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3HW6FL DOI 10.1007/s12182-013-0296-z Tectonics-palaeogeomorphology in rift basins: controlling effect on the sequence architecture 1 1 1 1 1 2 Ji Hancheng , Jia Haibo , Sun Simin , Chen Liang , Tang Yang , Chen Wei , 1 1 Geng Yikai and Zhou Hang 6WDWH.H\/DERUDWRU\RI3HWUROHXP5HVRXUFHVDQG3URVSHFWLQJ&K 6,123(&-LDQJVX&KLQD*HRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHRI-LDQJVX2LO¿HOG%UDQFK&RPSDQ\ © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract:U\EDVLQVKDVEHHQDVLJQL¿FDQW7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGHSRVLWLRQDQGWHFWRQLFVRIVHGLPHQWD subject in recent years. Using typical rift basins such as the Nanpu Sag as an example, combined with the analysis of the tectonics-palaeogeomorphology of basins, we undertook a detailed study of the differences of the third-order sequences in different basins, the combination of depositional systems within the sequence framework and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers. Our results revealed a VLJQL¿FDQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWHFWRQLFVSDODHRJHRPRUSKRORJ\RIULIWEDVLQVDQGWKH¿OOLQJVW\OHV of sedimentary sequences. The basin structure plays a primary role in controlling the development of the third-order sequences and the boundary of these sequences is easily formed in basins with gentle slopes, shallow water and a small area. The characteristics of the tectonics-palaeogeomorphology of rift basins are dominated by half-grabens of extensional faults, which affect the temporal and spatial combination of sedimentary systems within the sequences as well as the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers. Based on the development rules of the faults dominating the half-grabens of extensional faults, rift basins are classified into two types: the single fault segmented-linkage type and the multi-fault combination type. The main controlling factors of the temporal and spatial combination of sedimentary systems and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers in different basins are different. The characteristics of early segmentation and later linkage of the faults play a critical role in controlling the sedimentary system combination within the sequence framework and the temporal and spatial differences of depocenters and subsidence centers of the single fault segmented-linkage rift basins, while the differences in fault activities are the dominating factors of the multi-fault combination rift basins. Key words: Tectonics-palaeogeomorphology, sequence architecture, extensional half-graben, Nanpu Sag 1HEHQ/LPDULQRHWDO 7KHXQLTXHWHFWRQLF 1 Introduction setting of China results in numerous rift basins and widely Research into the relationship between tectonics and GLVWULEXWHGFRQWLQHQWDOIDFLHVVHTXHQFHV+XDQJHWDO sedimentation in basins is a new direction in sedimentology, Yu et al, 2007), which is advantageous to some extent for which is attracting increasing attention from geologists the study of the tectonics and sedimentary sequence of rift +HQW]HWDO$UPLWDJHHWDO.KDQLDQG%DFN basins. Consequently, comparing the differences of the basin /HGXFHWDO-LQHWDO)HQJDQG&KDR characteristics and sequence filling structure, and building /LXHWDO/LHWDODQJ:DQG+H tectonics and sequence development sedimentary models of /LQHWDO ,QYHUVLRQRIWKHWHFWRQLFHYROXWLRQKLVWRU\RI different basins to effectively enhance the prediction ability basins by analyzing the characteristics of sedimentation and is of great significance to the development of theoretical exploring the relationship between sedimentary sequence and sedimentology as well as petroleum exploration. WHFWRQLFFKDQJHVRIEDVLQVLQIHUHQWGLIVFDOHVLVGH¿QLWHO\RQH A series of basins with different tectonic characteristics VLJQL¿FDQWIURQWLHURIFXUUHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOEDVLQDQDO\VLVDQG and evolution is distributed in East China, whose development VHGLPHQWRORJ\3RO\DQVN\HWDO=HFFKLQHWDO DQGHYROXWLRQRIGHSRVLWLRQDOVHTXHQFHVDOVRKDYHVLJQL¿FDQW *XJOLRWWDDQG0RUWLFHOOL6FKOWHUDQG8HQ]HOPDQQ differences (Wang et al, 2010). Using basins such as the Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin and the Dongying Sag as examples, we studied in detail the development characteristics *Corresponding author. email: jiahaibohb@163.com of faults and half-grabens, third-order sequences, the temporal 5HFHLYHG-XQH LQD8QLYHUVLW\RI3HWUROHXP%HLMLQJ&KLQD 3HW6FL and spatial combination of depositional systems and the differences. The depocenters and subsidence centers of changes of depocenters and subsidence centers. Our results the two basins both show obvious migration. However, in UHYHDOWKDWWHFWRQLFVSDODHRJHRPRUSKRORJ\SOD\VDVLJQL¿FDQW terms of the continuity, the Dongying Sag is better than the role in controlling the sequence architecture in rift basins. Nanpu Sag. Moreover, the distribution orientation of the long axis of the depocenters and subsidence centers of different 2 Temporal and spatial differences of degrees in the Dongying Sag is consistently parallel to the main boundary fracture strike (Fig. 2(a), Fig. 2(b)). The sequence architecture in rift basins situation for the Nanpu Sag is more complicated. During 2.1 Development characteristics of third-order the sedimentation of Es, the depocenters and subsidence sequence centers were distributed in the northern basin particularly The Shahejie Formation (Es) and Dongying Formation the downthrown block of the Xinanzhuang and Bogezhuang (Ed) developed from bottom to top of the Paleogene in the )DXOWVZLWKVLJQL¿FDQWVHJPHQWDWLRQVWLOOIROORZLQJWKHUXOH Nanpu Sag, within which twelve third-order sequences of parallel with the main boundary fracture strike. While existed including four in the third member of Es (Es ), one 3 during the sedimentary period of the Dongying Formation, in Es , three in Es , and four in Ed. While eight third-order 2 1 the depocenters and subsidence centers whose long axes are sequences existed in the Paleogene in the Dongying Sag and perpendicular to the strike of the Bogezhuang Fault migrated numerous basins of the Bohai Sea, including three in Es , one 3 southwards with better continuity (Fig. 2(c), Fig. 2(d)). in Es , one in Es and three in Ed (Fig. 1). 2 1 2.3 Depositional system combination within the 2.2 Temporal and spatial distribution of sequences sequence framework As regards the depositional sequence of rift basins, the Based on the analysis of volcanic activity, regional stress planar distribution is of temporal and spatial imbalance, field and subsidence history, the Paleogene of the Nanpu which can be evidenced by, for one thing, the existence of Sag is divided into four rifting episodes (Wang et al, 2010). numerous depocenters and subsidence centers of different Different rifting episodes correspond to different evolutionary degrees, while for another thing, different temporal and spatial stages of the basin, which caused different characteristics of distributions and evolution of depocenters and subsidence VHGLPHQWDU\¿OOLQJ centers in different basins. For the Dongying Sag and Nanpu The Nanpu Sag experienced four evolutionary stages: Sag, the temporal and spatial distributions of depocenters (1) Es sedimentary period (rifting episode I), (2) Es -Es 3 3 2 DQGVXEVLGHQFHFHQWHUVKDYHERWKVLPLODULWLHVDQGVLJQL¿FDQW sedimentary period (rifting episode II), (3) Es sedimentary Dongying Sag Nanpu Sag Bohai Sea Curve of Third order Curve of Third order Third order Lithostratigraphy lacustrine Lithostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy lacustrine level change sequences sequences level change sequences Ed SQEd 1 1 Ed SQEd 1 1 SQEd Ed Ed SQEd 2 2 Ed Ed SQEd SQEd 2 2 2 Ed Ed L L Ed SQEd 2 2 Upper SQEd Ed Es Lower SQEd SQEd Ed SQEs -Es 1 2 Upper SQEs Es SQEs Medium 1 1 SQEs Es Es L SQEs Lower SQEs 1 Es SQEs 2 2 SQEs Es 2 SQEs SQEs First U U Es SQEs SQEs Second 3 3 3 Es SQEs 3 3 Es 3 3 SQEs Third Es M M 3 Es SQEs 3 3 Fourth 4+5 SQEs SQEs L L Es SQEs 3 3 Fifth Fig. 1 Sequence stratigraphic framework of the Paleogene in the Nanpu Sag, Dongying Sag and Bohai Sea (Zhu et al, 2009) Dongying Formation Shahejie Formation Medium Upper Upper Lower Lower Shahejie Formation Dongying Formation Formation Dongying Formation Shahejie 300 4344000 4336000 4328000 4304000 4352000 4320000 4312000 4352000 4344000 4336000 4328000 4320000 4312000 4304000 