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Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome

Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 129-136 SHORT-COMMUNICA ARTICLE TION June 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome 1,2 1 Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Setor de Ornitologia, Museu Nacional / UFRJ. Horto Botânico, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, Departamento de Vertebrados, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Corresponding author: nnbuainain@gmail.com Received on 09 November 2015. Accepted on 18 July 2016. ABSTRACT: Studies on feeding biology comprise one of the most basic knowledge about natural history of birds. Here, we report detailed descriptions of the stomach contents of 12 species (Eupsittula cactorum, Neomorphus geoffroyi, Picumnus pygmaeus, Syn allaxis hellmayri, Megaxenops parnaguae, Myrmorchilus strigilatus, Hylopezus ochroleucus, Herpsilochmus sellowi, Formicivora serrana, Scytalopus speluncae, Arremon franciscanus and Lanio pileatus). Most species are from the Caatinga biome and many have none or vague information about their diet. We report consumption of soil from termite nest by E. cactorum, almost exclusively arachnids including large spiders for N. g. dulcis, a diverse composition of arthropods for S. speluncae, and the unrecorded importance of Isoptera for F. serrana. Finally, we briefly discuss the importance of some items such as Isoptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera larvae in the diet of most birds from the Caatinga biome. KEY-WORDS: arthropod, aves, diet, endemic species, feeding biology, semi-arid environments. “It is still little the number of works that report stomach basic knowledge about the natural history of birds, which contents of Brazilian birds” (Schubart et al. 1965). Fifty in turn is essential information for conservation of species. years later and this quote is still current. It is true that Even though new methods and technologies allow us to significant progress has been done. Durães & Marini explore new aspects of the biology of birds, such basic (2005), Lopes et al. (2005) and Manhães et al. (2010) knowledge of many species still remains unknown. In described the stomach contents of several Atlantic forest order to expand and provide new information on the birds, including some endemic species. Kupriyanov diet of Brazilian birds we give detailed descriptions of the et al. (2012) investigated the diets of Amazonian stomach contents of species based entirely on material woodcreepers, Aguiar & Coltro-Júnior (2008) focused on housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Most of these Thamnophilidae, Grallariidae and For micariidae, while species are from the Caatinga biome, one of the least other authors approached one or few species and their studied biome in Brazil, and many so far have their diet ecology (e.g. Gomes et al. 2001, Vasconcelos et al. 2007, currently unknown. Buainain et al. 2015). However, most of those studies We examined the stomach contents of 113 focused on Atlantic Forest species and/or were based on specimens of 12 species housed at the Museu Nacional, regurgitation or fecal samples collected in the field. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN) and In the meantime, even though the Brazilian spirits Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG). Most material collections have grown significantly and are now more was collected in a fragment of shrubby Caatinga Forest complete than they were 50 years ago, studies on detailed at the municipality of São Félix do Coribe, Bahia state descriptions of stomach contents of birds using anatomical (13°20'3.19"S; 43°48'24.12"W), near Corrente River, a collections are scarce. Besides the traditional papers of tributary of São Francisco River (middle region of São Moojen et al. (1941) and Hempel (1949), and more Francisco). Other localities and detailed description of recently of Ballarini et al. (2013), not much was published the stomach contents examined are listed on Appendix I. on this subject. Whereas many specimens are housed in Stomachs were extracted from the abdominal cavity, Brazilian anatomical collections, there is still several bird dissected and stored in 70% ethanol. Contents were species whose diets are completely or poorly known, placed on a Petri dish, examined with a Leica ES2 stereo especially the ones from Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. microscope and stored under the same collection number Studies on feeding biology comprise one of the most as carcasses. Fragments of arthropods were identified Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato by N.B., with assistance of specialized bibliography belonging to the same prey type in a sample. Seeds were (Borror et al. 1989, Costa et al. 2006, Rafael et al. 2012), counted individually and measured with a BTS Digital comparison with material from entomological and Caliper (150 x 0.01 mm) when not damaged. For each arachnids collections of the Universidade Federal do Rio prey type, relative abundance (number of items of a prey de Janeiro, consultations with experts and comparisons type divided by the total number of items, in percentage), with illustrations of fragments presented in other studies relative occurrence (number of samples in which a prey (Ralph et al. 1985, Chapman & Rosenberg 1991, type occur divided by the total number of samples, in Gomes et al. 2001, Manhães et al. 2010). Fragments percentage) and average prey type/sample (total items of were grouped and counted by morphological similarity a prey type divided by the total number of samples), were estimating the minimum number of individuals (items) calculated for each taxon and are shown in Table 1 and 2. TABLE 1. Diet indexes calculated for the taxa examined. Items per sample/(relative abundance/relative occurrence) of each prey type. Less representative categories were grouped as “others” and are shown in Appendix I. N. geoffroyi P. pygmaeus S. hellmayri M. parnaguae M. strigilatus H. sellowi (n = 2) (n = 11) (n = 13) (n = 23) (n = 9) (n = 18) Lepidoptera 0.5 1.5 2.7 1.9 0.1 2.3 (larvae) (1.6%/50%) (1.8%/18.1%) (2.7%/46.1%) (3.8%/47.8%) (0.1%/11.1%) (15.7%/50%) 4 1 1.9 2 2.4 4.2 Coleoptera (12.7%/100%) (1.2%/63.7%) (1.9%/64.6%) (4%/87%) (2.5%/88.9%) (28.1%/100%) 3 3.6 5.8 5.2 36.9 4.7 Formicidae (9.5%/50%) (4.5%/90.9%) (5.9%/76.9%) (10.1%/82.6%) (38.2%/100%) (31.8%/61.1%) 1 72.1 81.9 38.9 55.8 0.4 Isoptera (3.2%/50%) (88.4%/100%) (82.4%/84.6%) (76.1%/91.3%) (57.8%/100%) (3%/11.1%) 6 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.6 Orthoptera 0 (19%/100%) (0.3%/30.8%) (3.2%/65.2%) (0.1%/11.1%) (4.1%/50%) 6 0.9 0.8 Vegetal material 00 0 (6%/100%) (1.7%/4.4%) (5.2%/5.6%) 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 Hemiptera 0 (1.6%/50%) (0.2%/18.1%) (0.1%/7.7%) (0.1%/4.4%) (9%/61.1%) 14 0.4 0.1 0.2 Araneae 0 0 (44.4%/50%) (0.4%/23.1%) (0.2%/8.7%) (1.1%/11.1%) Coleoptera 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 (larvae) (3.8%/72.7%) (0.2%/23.1%) (0.3%/17.4%) (0.1%/11.1%) 1.5 0.1 Chilopoda 00 00 (4.8%/100%) (0.1%/4.4%) Opiliones 00000 (3.2%/50%) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Others 0 (0.1%/9.1%) (0.2%/15.3%) (0.3%/13%) 0.3%/33.3%) (1.9%/27.8%) Eupsittula cactorum (Kuhl, 1820) (n = 2): stomachs is related to supplementation of minerals and organic contained only crushed seeds and stones. Information matter (essential for physiological functions), and also agrees with Barros & Marcondes-Machado (2000) and