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Safety Enhancement to Offshore Drilling Operations
Z H Shen (1987)
International Water Jet Symposium
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New PDC Technologies Utilized to Improve Performance in Deep Khuff Gas Wells for Offshore Operator in Abu Dhabi
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Bizanti (1990)
Jet pulsing may allow better hole cleaning
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Xie Youxin (2009)
Improvement of penetration rate with hydraulic pulsating-cavitation jet compound drilling technologyActa Petrologica Sinica
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Overcoming Deep and Ultra Deepwater Drilling Challenges
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Mechanisms and tests for hydraulic pulsed cavitating jet assisted drillingPetroleum Exploration and Development
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Study of a downhole hydropulse vibration drilling tool
Zhang Xiaodan, Cnooc Shanghai (2012)
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Improvement of penetration rate with hydraulic pulsating-cavitating jet compound drilling technologyJournal of China University of Petroleum, 30
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HYDROPULSES INCREASE DRILLING PENETRATION RATESOil & Gas Journal, 97
Hernando Jerez, Rafael Dias, Jim Tilley (2013)
Offshore West Africa Deepwater ERD: Drilling Optimization Case HistoryDistributed Computing
P. Perez, T.P. Muniz, A. Ranieri (2013)
Integrating Safety Management Practices To Manage Operational Risks of Multiple Contractors in Offshore Drilling Ventures
Gensheng Li, H. Shi, J. Niu, Zhongwei Huang, S. Tian, Xianzhi Song (2010)
Hydraulic Pulsed Cavitating Jet Assisted Deep Drilling: An Approach To Improve Rate Of Penetration
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Improving the rate of penetration by a hydraulic pulse cavitating jet during under-balance pressure drilling
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Achievements and lessons learned from a 4-year experience of extended reach drilling in offshore Exhibition
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Modeling of a Down hole Pulsating Device
worldwide energy demand especially in China. High cost, long drilling cycles, and low rate of penetration (ROP) represent critical challenges for offshore drilling operations. The hydraulic pulse generator was specifically designed, based on China offshore drilling technologies and parameters, to overcome SUREOHPVHQFRXQWHUHGGXULQJIVKRUHRIGULOOLQJ%RWKODERUDWRU\DQG¿HOGWHVWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRFROOHFW the characteristics of the hydraulic pulse generator. The relationships between flow rate and pressure amplitude, pressure loss and pulse frequency were obtained, which can be used to optimize operation parameters for hydraulic pulse jet drilling. Meanwhile a bottom hole assembly (BHA) for pulse jet drilling has been designed, combining the hydraulic pulse generator with the conventional BHA, positive displacement motor, and rotary steerable system (RSS) etc. Furthermore, the hydraulic pulse jet technique has been successfully applied in more than 10 offshore wells in China. The depth of the applied wells UDQJHGIURPPWRPZLWKGULOOLQJELWGLDPHWHUVPPRIDQG7KHPP¿HOGDSSOLFDWLRQ results showed that hydraulic pulse jet technique was feasible for various bit types and formations, and FRXOGEHVLJQL¿FDQWO\LQFUHDVHGE\PRUHWKDQWKDW523 IVKRUHGULOOLQJSDUDPHWHUWHVWRLO¿HOGDSSOLFDWLRQUDWHRISHQHWUDWLRQ3XOVHMHWRI Key words: In the early 1980s, Johnson et al (1982) proposed the 1 Introduction self-resonant cavitating pulse water jet theory and designed Improving offshore drilling rates nowadays encounters a nozzle with a structure to generate an acoustic self- great challenges. Drilling hydraulics may affect the rate of resonant cavitating jet. Ghalambor et al (1988) developed penetration (ROP) in offshore drilling (Folsta and Martins, an intermittent