Qingtuozi Salient Bogezhuang Salient Salient Chenjiazhuang Guangrao Guangrao Salient 460 3HW6FL 0 5 10km 0 5 10km 500 200 Binxian Salient Fault Fault Contour Contour (b) Es -Ed (a) Es -Es 3 2 2.063E+7 2.065E+7 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.064E+7 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.063E+7 2.064E+7 2.065E+7 Depth Depth Xinanzhuang Fault 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000m 25000m 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 1:392630 1:392630 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.063E+7 2.064E+7 2.065E+7 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.063E+7 2.064E+7 2.065E+7 (d) Ed (c) Es Fig. 2 Distribution of the remnant thickness of different sequences in the Dongying Sag and the Nanpu Sag period (rifting episode III) and (4) Ed sedimentary period 3 Controlling factors of development (rifting episode IV). These correspond with the filling differences of sequence architecture sequences of (1) alluvial fan – fan delta – lake – braided delta V\VWHPĺ IDQGHOWD±ODNH±EUDLGHGGHOWDV\VWHPĺ 3.1 Controlling effect of basin structure on the third- DOOXYLDOIDQ±IDQGHOWD±ODNH±EUDLGHGGHOWDV\VWHPĺ order sequence fan delta and nearshore subaqueous fan – lake – braided delta A sequence boundary is a response to a decline of base- system. Thus in the Nanpu Sag, the Es sedimentary period is level. For rift basins, tectonics, sediment supply, climate and mainly of arid type sequences in the initial rifting stage. Then lake-level changes are the main controlling factors of the deep-water sequences mainly developed in the deep-faulted sedimentary base-level and of these tectonics and climate are period till the Ed sedimentary period. WKHPRVWEDVLFIDFWRUVRX<DQG/LXRX<HWDO In the Es sedimentary period, sedimentary assemblages &KXHWDO of deep lake mudstone and oil shale, near-shore subaqueous fans and river deltas as well as sublacustrine fans mainly ǻV §S×ǻh (1) developed in the Dongying Sag and Chezhen Sag, which water water represented deep-water deposits in the strongly deep- faulted period. Fan delta, river delta and shallow lake facies ,QWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQǻ V is the volume variation of water dominated in the Ed sedimentary period which belonged to ZDWHU S is the area of lake-level (dominated by the area of shallow water deposits of the shrinkage stage of the basins. ǻhEDVLQ is the altitude variation of lake-level. water Binxian Chenjiazhuang Salient Salient Qingcheng Salient Fault Binxian Salient 4304000 4312000 4320000 4328000 4336000 4344000 4352000 4304000 4312000 4320000 4328000 4336000 4344000 4352000 390 3HW6FL 461 In Fig. 3, A, B and C separately represent three basins of During the Es sedimentary period in the Nanpu Sag, different structures. Different basin areas and slopes lead to the basin was a small shallow-water lacustrine basin with VLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHYDULDWLRQRIODNHOHYHOǻ h ) ZDWHUGHSWKRIPXDQ<HWDO DQGVPDOOZDWHU water DQGWKHUHFHVVLRQGLVWDQFHRIODNHOHYHOǻ l) resulting from volume. The margins of the basin were gentle slopes. High- tectonics and changes of climate. The lacustrine basin A has frequency changes of climate led to changes of lake-level, a large area and steep slope while the lacustrine basin B is which consequently made large recession distance, so that the small and gentle. With the same volume variation of water erosional zone was large enough to be formed with numerous V ), the altitude variation of lake-level of lacustrine basin sequence boundaries (Fig. 3). During the Es sedimentary water 3 %ǻ h DQGWKHUHFHVVLRQGLVWDQFHRIODNHOHYHOǻ l ) are period the lake-level experienced four declines, and sequences B B much more than those of lacustrine basin A. Compared with were all third-order sequences which can be evidenced by the lacustrine basin C, which has a small area and gentle slope, fact that each time span, accordingly with those changes, was lacustrine basin A is larger and steeper. With the same altitude about 3 Ma. YDULDWLRQRIODNHOHYHOǻ h ), the recession distance of lake- During the Es sedimentary period, the Dongying Sag and water 3 