to bind toxins present on fruits consumed by the species Ballarini et al. (2013) on the predominance of seeds. (Costa-Pereira et al. 2015). Further observations are Unlike previous studies, no latex, fruit pulp or flowers needed to clarify if consumption of soil from termites were detected in our samples. Some dark brownish hard nest by E. cactorum is accidental (during nest carving) or fragments, which looked like pieces of termite nests if the species present geophagic behavior similar to other (Isoptera), were recorded. Barros & Marcondes-Machado Psittacidae. (2000) observed the species carving termite nests, where Neomorphus geoffroyi (Temminck, 1820) (n = 2): one they looked for food and built their nest. However, no individual corresponds to the subspecies N. g. dulcis and termite was found inside the stomachs analyzed. A the other to N. g. amazonicus. The stomach of the former recent study showed that geophagic behavior by Yellow- contained almost exclusively arachnids. Items recorded chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818), were Araneae (spiders), mostly Ctenidae (Ctenus medius particularly the ingestion of soil from termites nest, Keyserling, 1891, C. ornatus (Keyserling, 1877), C. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato TABLE 2. Diet indexes calculated for the taxa examined. Items per sample/(relative abundance/relative occurrence) of each prey type. Less representative categories were grouped as “others” and are shown in Appendix I. H. ochroleucus F. serrana S. speluncae A. franciscanus C. pileatus (n = 3) (n = 17) (n = 5) (n = 1) (n = 7) 1 0.8 0.4 2 1.3 Lepidoptera (larvae) (0.4%/33.3%) (4.8%/58.8%) (1.9%/40%) (4.2%/100%) (3.7%/57%) 5 4.5 2.8 3 1.7 Coleoptera (5.3%/100%) (27.8%/76.5%) (13.2%/100%) (6.3%/100%) (4.9%/86%) 10 2.6 9.8 3 18.9 Formicidae (10.5%/100%) (16.1%/76.5%) (46.2%/100%) (6.3%/100%) (53.9%/86%) 75 4.4 2 6 10 Isoptera (78.9%/100%) (27.1%/47.1%) (9.4%/60%) (12.5%/100%) (28.6%/57%) 0.7 1.2 0.6 0.1 Orthoptera 0 (0.7%/33.3%) (7.7%/88.2%) (2.8%/60%) (0.4%/14%) 0.3 0.7 0.2 34 3 Vegetal material (0.4%/33.3%) (4.4%/17.7%) (0.9%/20%) (70.8%/100%) (8.6%/57%) 0.3 0.4 2.2 Hemiptera 00 (0.4%/33.3%) (2.2%/29.4%) (10.3%/80%) 0.7 0.8 0.4 Araneae 00 (0.7%/66.6%) (5.1%/52.9%) (1.9%/40%) 0.7 4.5 0.4 Coleoptera (larvae) 00 (0.7%/33.3%) (1.1%/11.8%) (1.9%/40%) 0.3 0.1 Chilopoda 000 (0.4%/33.3%) (0.4%/5.9%) 1.4 Opiliones 0 0 00 (6.6%/20%) 1.7 0.5 1 Others 00 (1.8%/33.3%) (3.3%/23.5%) (4.7%/40%) vehemens Keyserling, 1891, Isoctenus foliiferus (Bertkau, membranous egg-shaped item, which he supposed to be 1880), but also Coriinidae (Corinna sp.), Salticidae and a lizard egg. Schubart et al. (1965) reported Orthoptera, Theraphosidae; Opiliones (Gonyleptidae: Metagonyleptes Blattaria, Hemiptera and Coleoptera in one specimen calcar Roewer, 1913); Chilopoda (centipede), including a from Maranhão state (N. g. amazonicus). 140 mm piece; Orthoptera, mostly Gryllidae (crickets), Picumnus pygmaeus (Lichtenstein, 1823) (n = 11): but also Acrididae (grasshoppers); and Coleoptera stomachs had absolute predominance of Isoptera, (beetles). Three har d and membranous egg-shaped items, followed by Coleoptera larvae (mostly Buprestidae), which are possibly seeds, were registered. Sick (1953) and Formicidae and Coleoptera. Other less representative Schubart et al. (1965) examined five specimens of N. g. items recorded were Hemiptera and Pseudoscorpiones. dulcis from Linhares, Espírito Santo state (locality close Stomachs collected during the rainy season contained to our specimen) and reported similar results, except for Lepidoptera larvae. Schubart et al. (1965) reported six the absence of Araneae, which was the main item found Coleoptera larvae (“probably Elateridae”) in one specimen in our study. Food items identified by those authors from Rio Mearim (Maranhão state). include Orthoptera (Acrididae and Gryllidae), Blattaria Synallaxis hellmayri Reiser, 1905 (n = 13): (cockroaches), Opiliones (Gonyleptidae), Formicidae stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera, followed (ants), Coleoptera and Chilopoda (110 mm long). by Formicidae (mostly apterous, but also winged Stomach contents of N. g. amazonicus differed fro m forms), seeds and Coleoptera (Curculionidae and others the ones of N. g. dulcis especially by the absence of Araneae unidentified). Some of the less representative items and Opiliones. It consists mostly of Formicidae (not army were Orthoptera (mostly Gryllidae, but also Acrididae); ants, Ecyton sp.), Coleoptera, Orthoptera (Acrididae), but Araneae (Ctenus sp.); Coleoptera larvae; Hemiptera and also Isoptera, Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars), Hemiptera adult Lepidoptera. Samples collected during the rainy (Heteroptera, true bugs), and Chilopoda. Pelzeln season in November (n = 2) had, among other insects, (1871) examined two specimens from Pará state (N. g. many Lepidoptera larvae. The majority of the Isoptera amazonicus) and reported a big spider (Araneae), rests identified were apterous (worker and soldier castes), of Coleoptera and Orthoptera (Acrididae), and a hard but some winged forms were also detected. Seeds were Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato found in all samples, usually with some pulp/vegetable stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera and flesh. Three different morphotypes were identified Formicidae, followed by Coleoptera. Other items (5.96 x 3.65 mm; 4.25 x 2.67 mm; 3.29 x 1.25 mm). found were Lepidoptera, adults and larvae, Chilopoda, Succulent plant parts with smooth surface and stomata, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Pseudoscorpiones. One which are possibly epidermis of cactuses or bromeliads, specimen collected during the rainy season had six were occasionally recorded. Whitney & Pacheco (1994) Lepidoptera larvae, but also a large amount of the other described an individual of S. hellmayri foraging in a three main items in its stomach. Remsen et al. (1988) bromeliad, sometimes tapping directly on the leaves mentioned that “all stomachs contents contained insects”, of the plant, while Teixeira (1992) reported the use of but did not mention specific taxa or life stages, while branches and spines of the Xique-xique cactus (Pilocereus Bodrati (2012) recorded male adults feeding “larvae” to gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.) Bly. ex Rowl)) in the their nestlings. nest of the species. It is likely that plant parts found in Hylopezus ochroleucus (Wied, 1831) (n = 3): stomachs our samples were accidentally ingested during foraging or contained predominantly Isoptera (apterous form), nest construction. A large amount of soil/sand was found followed by Formicidae and Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae in all stomachs. This finding agrees with descriptions of and others unidentified). Less representative items Whitney & Pacheco (1994), who observed individuals registered were Hemiptera, Araneae, Scorpiones, ingesting small spiders and orthopterans, while foraging Orthoptera, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera larvae directly on the ground. Teixeira (1992) reported: and Neuroptera larvae. “captures small spiders and insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Herpsilochmus sellowi Whitney & Pacheco, 2000 etc.), sometimes ingesting non-identified seeds, according to (n = 18): stomachs contained mainly Coleoptera and examined stomach contents”. Formicidae, followed by Hemiptera (Auchenorrhyncha), Megaxenops parnaguae Reiser, 1905 (n = 23): Orthoptera and