - quency and high output voltage [11, 12]. fore, research on power storage such as wearable super- Substantial research has been conducted to pro- capacitors and batteries are being conducted. However, duce wearable TENGs from wearable textiles [13–15]. even with power storage capability, external power is The textile-type TENGs (T-TENG) are largely divided, required for charging. Several studies have been con- based on the manufacturing method [16, 17], into fab- ducted on wearable energy harvesters for supplying elec- ric and fiber. For fabric TENGs, the fabric itself is used tricity from natural movements [8, 9] to make wearables as a tribo-material, or the fabric is directly coated with more convenient for use. Among them, triboelectric a functional material to be used as a functional fabric [18–21]. For example, the fabric is coated with carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and metals (i.e., Ag, nickel, *Correspondence: joonwon@postech.ac.kr etc.) to achieve conductivity; or the fabric is coated with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyurethane, etc. to make and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam‑ro, Nam‑gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk a tribo-material. The fabric-type TENG manufactured in 37673, South Korea © The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 2 of 8 this manner has a relatively high output power because it wrapping wire was used for the weft. For knitting, the has a higher areal density than the fiber type, however it pattern density is controlled by adjusting the loop length is limited because of its airtight properties and low dura- of T-TENG. In this study, a knitted T-TENG was used for bility [22, 23]. Accordingly, research is being conducted performance evaluation. The knitted T-TENG was fabri - on a new T-TENG manufactured using a fiber composed cated with a middle pattern density and an area of 25  cm of a core–shell structure [24–26]. A fiber is manufactured was fabricated for characterizing of T-TENG. The latex using a conductive material (carbon nanotube, liquid was used as the opposite material of Teflon for T-TENG metal, etc.) as the core, and the tribo-material is coated power generation. with a shell around the core. The fiber can be sewed, knitted, or woven into a textile that is used for energy Characterization harvesting. However, it is difficult to use in the cloth - Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray ing industry because thick fibers are formed in the coat - spectroscopy (SEM–EDS, SU6600, Hitachi) was used to ing of the shell with a tribo-material, and the process of characterize the surface morphology and properties. A manufacturing the fibers is relatively complicated [27]. solenoid motor (JF-1040) was used to provide mechani- To overcome the limitations of the existing fiber-type cal stimulation for evaluating the performance of the TENG, the easy-to-use fiber must have a thin diameter T-TENG. The applied force was measured by using a load for use in the clothing industry [28]. In addition, TENG cell (BONGSHIN, DBBP-20). The output voltage and made of these fibers must be flexible, bendable, and be current signals of the textile-type TENG were measured capable of large-scale fabricating. using an electrometer (Keithley 2400). The data collec - In this study, a T-TENG was fabricated to produce tion and preprocessing system used LabVIEW software electrical energy using external mechanical stimula- and NI collection cards that allow real-time data collec- tion using a commercial fiber. The commercial fiber was tion. All tests were conducted by selecting an appropri- an electrode (copper wire with a diameter of ~ 320  μm) ate resistance to measure the output voltage within the coated with Teflon. A large area T-TENG can be woven measurement range of the equipment. or knit using this fiber. The fabricated TENG is flexible and bendable; therefore, it is suitable for wearables; it is Results and discussion easy to connect the copper electrode inside the fiber to A fiber made of commercially available wire wrapped by electronic devices. The T-TENG has an energy harvest - Teflon was used to fabricate the T-TENG used for energy ing capability that not only has an output power density harvesting. The fiber was a Teflon wrapped 160 μm cop - of ~ 0.36  W/m , but also can operate electronic devices per wire with a diameter of 320  μm (Fig.  1a). Figure  1b, by charging a capacitor. In addition, it has good harvest- shows that the surface was generally flat, and fluorine ing ability without degradation, even after immersion in and carbon were common. Traditional methods such as acidic and basic solutions, owing to the hydrophobicity of knitting can be used with these thin and flexible wires to Teflon. We believe that new research on energy harvest - fabricate T-TENG (Fig.  1c). As the T-TENGs can with- ing using commercial fibers will not only be applicable stands bending, wrinkling, and torsion; they can easily be to the clothing industry, but will be a new step in easily converted to wearable devices (Fig.  1d). The fabricated usable TENG. T-TENG was characterized using a pushing machine composed of a solenoid motor and load cell that meas- Materials and methods ured its force (Fig.  1e). The working principle of the fab - Materials ricated T-TENG is the coupling of the triboelectrification Yellow and blue Teflon wrapping wires (SME) were and electrostatic induction effects. As shown in Fig.  1f, purchased from commercial vendor. A latex glove when the two materials come into contact some electrical (Microflex) was purchased from commercial vendor. charge is