OHYHORIODFXVWULQHEDVLQ&ǻ l ) is larger. Chezhen Sag were in the period with large scale subsidence In one place with the same climate, the effects of the DQGDKXPLGFOLPDWH/LHWDO=KXHWDODRHW< climate changes on lake-level are dominated by the basin al, 2007). The boundary faults experienced strong activity structure. Then there are two extreme situations. One is that and large throws. Basins were mostly deep-water basins with for a small shallow-water basin with only a small volume of large areas and huge water volumes. Consequently, the effects water, the changes of climate can lead to a large recession of the changes of lake-level on the shoreline resulting from distance of shoreline towards the basin, which results in the same climate condition were small. Only a short migration significant changes of the area of lake-level and a large distance of shoreline towards the basin was formed with a erosional zone, being easier to form high-frequency sequence small erosional zone, so the third-order sequence boundaries boundaries. The other is that for a large deep-water basin with failed to form and a small amount of sequences developed. huge volume of water, the recession distance of shoreline Similarly, during the Es and Ed sedimentary periods, resulting from the same changes of climate is limited, both area and depth of the Nanpu Sag were smaller than those which results in few changes of the area of lake-level and of the Dongying Sag with relatively gentle slopes and small little erosional zone, consequently forming low-frequency throw of boundary faults. Consequently a large amount of sequence boundaries only. third-order sequences developed (Table 1, Table 2). ¨l ¨V water ¨h Bas in A ¨l ¨l B C ¨h ¨h ¨V water Basin B Basin C ¨V The recession distance of lake-level ¨l The volume variation water of water ¨h The altitude variation of lake-level Fig. 3 Relationship of basin structure and the changes of lake-level ǻ 462 3HW6FL Table 1 Areas and depths of lacustrine basins 3.2 Controlling effects of half-grabens of extensional faults on the combination of depositional systems Average maximum Average minimum Sag Area, km and sequence distribution depth, m depth, m Dongying Sag 6000 200 100 $KDOIJUDEHQLVWKHEDVLFXQLWRIULIWEDVLQV5XNH Nanpu Sag 1900 10 which is active in the central position while inactive at the Table 2 Average activity velocities of main faults in different basins Dongying Sag Nanpu Sag West section East section Binnan Fault Xinanzhuang Fault Bogezhuang Fault Geologic time Geologic time of the Chennan Fault, m/Ma of the Chennan Fault, m/Ma m/Ma m/Ma m/Ma Es 130 110 Es 94 121.1 3 3 Sha 1 Member 46 Es Es Ed 20 17 18 Ed 268 198.36 two ends (Schlische, 1991). The differences of characteristics of geometry and kinematics of the boundary fault dominate 1 the temporal and spatial evolution of the half-graben topography and then affect the type and distribution of the depositional systems in basins. Moreover, the development and distribution of half-grabens also affect the distribution of sequence stratigraphy, thus controlling the sequence architecture of rift basins. For the rift basins controlled by extensional faults, the controlling effects of fault activity on half-grabens are mainly of two types. The first type is single fault 1 3 2 segmented linkage rift basins such as the Nanpu Sag and Dongpu Sag (Sun et al, 2003). The boundary faults of such Fig. 4 Evolution model of the segmented-linkage and half-graben basins commonly have large extensional distances, and of extensional faults the evolution process is characterized by segmentation- linkage. In the early development stage of faults, along the strike, the fault commonly consisted of several relatively accommodation belts. independent segmentations with different activities and 3.2.1 Effects on the temporal and spatial combination of controlling different half-grabens. Accommodation structures depositional systems developed among segmentations. Activity differences among Based on the detailed interpretation of different seismic the segmentations led to different structure characteristics lines perpendicular to the Xinanzhuang and Bogezhuang of half-grabens. The fault