seeds. Less representative items were stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera (mostly Isoptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Gastropoda, Araneae and apterous, but also a few winged individuals), followed adult Lepidoptera. Specimens collected during the by Formicidae, Orthoptera (mostly Gryllidae, but also rainy season had a large amount of Lepidoptera larvae. Acrididae) and Coleoptera (Nitidulidae, Carabidae and Schubart et al. (1965) reported Orthoptera, Hemiptera others unidentified). One stomach collected during the and Coleoptera (small Curculionidae) in two specimens dry season contained 20 seeds of the same morphotype from the isolated populations of Serra do Cachimbo, Pará (5.65 x 1.26 mm), and another one contained 21 State. ant pupae (Formicidae). Less representative items Formicivora serrana Hellmayr, 1929 (n =17): recorded were Araneae, Chilopoda, Hymenoptera (non stomach contents were fairly diverse. Most stomachs Formicidae), Hemiptera, Coleoptera larvae (Buprestidae contained Coleoptera (Curculionidae, Cerambycidae and and others unidentified), Neuroptera larvae and O donata. others unidentified), Isoptera, Formicidae, Orthoptera Specimens collected during the rainy season (n = 7) had (Gryllidae), Araneae, Lepidoptera larvae and seeds. lower proportion of Isoptera and Orthoptera and higher Other items recorded were Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, proportion of Lepidoptera larvae, when compared to Coleoptera larvae, Blattaria, Pseudoscorpiones and specimens collected during the dry season. Several pieces Chilopoda. Specimens from the mountainous and of bark were found inside stomachs. This information is in Restinga populations had similar diet. The former agreement with observation by Teixeira et al. (1989) and consumed less Coleoptera and Isoptera, and more Whitney & Pacheco (1994), who described individuals Orthoptera. Chaves & Alves (2013) analyzed fecal tapping on bark, while looking for wood miner or borer samples from Restinga populations and obtained similar arthropods. Teixeira et al. (1989) reported the stomach results, except for Isoptera, one of the most consumed contents of one specimen containing Formicidae, items recorded in our study, which was not registered by Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae), Lepidoptera larvae and many those authors. Araneae (Ctenus sp. Micrathena sp. and Phoneutria sp.), Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès, 1835) (n = 5): “but no typical endophytic arthropod”. Our samples differ Formicidae and Coleoptera were predominant and from this study by the clear predominance of Isoptera present in all samples. However, several other arthropods, and presence of Orthoptera and wood miner/borer mostly ground insects from the leaf litter substrate, arthropods (e. g. some Coleoptera larvae). Although were registered: Hemiptera, Isoptera, Opiliones, Kirwan et al. (2001) observed individuals investigating Diptera, Lepidoptera larvae, Coleoptera larvae, Araneae, a termite nest, the consumption of those insects, which Dermaptera, Acari and Hymenoptera. are the predominant food resource of the species found Arremon franciscanus Raposo, 1997 (n = 2): one according to our study, is a novelty. stomach was empty, while the other one contained Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Wied, 1831) (n = 9): mainly seeds, but also Isoptera, Formicidae (apterous), Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Lepidoptera larvae and Coleoptera. Stomach contents for providing the stomach contents of specimens of were similar to the ones of other closely related Arremon Neomorphus geoffroyi. Coor denação de Aperfeiçoamento species, such as A. taciturnus, A. semitorquatus, and A. de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) financially flavirostris (Schubart et al. 1965). supported both authors. Lanio pileatus (Wied, 1821) (n = 7): stomach contents consisted mainly of Formicidae, Isoptera and seeds. Other items registered were Coleoptera, Orthoptera REFERENCES and Lepidoptera larvae. Stomachs contained several small Advani, R. 1982. Seasonal fluctuations in the diet composition of stones, supposedly to crush seeds, sediment (sand) and Rhinopoma hardwickei in the Rashastan Desert. Proceedings of the also small leaf fragments. Schubart et al. (1965) reported Indian Academy of Science, 91: 563–568. fragments of insects and small Gramineae seeds. Aguiar, K. M. O. & Coltro-Júnior, L. A. 2008. Dietas de algumas espécies de aves das Famílias Thamnophilidae, Grallariidae e Formicariidae do Amapá. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 16: Remarks on the diet of Caatinga bird species 376–279. 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Seasonality of insects in the thorn woodland (Caatinga), northeastern Brazil. Revista de semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54: 471–476. Biología Tropical, 59: 1637–1650. Pelzeln, A. von. 1871. Zur Ornithologie brasiliens: Resultate von Whitney, B. M. & Pacheco, F. 1994. Behavior and vocalizations Johann Natterers Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. Viena: A. of Gyalophylax and Megaxenops (Furnariidae), two little-known Pichler's Witwe & Sohn. genera endemic to northeastern Brazil. Condor, 96: 559–565. Poulin, B.; Lefebvre, G. & McNeil, R. 1994. Diet of land birds from northeastern Venezuela. Condor, 96: 354–367. Associate Editor: Caio G. Machado. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato APPENDIX I Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of all samples examined. Abbreviations of prey types: Acari (Aca.), Araneae (Ara.), Blattaria (Bla.), Chilopoda (Chi.), Coleoptera (Col.), Dermaptera (Der.), Diplopoda (Dip.), Diptera (Dipt.), Formicidae (For.), Gastropoda (Gas.), Hemiptera (Hem.), Hymenoptera (Hym.), Lepidoptera (Lep.), Isoptera (Iso.), Neuroptera (Neu.), Odonata (Odo.), Opiliones (Opi.), Orthoptera (Ort.), Pseudoscorpione (Pse.), Scorpiones (Sco.). PSITTACIDAE - Aratinga cactorum (Cactus Parakeet), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 8180: soil fragments, seeds or fruit pulp fragments, stones; Inhuporanga, Ceará/III-1990 = MNA 6809: soil fragments, seeds or fruit pulp fragments, stones. CUCULIDAE - Neomorphus geoffroyi (Rufous-vented Ground-cuckoo), REBIO de Sooterama, Espírito Santo = I-2007, MNA 5536: 28 Ara., 2 Opi., 8 Ort., 2 Chi., 2 Col.; Floresta da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), Buricicupu, Maranhão/IX-1985 = MPEG A5607: 4 Ort., 1 Chi., 6 Col., 6 For., 1 Hem., 1 Lep. larva, 2 Iso. PICIDAE - Picumnus pygmaeus (Spotted Piculet), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5330: 71 Iso., 5 For., 1 Col., MNA 5339: 65 Iso., 2 For., 2 Col., 22 Col. larvae, 1 Hem., MNA 5346: 156 Iso., 5 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, MNA 5347: 232 Iso., 4 For., MNA 5351: 87 Iso., 5 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larva, 1 Hem., 1 Pse., MNA 6500: 94 Iso., 4 For., 5 Col. larvae, MNA 6501: 53 Iso., 1 For., 2 Col., MNA 6547: 25 Iso., 3 For., 3 Col., 1 Col. larvae; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/ XI-2010 = MNA 7443: 4 Iso., 9 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, MNA 7683: 2 Iso., 1 Col. larvae, 15 Lep. larvae, MNA 7684: 5 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae FURNARIIDAE - Megaxenops parnaguae (Great Xenops), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5238: 44 Iso., 7 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 3 Ort., MNA 5263: 13 Iso., 9 For., 2 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 5269: 65 Iso., 9 For., 3 Col., 3 Ort., MNA 6300: 214 Iso., 3 For., 1 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 6426: 16 Iso., 2 For., 4 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 6503: 43 Iso., 1 Hym., 6 Ort., MNA 6526: 9 Iso., 5 For., 3 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, 2 Ort., MNA 6537: 6 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 2 Ort., 1 Ara, 1 Chi., 20 seeds, MNA 6541: 2 Iso., 4 For., 3 Col., 1 Hem., 3 Ort., MNA 6705: 288 Iso., 31 For. (21 pupae), 4 Col., 1 Ara., MNA 6708: 10 Iso., 2 For., 2 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 6714: 43 Iso., 3 For., 3 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 3 Ort.