transferred from one material to the other. One Special-grade hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35–37%), and material becomes negatively charged as it gains electrons; electronic-grade sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.9%) were the other material loses electrons, and becomes positively purchased from a commercial vendor (SAMCHUN charged. When the charged materials are separated, cur- Chemicals). rent flows in the circuit. When the two materials come close again current flows in the circuit in the opposite Fabrication of the textile‑type triboelectric nanogenerator direction. We used Teflon, which can easily absorb elec - The purchased Teflon wrapping wire was used without trons as one material; we used Latex as the other material any further treatment. T-TENGs are fabricated using because it can be positively charged as it easily loses elec- knitting or home weaving machines. In the case of weav- trons. The performance of the T-TENG was evaluated ing, a general yarn was used for the wrap, and Teflon using these materials. K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 3 of 8 Fig. 1 a Photograph and b SEM image and EDS analysis of commercial Teflon wrapping wire. c T ‑ TENG produced by knitting methods. d Photograph of fabricated T‑ TENG with flexible properties. e Experimental setup to characterize T ‑ TENG. f Mechanism of T‑ TENG Many factors affect the output of the T-TENG; among in the electrical output of the T-TENG with increas- them, we investigated the effect of frequency and force. ing frequency is attributed to the contribution of the The frequency and force were adjusted using a solenoid charge transfer and charge density. The output voltage motor and LabVIEW, respectively. The resulting force and current of the T-TENG were measured varying the 6 10 was measured using a load cell under the T-TENG. First, resistance from 10 to 10   Ω (Fig.  2e). As the external the open-circuit voltage and closed-circuit current of resistance increased, the output voltage of the T-TENG the T-TENG at 1  Hz were measured according to the increased and the output current decreased. The power applied force (Fig.  2a, b). As the force increased from density of T-TENG was ~ 0.36  W/m with an external 5 to 40  N, the voltage output of the T-TENG increased load resistance of 10  Ω (Fig. 2f ). The fabricated T-TENG from ~ 100 V to ~ 250 V. This increase in voltage is due to has a higher maximum output voltage and maximum the higher force applied to the T-TENG, tighter contact power density compared with the previous fiber type between the two friction materials, and an increase in the T-TENG (Table 1). contact area. The current output increased up to a force The durability of T-TENGs in harsh environments of 20 N and then stabilized. The output current was sta - is important for their application in wearable devices. bilized compared with output voltage depending on the Therefore, the ability of the T-TENG to generate elec - force because the short-circuit current is proportional to tricity was tested after immersing it in 1  M acid and the speed of contact-separation. 1 M base for 1 h, respectively. Owing to the water repel- The output voltage and current of the T-TENG were lency and chemical resistance of Teflon, there was little measured while increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 Hz change in the surface after immersion compared to that (Fig.  2c, d). It was established that the output voltage before immersion (Fig.  3a, b). In addition, there was lit- increased to 3  Hz and then stabilized; the output cur- tle change in performance when a pushing machine (at rent increased as the frequency increased. The increase 1 Hz and 15 N) was used with the T-TENG (Fig. 3c). The Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 4 of 8 Fig. 2 Electrical output performance of the T‑ TENG using 500 MΩ. a Open‑ circuit voltage and b Short‑ circuit current of the T‑ TENG at varying pressure at frequency of 1 Hz. c Open‑ circuit voltage and d Short‑ circuit current of the T‑ TENG at varying frequency at pressure of 15 N. (e) Output voltage, current, and f Instantaneous power density of the T‑ TENG at varying external load resistances Table 1 Comparison of the performance of different fiber type T ‑ TENG Reference Triboelectric pair Fabrication method of Thickness of fiber Maximum Maximum Fabrication method of fiber output power textile voltage density This work Latex–Teflon Commercial product ~ 320 μm 400 V 0.36 W/m Knitting and weaving [29] Polyester–Silicon rubber Dip‑ coating – 120 V 0.08 W/m Knitting [30] Skin–Silicon 3D printing ~ 840 μm – 0.03 W/m – [31] Polyamide 6–polytetra‑ Yarning ~ 500 μm 50 V 0.01 W/m Knitting fluoroethylene [32] Silk–polytetrafluoroeth‑ Vacuuming ~ 600 μm 105 V 0.03 W/m Knitting and weaving ylene [33] Nylon–Silicon Yarning and surface treat‑ – – 0.09 W/m Knitting and weaving ment [34] Polyester–Parylene Electroless plating and – 50 V 0.39 W/m Weaving Chemical Vapor Deposition [35] PET–Polyimide Polymer‑assisted meatal ~ 350 μm 5 V 0.03 W/m Weaving deposition and dip‑ coating [36] Polyamide 6–Polyvinyl Yarning and roll‑to ‑roll ~ 290 μm 29 V 0.02 W/m Knitting chloride coating [37] Nylon–Silicone Rubber Dip‑ coating and spraying ~ 900 μm 4 V 0.001 W/m – K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 5 of 8 Fig. 3 SEM image of T‑ TENG after (a) Acid treatment and (b) Base treatment. c Output voltage density of T‑ TENG using 100 MΩ depending on treatment. d Output voltage density of T‑ TENG using 100 MΩ depending on pattern density. e Relative change of output voltage of T‑ TENG by repetition of contact‑separation. f Relative change