throws were commonly large in Faults in the northern Nanpu Sag, combined with fault the half-grabens where there was a sudden change of terrain throw data, our results reveal that the two faults were both while the terrain changed gradually in the accommodation characterized by initial-segmentation and late-linkage structure. In the late period, the faults gradually connected to which play a role in controlling the temporal and spatial FUHDWHDVLQJOHXQL¿HGIDXOW$VWKHDFWLYLW\RIIDXOWVEHFDPH combination of the depositional systems. Taking the consistent, the structural differences among half-grabens also Xinanzhuang Fault for an example, in the sedimentary period decreased. The initial small scale half-grabens connected to of Es, the differences of fault throw resulted in obvious multi- a unified large scale half-graben (Fig. 4). The other type is branch faults along the strike. The branch faults had similar a multi-fault combination rift basin such as the Dongying dip and slightly different strike with ends superimposed Sag and Zhanhua Sag with several boundary faults of small ZKHUHWKHIDXOWWKURZEHFDPHVLJQL¿FDQWO\VPDOOZLWKJHQWOH scale and a short extensional distance with different temporal slopes. The fault throw of branch faults was characterized and spatial evolution characteristics. These faults are always by decreasing from the center to the ends, which formed and segmented. Each fault controls a half-graben whose structural controlled half-grabens with different structures. Therefore characteristics change with the changes of fault activities. GLYHUVHWRSRJUDSKLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFV)LJ ZHUHIRUPHG Various accommodation belts are the boundaries of the faults. along the strike of the Xinanzhuang Fault, which dominated The differences of half-graben structures are determined the type and distribution of sedimentary systems. In the by the controlling faults, which also affect the topographic half-grabens controlled by branch faults with large fault characteristics of accommodation belts among faults with throws, steep slopes and deep water, deep-water mudstones a positive correlation. Such changes of differences during commonly developed. With certain source conditions, near- geological history also lead to topographic changes of the shore subaqueous fans of near-source rapid accumulation 4LHWDO ,WLVFRPPRQO\GRPLQDWHGE\DERXQGDU\IDXOW 300 Fault Fault Fault Bogezhuang (m) Bogezhuang Bogezhuang Bogezhuang Gaoliu Fault 3HW6FL 463 also developed, which were mainly of vertical stack as well and spatial distribution of the depositional systems of the as limit extension of horizontal distribution. While in the Dongying Sag (Ye et al, 2006). The Es sedimentary period superposition of branch faults with small fault throw, gentle was the peak rifting period of the Dongying Sag (Ma et al, slopes and shallow water, mainly fan deltas developed, which 2000), during which the active velocity of the Es sedimentary extended to a large scale horizontally but had relatively small period of the Chennan Fault reached 130 m/Ma and the active YHUWLFDOWKLFNQHVV)LJ 7KH(GVHGLPHQWDU\SHULRGLV the rift reactivation episode of the Nanpu Sag. With strong faults were of large throw, steep sections (Kong, 2000) and activity of the faults, the differences of fault throw along GHHSZKLFKZDWHUZHUHW\SLFDOGHHSEDVLQíGHHSZDWHUKDOI strike decreased. While the branch faults began to connect grabens with mainly near-shore subaqueous fans developing. and the Xinanzhuang Fault gradually showed characteristics While in the superposition regions of the Chennan Fault and of one fault system. The initial small scale half-grabens Binnan Fault which were at the ends of extensional faults, the connected to a uniform large scale half-graben. During this fault throw was small with gentle sections and slopes (Sun period, near-shore subaqueous fans and large scale deep- and Ren, 2004). Consequently mainly progressive fan deltas water deposits developed due to the large fault throw, steep GHYHORSHGDQ<HWDO 'XULQJWKH(GVHGLPHQWDU\ slopes and deep water. Fan deltas developed in other regions period, the Dongying Sag tended to shrink with the boundary where