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Front. Energy. 2022, 16(1): 19–22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-022-0820-1 VIEWPOINT Xiaoshi QIAN Pumping into a cool future: electrocaloric materials for zero-carbon refrigeration © Higher Education Press 2022 Existing commercial heat pumps, such as air conditioners By 2050, considering the improvement in living stand- (A/C) and refrigerators, possess a coefficient of perfo- ards in developing countries and the climate shift, this rmance (COP) up to and in some cases even higher than share is projected to be quadrupled, i.e., 60%. With the 6. However, most existing space heating techniques rely stated policies scenario (STEPS), the IEA expected that heavily on fossil fuels as their direct (burning) or secon- the electricity consumption for cooling to be more than dary (electric heating) energy supply. Space heating is doubled by 2060. Therefore, the technical advances in responsible for 45% of building emissions. In particular, refrigeration have been ranked first in the drawdown of approximately 4.3 Gt of CO was released into the atmo- CO emissions [3]. sphere in 2019 for heating building spaces, representing A major factor affecting the building energy cost is the approximately 12% of global energy and process-related operating temperature range or the “neutral-band”, which CO emissions, according to the most recent International is the temperature range in which the centralized HVAC Energy Agency (IEA) estimation [1]. With its inherited systems require no heating or cooling. In a building with advantages in energy efficiency, heat pump technology central A/C system, the neutral band is usually set has considerable potential in the building sector, between 21 °C and 24 °C, which is tighter than the ANSI/ especially for space heating. Currently, most of the ASHRAE standards. To meet the sustainable develo- purchased heat pump units are applied for space cooling. pment scenario, the society calls for disruptive innova- In 2019, space cooling consumed 15% of the energy used tions in heat pump technologies, which should be for space heating, which is close to 1 Gt CO as an scalable, customizable, exhibit no direct and indirect CO indirect input in global carbon footprint [1]. Meanwhile, the direct equivalent CO emissions cannot be ignored, as emissions, capable of being operated for a considerable most heat pumps in the market still utilize hydrochloro- time, low noise, and economical. However, currently fluorocarbons (HCFCs) that possess a high global commercialized technologies were not equipped with warming potential (GWP) [2]. above advantages to answer the urgent call. The carbon emission for space cooling is far from In several alternative heat pump technologies currently reaching its peak. Recently, there has been a surge in under development, electrocaloric (EC) refrigeration may electricity use in several major cities that are experien- be integrated in as one of the solutions to ease the urge. cing heatwaves more frequently than in previous decades, Electrocaloric effect (ECE) links two dipolar entropy indicating a continuous climate shift, hence causing more states by applying and removing electric fields to A/C-induced CO emissions in the coming years. In 2 condensed matter (see Fig. 2). The phenomenon of the addition, the IEA assessed that approximately 35% of the ECE was first discovered in 1930 [4]. However, the global population lives in areas with a high number of cooling effect discovered then was too weak. Hence, it cooling degree-days (a metric that depicts the cooling was considered impractical compared to the conversed needs), only 15% own an air conditioner (see Fig. 1). physical effect of pyroelectrics. In this
Frontiers in Energy – Springer Journals
Published: Feb 1, 2022
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