jet nozzle with a rotating disc to change -HUH]HWDO1DJLEHWDODX¿TXUUDFKPDQ7 drilling fluid velocity. Biianti (1990) designed a pulse jet and Tanjung, 2013). Especially the heavy, high-density nozzle which could change the port area and increase jet GULOOLQJÀXLGVXVHGIRUGHHSZDWHUGULOOLQJWRFRQWUROIRUPDWLRQ LPSDFWIRUFHE\DQGSRZHUE\6XEVHTXHQWO\ pressure may reduce ROP significantly (Cheng et al, 2011; Shen and coworkers (Shen, 1987) carried out theoretical and Mohamed et al, 2009). Many efforts have been made to experimental research in self-resonant cavitating pulse water- improve offshore drilling rates, because offshore drilling is jet technology. On the basis of hydro-acoustics principles and generally considered to be high cost and high risk due to high fluid-transient theory, Li and Shen designed a new efficient offshore platform investment, the harsh natural environments VHOIUHVRQDQWFDYLWDWLQJQR]]OHDQGYHUL¿HGLWVKLJKHI¿FLHQF\ and complex downhole hazards (Cheng et al, 2013; Poedjono E\QXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQDQG¿HOGH[SHULPHQWV/LDQG6KHQ et al, 2007, Patel et al, 2011; Ranieri et al, 2013). In China, 1991). the costs of offshore drilling on drillships and platforms In the 1990s, Kolle and Marvin (1999) developed have now reached 1 billion dollars and the daily rate reached hydropulse, a negative pressure pulse tool installed with a from $200,000 to $500,000. Offshore drilling is still going self-circulating lift valve and improved it in the early 21st LQGHVSLWHRIWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVOLNHKLJKFRVWKLJKULVNDQGORZ century. Waltech in Canada designed a negative pressure penetration rates, because the well could be productive. The pulse tool (Wang, 2005). Based on fluid transient theory, challenges found in offshore drilling have forced oil industry researchers in China developed several types of bottom researchers to develop new technologies to improve the ROP hole pulse drilling tools, such as the down hole mechanical- and achieve cost control in offshore drilling (Guan et al, pulse generator (Chen et al, 2000), the low-pressure pulse jet 2012; Rocha et al, 2003). modulator (Yang et al, 2003), and the down hole hydropulse vibration drilling tool (Ni et al, 2006a; 2006b). However, these tools were not applied widely because *Corresponding author. email: shz@cup.edu.cn they were not fully reliable. To improve drilling rate further, Received November 9, 2013 402 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 Li and coworkers have developed a novel tool, a hydraulic The generator is classified according to different outer pulse generator, on the basis of pulse jet theory to improve diameters of the body or the housing where the flow guide ROP (Fu et al, 2012; Li et al, 2009; 2008; 2010). Moreover, device is installed. One of the most important parts of the the hydraulic pulse generator has been applied widely in ÀRZJXLGHGHYLFHLVWKHFRQWUDFWHGÀRZFKDQQHOZKLFKPD\ RQVKRUHGULOOLQJDQGWKHDYHUDJHZDV523LQFUHDVHGE\ change the flow direction and velocity of the drilling fluid, 6KLHWDODQJ:HWDO ,QRUGHUWREHWWHU and then tangential force is generated to make the impeller apply the hydraulic pulse generator to offshore drilling, we rotate continuously at a high speed, thus producing pressure have conducted tests on the hydraulic parameters in order pulses. The impeller assembly consists of the body, an to optimize them for offshore drilling. Hydraulic pulse impeller, an impeller shaft and a shaft sleeve. The impeller is generators are used with different bottom hole assemblies installed on the shaft, and sits on the impeller bed through the %+$V LQVHYHUDOIVKRUHRIRLO¿HOGVLQ&KLQDWRLPSURYHWKH connection of a shaft sleeve to the both sides of the shaft and ROP. the bed. Hydraulic pulses generated by the impeller assembly form the pulsing source to the resonant chamber. The chamber 2 Hydraulic pulse jet drilling is placed at the bottom of the housing to amplify the pulsing VLJQDORIWKHGULOOLQJÀXLGDQG:KHQJHQHUDWHÀXLGUHVRQDQFH Hydraulic