the fault throw was small and the water was shallow. fault activity being significantly weakened. The active 7KHQRUWKERXQGDU\RIWKH'RQJ\LQJ6DJLQWKH-L\DQJ velocity of the Chennan Fault was about 20 m/Ma while Depression is mainly controlled by the Chennan Fault and that of the Binnan Fault was about 17 m/Ma. The basin was %LQQDQ)DXOWDQ<HWDO 7KHKDOIJUDEHQVWUXFWXUH mainly of shallow shore and half-deep lacustrine environment is dominated by the temporal and spatial differences of with faults of small throw, gentle slopes, and fan deltas and the boundary fault activities, which affected the temporal deltas developed. Depth Depth 720 600 630 450 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000m 1:392630 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000m 1:392630 (a) Es (b) Ed 3 3 20590000 20600000 20610000 20620000 20630000 20640000 20650000 20660000 20590000 20600000 20610000 20620000 20630000 20640000 20650000 Legend Legend Braided deltaBraided delta Fan delta Fan delta Braided delta Braided delta Fan delta Fan delta N plain front plain front plain front plain front N 0 10km 0 10km Near shore Lake Sandy shoal Carbonate Near shore Lake Sandy shoal Carbonate subaqueous fan subaqueous fan salina salina Channel Fault Channel Fault 20590000 20600000 20610000 20620000 20630000 20640000 20650000 20660000 20590000 20600000 20610000 20620000 20630000 20640000 20650000 (c) Es (d) Ed 3 3 Fig. 5 The development characteristics of fault throw and half-grabens and the combination of depositional systems in different periods of the Nanpu Sag Fault Xinanzhuang Xinanzhuang Xinanzhuang Xinanzhuang L1669 L1749 L1829 L1909 L1989 L2069 L2149 L2229 L2469 L2549 L2629 L2709 L1669 L1749 L1989 L2149 L2349 L2429 L2229 L2589 L2669 L1829 L1909 L2069 L2509 Fault Fault Fault L1470 L1550 L1630 L1709 L1790 L1869 L1949 L2029 L2109 L2189 L2269 L1949 L2069 L1509 L1549 L1589 L1629 L1669 L1709 L1749 L1789 L1829 L1869 L1989 L2029 L2109 L2149 L2189 L2229 L2269 Fault 310000 4320000 4330000 4340000 4350000 4360000 4310000 4320000 4330000 4340000 4350000 4360000 4310000 4320000 4330000 4340000 4350000 4360000 4310000 4320000 4330000 4340000 4350000 4360000 L189 L309 L429 L549 L669 L789 L909 L1029 L1129 L1229 L1349 L1469 Xl1322 Xl1442 Xl1562 Xl1682 L349 L429 L509 L589 L669 L749 L829 L909 L989 L1109 L1190 L1270 L1350 L1430 Xl1362 Xl1442 Xl1522 Xl1602 Xl1682 YHORFLW\RIWKH%LQQDQ)DXOWDOVRFRXOGEHXSWRP0D7KH 600 4352000 4344000 4336000 4328000 4320000 4312000 4304000 464 3HW6FL 3.2.2 Temporal and spatial distribution of the half-grabens half-grabens, the fault throw was small and the geography of extensional faults and depocenters and subsidence was high. According to the contour of residual formations in centers Es , the depocenters and subsidence centers were mainly On the basis of the analysis of the distribution of distributed on the downthrow side of the Xinanzhuang Fault, sequences in the Nanpu Sag and Dongying Sag, combined and were mostly distributed in extensional half-grabens with with the study of the fault throw, we concluded that the large fault throw and thin strata among them (Fig. 2(c)-2(d)). temporal and spatial distribution of depocenters and During the Ed sedimentary period, the fault throw differences subsidence centers in each period was dominated by the along the strike of the Xinanzhuang Fault gradually decreased temporal and spatial differences of the boundary fault and it started to act as a complete fault system. The whole activities as well as the development characteristics of the sag became a uniform large scale half-graben. Moreover, controlled half-grabens. the extensional half-graben controlled by the NE-trending The segmentation-linkage of boundary faults and the secondary faults appeared with the strike perpendicular to the development of the NE second-grade faults are the main %RJH]KXDQJ)DXOWZKLFKZDVVKRZQLQWKHWKLFNQHVV¿JXUH controlling factors on the distribution of depocenters of Ed (Fig. 6). The sequence distribution area significantly and subsidence centers in the Nanpu Sag. In the Es extended and the thickness centers were continuous as well as sedimentary period, the Xinanzhuang Fault with the XQLIRUP/LXQDQDQG/LQTXHDUHWZRWKLFNQHVVFHQWHUVSDUDOOHO segmental property of the strike dominated the half-grabens with the north boundary faults, and in the sub-half-grabens # # with different structures. The fault throw there was large the Nanpu 1 tectonic zone and Nanpu 4 tectonic zone were and decreased to the ends (Fig. 2(c)-2(d)). While among the thickness centers. 