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 7027: 4 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 2 Lep. larvae, MNA 7029: 1 Iso., 1 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 1 Odo., MNA 7041: 58 Iso., 1 Hym., 1 Col. larvae, 9 Lep. larvae, 1 Neu., MNA 7031: 12 Iso., 6 Col., 11 Lep. larvae, 1 Ort., MNA 7038: 3 Iso., 4 For., 2 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, MNA 7042: 1 For., 1 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, MNA 7400: 2 Col., 6 Lep. larvae; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 7201: 11 Iso., 7 For., 3 Col., 4 Ort., MNA 7202: 5 Iso., 4 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 3 Ort., MNA 7263: 2 Iso., 7 For., MNA 7403: 45 Iso., 16 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 1 Lep. larvea, 2 Ort. Synallaxis hellmayri (Red-shouldered Spinetail), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5201: 79 Iso., 3 For., 1 Col., 5 seeds, MNA 5271: 88 Iso., 10 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 7 seeds, MNA 5365: 78 Iso., 4 For., 5 Col., 3 Lep. larvae, 6 seeds, MNA 5376: 224 Iso., 2 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 2 Ara., 1 seed, MNA 6446: 2 For., 1 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 1 Ort., 1 seed, MNA 6492: 60 Iso., 5 For., 4 Col., 8 seeds, MNA 6495: 159 Iso., 10 For., 2 Col., 1 Lep., 22 seeds, MNA 6718: 35 Iso., 32 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 6 seeds, MNA 6719: 220 Iso., 6 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 seeds, MNA 7256: 66 Iso., 3 For., 5 Col., 4 seeds, MNA 7260: 48 Iso., 1 For., 1 Col., 9 seeds; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI- 2010 = MNA 7505: 8 Iso., 13 Lep. larva, 1 Ort., 4 seeds. MNA 7506: 1 Col., 1 Col. larva, 16 Lep. larvae, 1 Ort., 2 Ara., 1 Neu. larva 1 seed. THAMNOPHILIDAE - Formicivora serrana (Serra Antwren), Santana do Deserto, Minas Gerais/II-2014 = MN 50577: 1 Ort., MN 50580: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 4 Col., 3 Ort., 2 For.; Viçosa, Minas Gerais/III-2014 = MN 50578: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 1 Col., 2 Ort., 1 Pse., MN 50582: 4 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 1 seed, 4 Hym., MN 50587: 1 Lep. larva, 4 Col., 1 Ort., 4 For.; Ipatinga, Minas Gerais/III-2014 = MN 50581: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva, 1 Col., 3 Ort., 4 Ara., 10 For., 1 Iso., 10 seeds, MN 50584: 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 1 For., 14 Iso., 1 Pse., 1 seed, MN 50588: 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 2 For.; Praia de Tucuns, Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro/III-2014 = MN 50579: 1 Lep. larva, 5 Col., 2 Ara., 1 For., 1 Iso., MN 50582: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 3 Col., 2 Ort., 3 For., MN 50583: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Ort.; Ilha de Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro/I-2015 = MN 50136: 1 Lep. larva, 7 Col., 1 Ort., 2 For., 21 Iso., MN 50138: 7 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 For., 2 Iso., 1 Chi., MN 50139: 2 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 16 Col., 1 Ort., 3 For., 8 Iso., MN 50140: 3 Lep. larvae, 2 Col. larva, 3 Col., 1 Ort., 2 Ara., 5 For., 23 Iso., 1 Hym., 2 Bla., MN 50141: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 For., 4 Iso., MN 50142: 2 Hem., 15 Col., 1 Ara., 1 For. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Stripe-backed Antbird), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5247: 10 Iso., 6 For., 1 Col., MNA 5248: 11 Iso., 36 For., MNA 5261: 51 Iso., 25 For., 2 Col., 1 Lep. larva, MNA 5276: 148 Iso., 7 For., 4 Col., MNA 5313: 9 Iso., 11 For., 1 Col., MNA 5318: 64 Iso., 137 For., 3 Col., 1 Pse.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 7259: 35 Iso., 9 For., 2 Col., 6 Lep. larvae, 1 Chi., 1 Ort.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 6900: 117 Iso., 60 For., 6 Col., 1 Hym., MNA 7261: 57 Iso., 41 For., 3 Col., 1 Lep. Herpsilochmus sellowi (Caatinga Antwren), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 6483: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 5 For., 1 Lep., MNA 6484: 3 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 6485: 1 Hem., 5 Col., 8 For., MNA 6512: 1 Col., MNA 6514: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 6 For., MNA 6518: 1 Col., 1 Ort., 1 For., MNA 6521: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 4 Col., 2 Ort., 6 For., MNA 6523: 8 Col., 1 For., 14 seeds, MNA 6532: 1 Lep. larva, 2 Hem., 4 Col., 1 Ort., 5 For., MNA 6546: 1 Hem., 5 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Hym.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 8481: 3 Lep. larvae, 6 Hem., 1 Gas., 5 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 8483: 8 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 10 Col., 1 Ara., 1 For., 1 Lep., MNA 8484: 2 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 3 Col., MNA 8485: 8 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 2 Col., 2 Ara., 2 For., MNA 8487: 4 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Iso., MNA 8489: 4 Lep. larvae, 2 Hem., 1 Col., MNA 8493: 11 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 4 Col., 3 For., 1 Pse.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 6734: 5 Col., 47 For., 7 Iso. GRALLARIIDAE - Hylopezus ochroleucus (White-browed Antpitta), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 7262: 26 Iso., 17 For., 4 Col., 1 Chi., MNA 7504: 30 Iso., 8 For., 7 Col., 2 Col. larvae, 1 Hem., 1 Ara., 1 seed; Catolândia, Bahia/ VI-2013 = MNA 50315: 169 Iso., 8 For., 1 Neu. larva, 1 Dip., 1 Lep. larva, 3 Sco., 2 Ort., 4 Col., 1 Ara. RHINOCRYPTIDAE - Scytalopus speluncae (Mouse-coloured Tapaculo), RPPN Santa Bárbara do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais/III-2008 = MNA 4310: 28 For., 1 Iso., 7 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva., 1 Ara., 1 Der., 1 Hym, 1 veg. material (Bryophyta), MNA 4311: 1 For., 1 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 4312: 16 For., 6 Iso., 2 Hem., 3 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 4554: 1 For., 4 Col., 1 Ara., 1 Aca., 2 Dipt.; RPPN Santa Bárbara do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais/ VI-2008 = MNA 4555: 3 For., 3 Iso., 1 Hem., 3 Col., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva, 7 Opi. EMBERIZIDAE - Coryphospingus pileatus (Pileated Finch), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5207: 13 For., 1 Lep. larva, 10 seeds, MNA 5259: 16 Iso., 52 For., 3 Col., 2 seeds, stones, sand, MNA 5331: 49 Iso., 13 For., 1 Lep. larva, 2 Col., 5 seeds, MNA 5340: 35 For., 1 Col., 4 seeds, stones, MNA 5363: 2 Iso., 17 For., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col., stones; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 3482: 3 Iso., 2 For., 1 Ort., 2 Col., stones, sand, leaf fragments, MNA 8190: 6 Lep. larvae, 3 Col. PASSERELLIDAE - Arremon franciscanus (São Francisco Sparrow), Caetité, Bahia/II-2009 = MNA 8252: 6 Iso., 3 For., 2 Lep. larvae, 3 Col., 34 seeds; São Felix do Coribe, Bahia/iv-2010, MNA 5315: empty. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome

Ornithology Research , Volume 24 (2) – Jun 1, 2016

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Abstract

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 129-136 SHORT-COMMUNICA ARTICLE TION June 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome 1,2 1 Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Setor de Ornitologia, Museu Nacional / UFRJ. Horto Botânico, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, Departamento de Vertebrados, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Corresponding author: nnbuainain@gmail.com Received on 09 November 2015. Accepted on 18 July 2016. ABSTRACT: Studies on feeding biology comprise one of the most basic knowledge about natural history of birds. Here, we report detailed descriptions of the stomach contents of 12 species (Eupsittula cactorum, Neomorphus geoffroyi, Picumnus pygmaeus, Syn allaxis hellmayri, Megaxenops parnaguae, Myrmorchilus strigilatus, Hylopezus ochroleucus, Herpsilochmus sellowi, Formicivora serrana, Scytalopus speluncae, Arremon franciscanus and Lanio pileatus). Most species are from the Caatinga biome and many have none or vague information about their diet. We report consumption of soil from termite nest by E. cactorum, almost exclusively arachnids including large spiders for N. g. dulcis, a diverse composition of arthropods for S. speluncae, and the unrecorded importance of Isoptera for F. serrana. Finally, we briefly discuss the importance of some items such as Isoptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera larvae in the diet of most birds from the Caatinga biome. KEY-WORDS: arthropod, aves, diet, endemic species, feeding biology, semi-arid environments. “It is still little the number of works that report stomach basic knowledge about the natural history of birds, which contents of Brazilian birds” (Schubart et al. 1965). Fifty in turn is essential information for conservation of species. years later and this quote is still current. It is true that Even though new methods and technologies allow us to significant progress has been done. Durães & Marini explore new aspects of the biology of birds, such basic (2005), Lopes et al. (2005) and Manhães et al. (2010) knowledge of many species still remains unknown. In described the stomach contents of several Atlantic forest order to expand and provide new information on the birds, including some endemic species. Kupriyanov diet of Brazilian birds we give detailed descriptions of the et al. (2012) investigated the diets of Amazonian stomach contents of species based entirely on material woodcreepers, Aguiar & Coltro-Júnior (2008) focused on housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Most of these Thamnophilidae, Grallariidae and For micariidae, while species are from the Caatinga biome, one of the least other authors approached one or few species and their studied biome in Brazil, and many so far have their diet ecology (e.g. Gomes et al. 2001, Vasconcelos et al. 2007, currently unknown. Buainain et al. 2015). However, most of those studies We examined the stomach contents of 113 focused on Atlantic Forest species and/or were based on specimens of 12 species housed at the Museu Nacional, regurgitation or fecal samples collected in the field. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN) and In the meantime, even though the Brazilian spirits Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG). Most material collections have grown significantly and are now more was collected in a fragment of shrubby Caatinga Forest complete than they were 50 years ago, studies on detailed at the municipality of São Félix do Coribe, Bahia state descriptions of stomach contents of birds using anatomical (13°20'3.19"S; 43°48'24.12"W), near Corrente River, a collections are scarce. Besides the traditional papers of tributary of São Francisco River (middle region of São Moojen et al. (1941) and Hempel (1949), and more Francisco). Other localities and detailed description of recently of Ballarini et al. (2013), not much was published the stomach contents examined are listed on Appendix I. on this subject. Whereas many specimens are housed in Stomachs were extracted from the abdominal cavity, Brazilian anatomical collections, there is still several bird dissected and stored in 70% ethanol. Contents were species whose diets are completely or poorly known, placed on a Petri dish, examined with a Leica ES2 stereo especially the ones from Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. microscope and stored under the same collection number Studies on feeding biology comprise one of the most as carcasses. Fragments of arthropods were identified Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato by N.B., with assistance of specialized bibliography belonging to the same prey type in a sample. Seeds were (Borror et al. 1989, Costa et al. 2006, Rafael et al. 2012), counted individually and measured with a BTS Digital comparison with material from entomological and Caliper (150 x 0.01 mm) when not damaged. For each arachnids collections of the Universidade Federal do Rio prey type, relative abundance (number of items of a prey de Janeiro, consultations with experts and comparisons type divided by the total number of items, in percentage), with illustrations of fragments presented in other studies relative occurrence (number of samples in which a prey (Ralph et al. 1985, Chapman & Rosenberg 1991, type occur divided by the total number of samples, in Gomes et al. 2001, Manhães et al. 2010). Fragments percentage) and average prey type/sample (total items of were grouped and counted by morphological similarity a prey type divided by the total number of samples), were estimating the minimum number of individuals (items) calculated for each taxon and are shown in Table 1 and 2. TABLE 1. Diet indexes calculated for the taxa examined. Items per sample/(relative abundance/relative occurrence) of each prey type. Less representative categories were grouped as “others” and are shown in Appendix I. N. geoffroyi P. pygmaeus S. hellmayri M. parnaguae M. strigilatus H. sellowi (n = 2) (n = 11) (n = 13) (n = 23) (n = 9) (n = 18) Lepidoptera 0.5 1.5 2.7 1.9 0.1 2.3 (larvae) (1.6%/50%) (1.8%/18.1%) (2.7%/46.1%) (3.8%/47.8%) (0.1%/11.1%) (15.7%/50%) 4 1 1.9 2 2.4 4.2 Coleoptera (12.7%/100%) (1.2%/63.7%) (1.9%/64.6%) (4%/87%) (2.5%/88.9%) (28.1%/100%) 3 3.6 5.8 5.2 36.9 4.7 Formicidae (9.5%/50%) (4.5%/90.9%) (5.9%/76.9%) (10.1%/82.6%) (38.2%/100%) (31.8%/61.1%) 1 72.1 81.9 38.9 55.8 0.4 Isoptera (3.2%/50%) (88.4%/100%) (82.4%/84.6%) (76.1%/91.3%) (57.8%/100%) (3%/11.1%) 6 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.6 Orthoptera 0 (19%/100%) (0.3%/30.8%) (3.2%/65.2%) (0.1%/11.1%) (4.1%/50%) 6 0.9 0.8 Vegetal material 00 0 (6%/100%) (1.7%/4.4%) (5.2%/5.6%) 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 Hemiptera 0 (1.6%/50%) (0.2%/18.1%) (0.1%/7.7%) (0.1%/4.4%) (9%/61.1%) 14 0.4 0.1 0.2 Araneae 0 0 (44.4%/50%) (0.4%/23.1%) (0.2%/8.7%) (1.1%/11.1%) Coleoptera 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 (larvae) (3.8%/72.7%) (0.2%/23.1%) (0.3%/17.4%) (0.1%/11.1%) 1.5 0.1 Chilopoda 00 00 (4.8%/100%) (0.1%/4.4%) Opiliones 00000 (3.2%/50%) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Others 