pulse jet drilling is a new drilling technology. the steady drilling fluid flows through the contracted cross- This technology improves the ROP by a hydraulic pulse VHFWLRQRIWKHUHVRQDQWFKDPEHUSUHVVXUHÀXFWXDWLRQRFFXUV generator installed upon the bit during drilling. This generator DQGWKHQLWLVUHÀHFWHG:KHQDQGWKHIHGEDFNWRWKHFKDPEHU consists of a housing, a flow guide device, an impeller frequency of the pulse pressure matches the natural frequency assembly and a resonant chamber which is also called a of the resonant chamber, acoustic resonance of fluids is cavity resonator, etc., as shown in Fig. 1. JHQHUDWHGDQGSUHVVXUHSXOVHVDUHDPSOL¿HGLQWKHFKDPEHU Upper box Thus intense pulsing turbulent vortex rings are formed at the Elastic collar outlet and impact on the bottom hole. 3 Tests of hydraulic pulse jet properties Impeller Flow guide device 3.1 Laboratory testing Impeller shaft Impeller bed Test apparatus used in laboratory included: a hydraulic pulse generator whose outer diameter is 120 mm, 4 pressure Self-resonant nozzle sensors with a measuring range from 0 to 5 MPa, a data Cavity resonator acquisition system made in the US., a BQ700 pump with a PD[LPXPÀRZUDWHRI/PLQDQGDPD[LPXPJHGLVFKDU Housing Bottom box SUHVVXUHRI03DDWHU:ZDVXVHGDVWKHÀRZPHGLXPLQ WKLVWHVW7KHÀRZFKDUWRIWKHODERUDWRU\WHVWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ A photograph of the hydraulic pulse generator is shown Fig. 1 Structure of the hydraulic pulse generator in Fig. 3. In this test, the sampling interval was 0.005 s, the Water tank Pump Pressure sensor Hydraulic pulse generator Data acquisition system Fig. 2 Flow chart of the laboratory test Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 403 1.6 inlet and outlet pressures of the generator were then measured at different flow rates and pressure amplitudes, pulse frequency and pressure loss were also measured. The pressure 1.2 amplitudes at the generator inlet and outlet were 0.45-0.92 MPa and 0.50-1.20 MPa, respectively. Both the inlet and 0.8 outlet pressure amplitudes show a quadratic dependence on flow rate, as shown in Fig. 4. The pressure loss was 0.58- 0.4 1.60 MPa, showing a quadratic relationship with flow rate, as shown in Fig. 5. The pulse frequency was 4.65-8.00 Hz, VKRZLQJDOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKÀRZUDWHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ 56789 10 Flow rate, L/s Fig. 5IHUHQWÀRZUDWHV3UHVVXUHORVVDWGLI 56789 10 Flow rate, L/s Fig. 6 IHUHQWÀRZUDWHV3XOVHIUHTXHQF\DWGLI SRO\FU\VWDOOLQHGLDPRQGFRPSDFW3'& ELWĭPP K\GUDXOLFSXOVHJHQHUDWRUĭPPGULOOFROODU'& î ĭPPGULOOSLSH'3 îDNHOO\ The schematic of the site test device is shown in Fig. 7. Data acquisition system Computer Hose Standpipe Photograph of the hydraulic pulse generator Fig. 3 Pressure sensor Swivel 1.2 Outlet Kelly 1.0 Inlet Ground pipe 0.8 Drilling pump Drilling string Suction pipe 0.6 Discharge pipe 0.4 Annulus Shale shaker 0.2 Casing Hydraulic pulse 56789 10 generator Flow rate, L/s Circulating tank Fig. 4 Bit Fig. 7 Field test apparatus for the hydraulic pulse generator 3.2 Field testing Field tests were conducted in Well 11-18 in the Shengli The parameters of the hydraulic pulse generator used 2LO¿HOG&KLQD7KHWHVWHTXLSPHQWLQFOXGHGDGULOOLQJSXPS in field tests are listed in the Table 1 and the drilling fluid (3NB1300), a pressure sensor, a digital data acquisition properties are shown in the Table 2. V\VWHPDQGDFRPSXWHU7KH%+$LQWKHWHVWZDVĭPP Pressure amplitude, MPa Pulse frequency, Hz Pressure loss, MPa ,QOHWRXWOHWSUHVVXUHDPSOLWXGHVDWGLIIHUHQWÀRZUDWHV 404 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 Table 1+\GUDXOLFSXOVHJHQHUDWRUXVHGLQWKH¿HOGWHVW Main parameters Prototype size )ORZJXLGHGHYLFHRXWOHWOHQJWKîZLGWKPP î ,PSHOOHURXWVLGHGLDPHWHUîOHQJWKPP ˅ ĭî 6TXDUHKROHRIWKHLPSHOOHUVHDWOHQJWKîZLGWKPP î 5HVRQDQWFKDPEHULQVLGHGLDPHWHUîKHLJKWPP ĭî ˇ î Table 2 3URSHUWLHVRIWKHGULOOLQJÀXLG Rotational viscometer readings Density Plastic viscosity Yield point Gel strength $3,¿OWUDWH pH Cake thickness Funnel viscosity at 3, 6, 100, 