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.063E+7 2.064E+7 2.065E+7 Depth (m) (m) Depth 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000m 1:392630 25000m 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 1:392630 2.06E+7 2.061E+7 2.062E+7 2.063E+7 2.064E+7 2.065E+7 The development characteristics of fault throw and half-grabens and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers of Ed in the Nanpu Sag Fig. 6 For the Dongying Sag, the activity differences of 4 Conclusions boundary faults play a significant role in controlling 1) Sequence architectures vary in different basins. the different temporal and spatial developments of the Tectonic-palaeogeomorphological characteristics play a depocenters and subsidence centers in the basin. During the significant role in controlling the third-order sequence sedimentary period of Es –Es , the faults with large throws 3 2 development characteristics. The temporal and spatial included the Chennan, Binnan and Gaoqing-Pingnan Faults, combination of sedimentary systems within the sequence forming a nearly NE trending arc fracture zone that controlled framework and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence the large half-grabens of the NW fault and the SE overlap. centers of rift basins show different sequence architectures. Meanwhile the thickness of sequences was also controlled by 2) The development of the third-order sequences is the half-graben structure. The thickness center was located dominated by the differences of the basin structures. The near the downthrow side of the fault with large scale and good temporal and spatial combination of sedimentary systems continuity. During Es –Ed sedimentary period, the main within the sedimentary sequences and the migration of active faults were still the Chennan, Binnan and Gaoqing- depocenters and subsidence centers are dominated by Pingnan Faults. As the fault throw of the Chennan Fault and the fault-controlling extensional half-grabens and their Gaoqing-Pingnan Fault was relatively small, the Binnan half- combination characteristics. graben was the largest. Therefore, the thickness center of Es –Ed was divided into three sections among which the References thickest one was located in the Binnan half-graben (Fig. 2(a)- Arm itage D A, McHargue T, Fildani A, et al. Pre-avulsion levee and post 2(b)). L2309 L2349 L2389 L2429 L2469 L2509 L2549 L2589 L2629 L2669 L2709 L2749 L1509 L1589 L1689 L1749 L1829 L1889 L1909 L2089 L2149 L2229 4304000 4312000 4320000 4328000 4336000 4344000 4352000 L429 L509 L589 L689 L749 L829 L909 L989 L1109 L1190 L1270 L1360 L1430 L349 1000 3HW6FL avulsion channel evolution: Niger Delta continental slope. AAPG and mechanical mathematical modeling. Russian Geology and %XOOHWLQ *HRSK\VLFV *&KX4 /LX-4DQG/LX'6'LVFULPLQDWLRQRIWZRNLQGVRI -DQJ)<44L7 RQJ+0HWDO6HTXHQFHFRQVWUXFWLRQUHVSRQVHWR sedimentary laminae in maar lakes of China. Chinese Science tectonic process in extensional half-graben basin. Earth Science %XOOHWLQ *4&KX6XQ 4DQJ:;+HWDO$\HDUPXOWLSUR[\UHFRUG RI Chinese) SDOHRFOLPDWLFFKDQJHIURPYDUYHGVHGLPHQWVLQ/DNH;LDRORQJZDQ Ruk e. Analysis on the half-grabens of rift basins. China Offshore Oil QRUWKHDVWHUQ&KLQD-RXUQDORI*HRSK\VLFDO$WPRVSKHUHV5HVHDUFK and Gas (Geology). 1990. 4(6): 1-10 (in Chinese) 2009. 114(D22): 108 Sch lische R W. Half-graben basin filling models: New constraints on J/&)HQ DQG&KDR-3&RQWLQHQWDOVKHOIZDYHVIRUFHGE\QRQOLQHDU continental extensional basin development. Basin Research. 1991. 3: continental shelf topography. Science in China Earth Sciences. 2012. 123-141 6FK OWHU3DQG8HQ]HOPDQQ1HEHQ*6HLVPRVWUDWLJUDSKLFDQDO\VLV Gug liotta C and Morticelli M G. 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Petroleum Science – Springer Journals
Published: Oct 13, 2013
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