0 (0.1%/9.1%) (0.2%/15.3%) (0.3%/13%) 0.3%/33.3%) (1.9%/27.8%) Eupsittula cactorum (Kuhl, 1820) (n = 2): stomachs is related to supplementation of minerals and organic contained only crushed seeds and stones. Information matter (essential for physiological functions), and also agrees with Barros & Marcondes-Machado (2000) and to bind toxins present on fruits consumed by the species Ballarini et al. (2013) on the predominance of seeds. (Costa-Pereira et al. 2015). Further observations are Unlike previous studies, no latex, fruit pulp or flowers needed to clarify if consumption of soil from termites were detected in our samples. Some dark brownish hard nest by E. cactorum is accidental (during nest carving) or fragments, which looked like pieces of termite nests if the species present geophagic behavior similar to other (Isoptera), were recorded. Barros & Marcondes-Machado Psittacidae. (2000) observed the species carving termite nests, where Neomorphus geoffroyi (Temminck, 1820) (n = 2): one they looked for food and built their nest. However, no individual corresponds to the subspecies N. g. dulcis and termite was found inside the stomachs analyzed. A the other to N. g. amazonicus. The stomach of the former recent study showed that geophagic behavior by Yellow- contained almost exclusively arachnids. Items recorded chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818), were Araneae (spiders), mostly Ctenidae (Ctenus medius particularly the ingestion of soil from termites nest, Keyserling, 1891, C. ornatus (Keyserling, 1877), C. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato TABLE 2. Diet indexes calculated for the taxa examined. Items per sample/(relative abundance/relative occurrence) of each prey type. Less representative categories were grouped as “others” and are shown in Appendix I. H. ochroleucus F. serrana S. speluncae A. franciscanus C. pileatus (n = 3) (n = 17) (n = 5) (n = 1) (n = 7) 1 0.8 0.4 2 1.3 Lepidoptera (larvae) (0.4%/33.3%) (4.8%/58.8%) (1.9%/40%) (4.2%/100%) (3.7%/57%) 5 4.5 2.8 3 1.7 Coleoptera (5.3%/100%) (27.8%/76.5%) (13.2%/100%) (6.3%/100%) (4.9%/86%) 10 2.6 9.8 3 18.9 Formicidae (10.5%/100%) (16.1%/76.5%) (46.2%/100%) (6.3%/100%) (53.9%/86%) 75 4.4 2 6 10 Isoptera (78.9%/100%) (27.1%/47.1%) (9.4%/60%) (12.5%/100%) (28.6%/57%) 0.7 1.2 0.6 0.1 Orthoptera 0 (0.7%/33.3%) (7.7%/88.2%) (2.8%/60%) (0.4%/14%) 0.3 0.7 0.2 34 3 Vegetal material (0.4%/33.3%) (4.4%/17.7%) (0.9%/20%) (70.8%/100%) (8.6%/57%) 0.3 0.4 2.2 Hemiptera 00 (0.4%/33.3%) (2.2%/29.4%) (10.3%/80%) 0.7 0.8 0.4 Araneae 00 (0.7%/66.6%) (5.1%/52.9%) (1.9%/40%) 0.7 4.5 0.4 Coleoptera (larvae) 00 (0.7%/33.3%) (1.1%/11.8%) (1.9%/40%) 0.3 0.1 Chilopoda 000 (0.4%/33.3%) (0.4%/5.9%) 1.4 Opiliones 0 0 00 (6.6%/20%) 1.7 0.5 1 Others 00 (1.8%/33.3%) (3.3%/23.5%) (4.7%/40%) vehemens Keyserling, 1891, Isoctenus foliiferus (Bertkau, membranous egg-shaped item, which he supposed to be 1880), but also Coriinidae (Corinna sp.), Salticidae and a lizard egg. Schubart et al. (1965) reported Orthoptera, Theraphosidae; Opiliones (Gonyleptidae: Metagonyleptes Blattaria, Hemiptera and Coleoptera in one specimen calcar Roewer, 1913); Chilopoda (centipede), including a from Maranhão state (N. g. amazonicus). 140 mm piece; Orthoptera, mostly Gryllidae (crickets), Picumnus pygmaeus (Lichtenstein, 1823) (n = 11): but also Acrididae (grasshoppers); and Coleoptera stomachs had absolute predominance of Isoptera, (beetles). Three har d and membranous egg-shaped items, followed by Coleoptera larvae (mostly Buprestidae), which are possibly seeds, were registered. Sick (1953) and Formicidae and Coleoptera. Other less representative Schubart et al. (1965) examined five specimens of N. g. items recorded were Hemiptera and Pseudoscorpiones. dulcis from Linhares, Espírito Santo state (locality close Stomachs collected during the rainy season contained to our specimen) and reported similar results, except for Lepidoptera larvae. Schubart et al. (1965) reported six the absence of Araneae, which was the main item found Coleoptera larvae (“probably Elateridae”) in one specimen in our study. Food items identified by those authors from Rio Mearim (Maranhão state). include Orthoptera (Acrididae and Gryllidae), Blattaria Synallaxis hellmayri Reiser, 1905 (n = 13): (cockroaches), Opiliones (Gonyleptidae), Formicidae stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera, followed (ants), Coleoptera and Chilopoda (110 mm long). by Formicidae (mostly apterous, but also winged Stomach contents of N. g. amazonicus differed fro m forms), seeds and Coleoptera (Curculionidae and others the ones of N. g. dulcis especially by the absence of Araneae unidentified). Some of the less representative items and Opiliones. It consists mostly of Formicidae (not army were Orthoptera (mostly Gryllidae, but also Acrididae); ants, Ecyton sp.), Coleoptera, Orthoptera (Acrididae), but Araneae (Ctenus sp.); Coleoptera larvae; Hemiptera and also Isoptera, Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars), Hemiptera adult Lepidoptera. Samples collected during the rainy (Heteroptera, true bugs), and Chilopoda. Pelzeln season in November (n = 2) had, among other insects, (1871) examined two specimens from Pará state (N. g. many Lepidoptera larvae. The majority of the Isoptera amazonicus) and reported a big spider (Araneae), rests identified were apterous (worker and soldier castes), of Coleoptera and Orthoptera (Acrididae), and a hard but some winged forms were also detected. Seeds were Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato found in all samples, usually with some pulp/vegetable stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera and flesh. Three different morphotypes were identified Formicidae, followed by Coleoptera. Other items (5.96 x 3.65 mm; 4.25 x 2.67 mm; 3.29 x 1.25 mm). found were Lepidoptera, adults and larvae, Chilopoda, Succulent plant parts with smooth surface and stomata, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Pseudoscorpiones. One which are possibly epidermis of cactuses or bromeliads, specimen collected during the rainy season had six were occasionally recorded. Whitney & Pacheco (1994) Lepidoptera larvae, but also a large amount of the other described an individual of S. hellmayri foraging in a three main items in its stomach. Remsen et al. (1988) bromeliad, sometimes tapping directly on the leaves mentioned that “all stomachs contents contained insects”, of the plant, while Teixeira (1992) reported the use of but did not mention specific taxa or life stages, while branches and spines of the Xique-xique cactus (Pilocereus Bodrati (2012) recorded male adults feeding “larvae” to gounellei (A. Weber ex K. Schum.) Bly. ex Rowl)) in the their nestlings. nest of the species. It is likely that plant parts found in Hylopezus ochroleucus (Wied, 1831) (n = 3): stomachs our samples were accidentally ingested during foraging or contained predominantly Isoptera (apterous form), nest construction. A large amount of soil/sand was found followed by Formicidae and Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae in all stomachs. This finding agrees with descriptions of and others unidentified). Less representative items Whitney & Pacheco (1994), who observed individuals registered were Hemiptera, Araneae, Scorpiones, ingesting small spiders and orthopterans, while foraging Orthoptera, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera larvae directly on the ground. Teixeira (1992) reported: and Neuroptera larvae. “captures small spiders and insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Herpsilochmus sellowi Whitney & Pacheco, 2000 etc.), sometimes ingesting non-identified seeds, according to (n = 18): stomachs contained mainly Coleoptera and examined stomach contents”. Formicidae, followed by Hemiptera (Auchenorrhyncha), Megaxenops parnaguae Reiser, 1905 (n = 23): Orthoptera and seeds. Less representative items were stomachs contained predominantly Isoptera (mostly Isoptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Gastropoda, Araneae and apterous, but also a few winged individuals), followed adult Lepidoptera. Specimens collected during the by Formicidae, Orthoptera (mostly Gryllidae, but also rainy season had a large amount of Lepidoptera larvae. Acrididae) and Coleoptera (Nitidulidae, Carabidae and Schubart et al. (1965) reported Orthoptera, Hemiptera others unidentified). One stomach collected during the and Coleoptera (small Curculionidae) in two specimens dry season contained 20 seeds of the same morphotype from the isolated populations of Serra do Cachimbo, Pará (5.65 x 1.26 mm), and another one contained 21 State. ant pupae (Formicidae). Less representative items Formicivora serrana Hellmayr, 1929 (n =17): recorded were Araneae, Chilopoda, Hymenoptera (non stomach contents were fairly diverse. Most stomachs Formicidae), Hemiptera, Coleoptera larvae (Buprestidae contained Coleoptera (Curculionidae, Cerambycidae and and others unidentified), Neuroptera larvae and O donata. others unidentified), Isoptera, Formicidae, Orthoptera Specimens collected during the rainy season (n = 7) had (Gryllidae), Araneae, Lepidoptera larvae and seeds. lower proportion of Isoptera and Orthoptera and higher Other items recorded were Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, proportion of Lepidoptera larvae, when compared to Coleoptera larvae, Blattaria, Pseudoscorpiones and specimens collected during the dry season. Several pieces Chilopoda. Specimens from the mountainous and of bark were found inside stomachs. This information is in Restinga populations had similar diet. The former agreement with observation by Teixeira et al. (1989) and consumed less Coleoptera and Isoptera, and more Whitney & Pacheco (1994), who described individuals Orthoptera. Chaves & Alves (2013) analyzed fecal tapping on bark, while looking for wood miner or borer samples from Restinga populations and obtained similar arthropods. Teixeira et al. (1989) reported the stomach results, except for Isoptera, one of the most consumed contents of one specimen containing Formicidae, items recorded in our study, which was not registered by Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae), Lepidoptera larvae and many those authors. Araneae (Ctenus sp. Micrathena sp. and Phoneutria sp.), Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriès, 1835) (n = 5): “but no typical endophytic arthropod”. Our samples differ Formicidae and Coleoptera were predominant and from this study by the clear predominance of Isoptera present in all samples. However, several other arthropods, and presence of Orthoptera and wood miner/borer mostly ground insects from the leaf litter substrate, arthropods (e. g. some Coleoptera larvae). Although were registered: Hemiptera, Isoptera, Opiliones, Kirwan et al. (2001) observed individuals investigating Diptera, Lepidoptera larvae, Coleoptera larvae, Araneae, a termite nest, the consumption of those insects, which Dermaptera, Acari and Hymenoptera. are the predominant food resource of the species found Arremon franciscanus Raposo, 1997 (n = 2): one according to our study, is a novelty. stomach was empty, while the other one contained Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Wied, 1831) (n = 9): mainly seeds, but also Isoptera, Formicidae (apterous), Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Lepidoptera larvae and Coleoptera. Stomach contents for providing the stomach contents of specimens of were similar to the ones of other closely related Arremon Neomorphus geoffroyi. Coor denação de Aperfeiçoamento species, such as A. taciturnus, A. semitorquatus, and A. de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) financially flavirostris (Schubart et al. 1965). supported both authors. Lanio pileatus (Wied, 1821) (n = 7): stomach contents consisted mainly of Formicidae, Isoptera and seeds. Other items registered were Coleoptera, Orthoptera REFERENCES and Lepidoptera larvae. Stomachs contained several small Advani, R. 1982. Seasonal fluctuations in the diet composition of stones, supposedly to crush seeds, sediment (sand) and Rhinopoma hardwickei in the Rashastan Desert. Proceedings of the also small leaf fragments. Schubart et al. (1965) reported Indian Academy of Science, 91: 563–568. fragments of insects and small Gramineae seeds. Aguiar, K. M. O. & Coltro-Júnior, L. A. 2008. Dietas de algumas espécies de aves das Famílias Thamnophilidae, Grallariidae e Formicariidae do Amapá. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 16: Remarks on the diet of Caatinga bird species 376–279. 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Abbreviations of prey types: Acari (Aca.), Araneae (Ara.), Blattaria (Bla.), Chilopoda (Chi.), Coleoptera (Col.), Dermaptera (Der.), Diplopoda (Dip.), Diptera (Dipt.), Formicidae (For.), Gastropoda (Gas.), Hemiptera (Hem.), Hymenoptera (Hym.), Lepidoptera (Lep.), Isoptera (Iso.), Neuroptera (Neu.), Odonata (Odo.), Opiliones (Opi.), Orthoptera (Ort.), Pseudoscorpione (Pse.), Scorpiones (Sco.). PSITTACIDAE - Aratinga cactorum (Cactus Parakeet), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 8180: soil fragments, seeds or fruit pulp fragments, stones; Inhuporanga, Ceará/III-1990 = MNA 6809: soil fragments, seeds or fruit pulp fragments, stones. CUCULIDAE - Neomorphus geoffroyi (Rufous-vented Ground-cuckoo), REBIO de Sooterama, Espírito Santo = I-2007, MNA 5536: 28 Ara., 2 Opi., 8 Ort., 2 Chi., 2 Col.; Floresta da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), Buricicupu, Maranhão/IX-1985 = MPEG A5607: 4 Ort., 1 Chi., 6 Col., 6 For., 1 Hem., 1 Lep. larva, 2 Iso. PICIDAE - Picumnus pygmaeus (Spotted Piculet), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5330: 71 Iso., 5 For., 1 Col., MNA 5339: 65 Iso., 2 For., 2 Col., 22 Col. larvae, 1 Hem., MNA 5346: 156 Iso., 5 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, MNA 5347: 232 Iso., 4 For., MNA 5351: 87 Iso., 5 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larva, 1 Hem., 1 Pse., MNA 6500: 94 Iso., 4 For., 5 Col. larvae, MNA 6501: 53 Iso., 1 For., 2 Col., MNA 6547: 25 Iso., 3 For., 3 Col., 1 Col. larvae; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/ XI-2010 = MNA 7443: 4 Iso., 9 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, MNA 7683: 2 Iso., 1 Col. larvae, 15 Lep. larvae, MNA 7684: 5 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae FURNARIIDAE - Megaxenops parnaguae (Great Xenops), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5238: 44 Iso., 7 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 3 Ort., MNA 5263: 13 Iso., 9 For., 2 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 5269: 65 Iso., 9 For., 3 Col., 3 Ort., MNA 6300: 214 Iso., 3 For., 1 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 6426: 16 Iso., 2 For., 4 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 6503: 43 Iso., 1 Hym., 6 Ort., MNA 6526: 9 Iso., 5 For., 3 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, 2 Ort., MNA 6537: 6 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 2 Ort., 1 Ara, 1 Chi., 20 seeds, MNA 6541: 2 Iso., 4 For., 3 Col., 1 Hem., 3 Ort., MNA 6705: 288 Iso., 31 For. (21 pupae), 4 Col., 1 Ara., MNA 6708: 10 Iso., 2 For., 2 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 6714: 43 Iso., 3 For., 3 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 3 Ort.