200, 300, 600 rpm g/cm mPa·s Pa 10sec/10min, Pa mL/30min value mm s 3, 5, 21, 25, 32, 42 1.20 10 8 3/6 5 8.0 0.5 45 The pulse pressure, pulse frequency and pressure loss When the flow rates were 27.5, 29.7 and 32.0 L/s, the at different flow rates were investigated by surface tests, corresponding pulse pressure amplitudes were 1.5, 2.1 and in which the real-time standpipe pressure was recorded 2.2 MPa, and the pulse frequencies were 8.5, 9.3 and 10.1 in conventional drilling and hydraulic pulse jet drilling, Hz. Compared with conventional drilling, the hydraulic respectively, as shown in Fig. 8. pulse generator produced remarkable pulse pressure and its Q=27.5 L/s Q=27.5 L/s 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time, ms Time, ms Q=29.7 L/s Q=29.7 L/s 3 3 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time, ms Time, ms Q=32.0 L/s Q=32.0 L/s 5 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time, ms Time, ms (a) Without the pulse generator (b) With the pulse generator Fig. 8,QÀXHQFHRIWKHSXOVHJHQHUDWRURQWKHDPSOLWXGHRISUHVVXUHÀXFWXDWLRQ Pulse pressure, MPa Pulse pressure, MPa Pulse pressure, MPa Pulse pressure, MPa Pulse pressure, MPa Pulse pressure, MPa Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 405 DPSOLWXGHLQFUHDVHGDVWKHÀRZUDWHLQFUHDVHG FURVVRYHUVXE;2 ĭPPKLJKZHLJKWGULOOSLSH +:'3 î 4 Applications of hydraulic pulse generator Control intervals in Well LHV13-2-1S1 with depths of 2,418.0-2,469.0 m and 2,469.0-2,508.4 m, were drilled in offshore drilling out with the same drill tools except without installing the Hydraulic pulse generators have been applied in more than hydraulic pulse generator. The drilling parameters for both 10 offshore wells in China, combined with a conventional the tested and control intervals are shown in Table 3. BHA, a positive displacement motor, and a rotary steerable drilling system. Table 3 Drilling parameters when combined with conventional BHA in Well LHV13-2-1S1 4.1 Combined with the conventional BHA Weight on bit Rotary speed Flow rate Pump pressure The hydraulic pulse generator combined with the kN r/min L/min MPa conventional BHA has been applied at a depth of 2,008.5- 50-150 40-60 1500-1600 6-9 2,033.0 m (tested interval) in Well LHV13-2-1S1 in the Bohai 2LO¿HOG&KLQD Field test results indicated that the length was 24.5 m The conventional BHA applied in this well was as follows: at the tested interval from 2,008.5 m to 2,033.0 m in Well ĭPPUROOHUELWĭPPK\GUDXOLFSXOVHJHQHUDWRU LHV13-2-1S1. The net drilling time was 10 h and the average ĭPP'&ĭPPFHQWUDOL]HUĭPPÀRDWYDOYH 523ZDVPKZLWKDQLPSURYHPHQWRIFRPSDUHG )9 ĭPP'&îĭPPÀH[LEOHMRLQW)- with the control intervals. The details are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Comparison of the ROP between the tested and control intervals in Well LHV13-2-1S1 Depth Length Drilling time ROP Improvement Average improvement Well interval m m h m/h Tested interval 2008.5-2033.0 24.5 10.0 2.45 2418.0-2469.0 51.0 33.8 1.50 63.3 Control interval 59 2469.0-2508.4 39.4 24.3 1.60 53.1 drillability was poor and the ROP was extremely low in this 4.2 Combined with the positive displacement motor interval. (PDM) The BHA with a positive displacement motor applied was The hydraulic pulse generator combined with PDM was DVIROORZVĭPP3'&ELWĭPPK\GUDXOLFSXOVH applied at the depth of 2,600.0-2,899.0 m in Well CFD18- JHQHUDWRU;RYHUĭPP3'0 ĭPP 1LQWKH%RKDL2LO¿HOG&KLQD VWDELOL]HU67% ĭPP)9ĭPP'&îĭ The designed depth of Well CFD18-1N-1 (located in the îĭPP'3PP)--$5 ĭPP+:'3 west of the Bohai Sea) was 3,010 m (the third section of the The BHA including bits and nozzles in the adjacent Dongying Formation). The tested interval was from 2,600.0 interval of 2,900.0-3,006.0 m was the same as that in the m to 2,899.0 m. The formation lithology was predominately tested interval except without the installation of the hydraulic sandy conglomerate and pebbly sandstone. The formation pulse generator. The drilling parameters are shown in Table 5. Table 5 Drilling parameters when combined with the