of output voltage of T ‑ TENG according to durability test pattern density varies by controlling the loop length of area where the Teflon and latex meet in the same area the T-TENG during knitting. The performance of the increases. fabricated T-TENG varied depending on the pattern den- For practical use, the durability of the manufac- sity, which was determined as low, middle, and high. The tured T-TENG is important. Thus, the performance of voltage produced increases from ~ 1 to ~ 2  V/cm as the T-TENG in repeated external stimuli was tested. The rel - pattern density increases (Fig.  3d). This is because the ative output voltage (V/V ) did not change significantly F Kim et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 6 of 8 when the contact-separation was cycled 2500 times motion. We fabricated an insole in a shoe (Fig.  5a) with using a pushing machine, which implies the output volt- an integrated T-TENG (area: 30  cm ). Based on the age of T-TENG was constant during the cycles (Fig.  3e). human motion of standing, walking, running, and falling, The performance of T-TENG were measured according the contact separation between the socks and T-TENG −1 to the cycle of bending, (Curvature: 0.35  cm ), wrin- is repeated to harvest energy. The output voltage var - kling, and torsion (torsion angle: 15°). In the wrinkling ied depending on the human motion. The output volt - test, T-TENG was attached to the palm of the hand. The age is higher when running than when walking (Fig.  5b). clenching and opening of the fist was defined as one This is because the contact area between the socks and cycle. The performance degradation of the T-TENG was T-TENG increases during running. This indicates that negligible in the cycles of bending, wrinkling, and torsion the T-TENG fabricated by knitting can be used as a compared with the first output voltage (Fig. 3f ). wearable energy source powered by human movement. Normally, the T-TENG generates an alternating cur- In addition, there is little change in the output voltage rent (AC); therefore, the output must be converted to in standing state. However, only negative output voltage DC to power an external electronic device. A commer- occurs in the falling state (Fig. 5b). This makes it possible cial capacitor was charged by connecting a rectifier cir - to distinguish a human motion state. cuit to the T-TENG (Fig.  4a). The capacitor was charged over 2  V while repeatedly applying contact separation Conclusion with a force of 15 N at 2 Hz using a pushing machine on In this study, a T-TENG that can generate electric power the T-TENG (Fig.  4b). By connecting a 4.7  μF capaci- via external mechanical stimulation was fabricated by tor charged over 2  V with the T-TENG to the calcula- knitting a commercial electrode as a fiber. The output tor, the calculator was able to perform simple additions voltage and current were measured according to the and multiplications for ~ 8  s (Fig.  4c). The developed applied frequency and magnitude of the force, and the T-TENG can supply power to electronic devices by har- output power density was measured according to the vesting mechanical energy generated by normal human resistance. The fabricated T-TENG had an output power Fig. 4 a Circuit of charging capacitor using T‑ TENG under periodic mechanical stimulation. The voltage–time relationship at different load capacitances using (b) Pushing machine and (c) Photograph of a working calculator using a charged capacitor K im et al. Micro and Nano Systems Letters (2022) 10:8 Page 7 of 8 Fig. 5 a Photograph of a shoe with T‑ TENG integrated in the insole and a schematic diagram of the energy harvesting mechanism. b Output voltage of T‑ TENG measured when walking, standing, running and falling at 30 MΩ 3. Lou Z, Wang L, Shen G (2018) Recent advances in smart wearable sensing density of ~ 0.36  W/m . We confirmed that it worked systems. AdvMater Technol 3(12):1800444. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ admt. satisfactorily without degradation even in harsh exter- 20180 0444 nal conditions. In addition, the T-TENG could charge 4. Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J (2021) Electronic textiles for wearable point‑ of‑ care systems. Chem Rev 122(3):3259–3291. https:// doi. a capacitor to drive electronic devices. We believe that, org/ 10. 1021/ acs. chemr ev. 1c005 02 in the future, the fabricated T-TENGs could be used in 5. Xu C, Song Y, Han M, Zhang H (2021) Portable and wearable self‑powered wearable electronics with working environments such as systems based on emerging energy harvesting technology. Microsyst Nanoeng 7(1):1–14. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ s41378‑ 021‑ 00248‑z bending and twisting. 6. Macário D, Domingos I, Carvalho N, Pinho P, Alves H (2022) Harvesting cir‑ cuits for triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable applications. iScience 25(4):103977. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. isci. 2022. 103977 Abbreviations 7. Zhang S, Xia Q, Ma S, Yang W, Wang Q, Yang C, Jin B, Liu C (2021) Current IoT: Internet of Things; TENG: Triboelectric nanogenerator; T‑ TENG: Textile‑type advances and challenges in nanosheet‑based wearable power supply triboelectric nanogenerator; PENG: Piezoelectric nanogenerator. devices. iScience 24(12):103477. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. isci. 2021. 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Journal

Micro and Nano Systems Letters – Springer Journals

Published: Jul 5, 2022

Keywords: Energy harvesting; Triboelectric; Nanogenerator; Textile-type; Teflon wrapping wire

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