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 7027: 4 Iso., 2 For., 1 Col., 2 Lep. larvae, MNA 7029: 1 Iso., 1 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 1 Odo., MNA 7041: 58 Iso., 1 Hym., 1 Col. larvae, 9 Lep. larvae, 1 Neu., MNA 7031: 12 Iso., 6 Col., 11 Lep. larvae, 1 Ort., MNA 7038: 3 Iso., 4 For., 2 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, MNA 7042: 1 For., 1 Col., 4 Lep. larvae, MNA 7400: 2 Col., 6 Lep. larvae; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 7201: 11 Iso., 7 For., 3 Col., 4 Ort., MNA 7202: 5 Iso., 4 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 3 Ort., MNA 7263: 2 Iso., 7 For., MNA 7403: 45 Iso., 16 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 1 Lep. larvea, 2 Ort. Synallaxis hellmayri (Red-shouldered Spinetail), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5201: 79 Iso., 3 For., 1 Col., 5 seeds, MNA 5271: 88 Iso., 10 For., 1 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 7 seeds, MNA 5365: 78 Iso., 4 For., 5 Col., 3 Lep. larvae, 6 seeds, MNA 5376: 224 Iso., 2 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 2 Ara., 1 seed, MNA 6446: 2 For., 1 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 1 Ort., 1 seed, MNA 6492: 60 Iso., 5 For., 4 Col., 8 seeds, MNA 6495: 159 Iso., 10 For., 2 Col., 1 Lep., 22 seeds, MNA 6718: 35 Iso., 32 For., 1 Col., 1 Lep. larvae, 6 seeds, MNA 6719: 220 Iso., 6 For., 2 Col., 1 Col. larvae, 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 seeds, MNA 7256: 66 Iso., 3 For., 5 Col., 4 seeds, MNA 7260: 48 Iso., 1 For., 1 Col., 9 seeds; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI- 2010 = MNA 7505: 8 Iso., 13 Lep. larva, 1 Ort., 4 seeds. MNA 7506: 1 Col., 1 Col. larva, 16 Lep. larvae, 1 Ort., 2 Ara., 1 Neu. larva 1 seed. THAMNOPHILIDAE - Formicivora serrana (Serra Antwren), Santana do Deserto, Minas Gerais/II-2014 = MN 50577: 1 Ort., MN 50580: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 4 Col., 3 Ort., 2 For.; Viçosa, Minas Gerais/III-2014 = MN 50578: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 1 Col., 2 Ort., 1 Pse., MN 50582: 4 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 1 seed, 4 Hym., MN 50587: 1 Lep. larva, 4 Col., 1 Ort., 4 For.; Ipatinga, Minas Gerais/III-2014 = MN 50581: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva, 1 Col., 3 Ort., 4 Ara., 10 For., 1 Iso., 10 seeds, MN 50584: 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 1 For., 14 Iso., 1 Pse., 1 seed, MN 50588: 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 2 For.; Praia de Tucuns, Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro/III-2014 = MN 50579: 1 Lep. larva, 5 Col., 2 Ara., 1 For., 1 Iso., MN 50582: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 3 Col., 2 Ort., 3 For., MN 50583: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Ort.; Ilha de Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro/I-2015 = MN 50136: 1 Lep. larva, 7 Col., 1 Ort., 2 For., 21 Iso., MN 50138: 7 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 For., 2 Iso., 1 Chi., MN 50139: 2 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 16 Col., 1 Ort., 3 For., 8 Iso., MN 50140: 3 Lep. larvae, 2 Col. larva, 3 Col., 1 Ort., 2 Ara., 5 For., 23 Iso., 1 Hym., 2 Bla., MN 50141: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Ara., 5 For., 4 Iso., MN 50142: 2 Hem., 15 Col., 1 Ara., 1 For. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016 Stomach contents of some poorly known Brazilian birds with focus on species from the Caatinga biome Nelson Buainain and Giovanna Forcato Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Stripe-backed Antbird), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5247: 10 Iso., 6 For., 1 Col., MNA 5248: 11 Iso., 36 For., MNA 5261: 51 Iso., 25 For., 2 Col., 1 Lep. larva, MNA 5276: 148 Iso., 7 For., 4 Col., MNA 5313: 9 Iso., 11 For., 1 Col., MNA 5318: 64 Iso., 137 For., 3 Col., 1 Pse.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 7259: 35 Iso., 9 For., 2 Col., 6 Lep. larvae, 1 Chi., 1 Ort.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 6900: 117 Iso., 60 For., 6 Col., 1 Hym., MNA 7261: 57 Iso., 41 For., 3 Col., 1 Lep. Herpsilochmus sellowi (Caatinga Antwren), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 6483: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 5 For., 1 Lep., MNA 6484: 3 Col., 2 Ort., MNA 6485: 1 Hem., 5 Col., 8 For., MNA 6512: 1 Col., MNA 6514: 6 Col., 1 Ort., 6 For., MNA 6518: 1 Col., 1 Ort., 1 For., MNA 6521: 1 Lep. larva, 1 Hem., 4 Col., 2 Ort., 6 For., MNA 6523: 8 Col., 1 For., 14 seeds, MNA 6532: 1 Lep. larva, 2 Hem., 4 Col., 1 Ort., 5 For., MNA 6546: 1 Hem., 5 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Hym.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 8481: 3 Lep. larvae, 6 Hem., 1 Gas., 5 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 8483: 8 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 10 Col., 1 Ara., 1 For., 1 Lep., MNA 8484: 2 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 3 Col., MNA 8485: 8 Lep. larvae, 1 Hem., 2 Col., 2 Ara., 2 For., MNA 8487: 4 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Iso., MNA 8489: 4 Lep. larvae, 2 Hem., 1 Col., MNA 8493: 11 Lep. larvae, 3 Hem., 4 Col., 3 For., 1 Pse.; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 6734: 5 Col., 47 For., 7 Iso. GRALLARIIDAE - Hylopezus ochroleucus (White-browed Antpitta), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2011 = MNA 7262: 26 Iso., 17 For., 4 Col., 1 Chi., MNA 7504: 30 Iso., 8 For., 7 Col., 2 Col. larvae, 1 Hem., 1 Ara., 1 seed; Catolândia, Bahia/ VI-2013 = MNA 50315: 169 Iso., 8 For., 1 Neu. larva, 1 Dip., 1 Lep. larva, 3 Sco., 2 Ort., 4 Col., 1 Ara. RHINOCRYPTIDAE - Scytalopus speluncae (Mouse-coloured Tapaculo), RPPN Santa Bárbara do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais/III-2008 = MNA 4310: 28 For., 1 Iso., 7 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva., 1 Ara., 1 Der., 1 Hym, 1 veg. material (Bryophyta), MNA 4311: 1 For., 1 Hem., 2 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 4312: 16 For., 6 Iso., 2 Hem., 3 Col., 1 Ort., MNA 4554: 1 For., 4 Col., 1 Ara., 1 Aca., 2 Dipt.; RPPN Santa Bárbara do Caraça, Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais/ VI-2008 = MNA 4555: 3 For., 3 Iso., 1 Hem., 3 Col., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col. larva, 7 Opi. EMBERIZIDAE - Coryphospingus pileatus (Pileated Finch), São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/IV-2010 = MNA 5207: 13 For., 1 Lep. larva, 10 seeds, MNA 5259: 16 Iso., 52 For., 3 Col., 2 seeds, stones, sand, MNA 5331: 49 Iso., 13 For., 1 Lep. larva, 2 Col., 5 seeds, MNA 5340: 35 For., 1 Col., 4 seeds, stones, MNA 5363: 2 Iso., 17 For., 1 Lep. larva, 1 Col., stones; São Félix do Coribe, Bahia/XI-2010 = MNA 3482: 3 Iso., 2 For., 1 Ort., 2 Col., stones, sand, leaf fragments, MNA 8190: 6 Lep. larvae, 3 Col. PASSERELLIDAE - Arremon franciscanus (São Francisco Sparrow), Caetité, Bahia/II-2009 = MNA 8252: 6 Iso., 3 For., 2 Lep. larvae, 3 Col., 34 seeds; São Felix do Coribe, Bahia/iv-2010, MNA 5315: empty. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(2), 2016

Journal

Ornithology ResearchSpringer Journals

Published: Jun 1, 2016

Keywords: arthropod; aves; diet; endemic species; feeding biology; semi-arid environments

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