positive displacement motor in Well CFD18-1N-1 Weight on bit Rotary speed Flow rate Pump pressure Density Funnel viscosity kN r/min L/min MPa g/cm s 20-50 80-95 1500-1900 13-16 1.28-1.29 50-65 The length of the tested intervals was 299.0 m, from 2,900.0-3,006.0 m. The details are shown in Table 6. A plot 2,600.0 m to 2,899.0 m in Well CFD18-1N-1. The net drilling of drilling time per meter versus well depth measured in Well time was 14.25 h. The average ROP was 21.0 m/h, with an CFD18-1N-1 is shown in Fig. 9. LPSURYHPHQWRIFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHDGMDFHQWLQWHUYDORI Table 6 Comparison of the ROP between the tested and adjacent intervals in Well CFD18-1N-1 Depth Length Drilling time ROP Improvement Well interval m m h m/h Tested interval 2600.0-2899.0 299.0 14.3 20.98 Adjacent interval 2900.0-3006.0 106.0 8.0 13.25 58.34 406 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 casing running easier, and reduce drilling fluid and cement cost. Smooth, horizontal holes are significantly easier to Interval with pulse generator 12 Interval without pulse generator complete, particularly in multistage fractures. The hydraulic pulse generator combined with the RSS was applied at the interval of 2,348.0-2,365.0 m in Well LHV13- 6LQWKH%RKDL2LO¿HOG&KLQD The BHA including the RSS combined the generator LQWKHWHVWZDVDVIROORZVĭPP3'&ELWĭPP 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 K\GUDXOLFSXOVHJHQHUDWRU;2ĭPPSRZHUGULYHU ĭPPPHDVXUHPHQWZKLOHGULOOLQJ0:' ĭPP Well depth, m QRQPDJQHWLFGULOOLQJFROODU10'& ĭPP'&î Drilling time per meter in the tested and adjacent intervals Fig. 9 ĭPP)--$5 ;2ĭPPĭ+:'3PP in Well CFD18-1N-1 DP. The BHA used in the adjacent intervals (2,338.0-2,347.0 4.3 Combined with the rotary steerable system m and 2,366.0-2,418.0 m) for comparison were the same as A rotary steerable system (RSS) is mainly used in the tested interval except without installing the hydraulic directional drilling where the specialized bottom hole pulse generator between the bit and X-over. equipment is utilized to replace the conventional directional The drilling parameters used in the tested and adjacent drilling tools such as the positive displacement motor. intervals in Well LHV-13-2-1S1 are listed in the Table 7. The They are generally programmed by the measurement while length of the tested interval was 17.0 m, from 2,348.0 m to drilling (MWD) engineer or directional driller who transmits 2,365.0 m in Well LHV13-2-1S1. The net drilling time was 6.0 commands using surface equipment using either pressure h. The average ROP in the tested interval was 3.0 m/h, with ÀXFWXDWLRQVLQWKHPXGFROXPQRUYDULDWLRQVLQWKHGULOOVWULQJ DQLPSURYHPHQWRIFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHDGMDFHQW rotation which the tool understands and gradually steers intervals. The details are listed in Table 8. A comparison towards the desired direction. Smooth wellbore drilled by an of drilling time per meter between the tested and adjacent RSS can reduce the risk of stuck pipes, make tripping and intervals is shown in Fig. 10. Drilling parameters when combined with the RSS in Well LHV-13-2-1S1 Table 7 Depth Weight on bit Rotary speed Flow rate Pump pressure Well interval m kN r/min L/min MPa Tested interval 2348.0-2365.0 50-120 100-120 1700-1800 9-11 2338.0-2347.0 20-110 100-125 1500-1800 9-11 Adjacent interval 2366.0-2418.0 90-160 50-80 1700-1800 9-11 Table 8 Comparison of the ROP between the tested and adjacent intervals in Well LHV13-2-1S1 Depth Length Drilling time ROP Improvement Well interval m m h m/h Tested interval 2348.0-2365.0 18.0 6.0 3.0 2338.0-2347.0 10.0 4.2 2.4 25.0 Adjacent interval 2366.0-2418.0 53.0 40.8 1.3 130.7 5 Conclusions 1) Laboratory test results showed that when the flow 40 rate was 6-10 L/s, the pressure amplitude at the outlet of the hydraulic pulse generator was 0.5-1.2 MPa, the pressure loss was 0.6-1.6 MPa, and the frequency was 4.65-8.00 Hz. 20 Rotary steerable drilling The pulse pressure amplitude and pressure loss showed a Pulse generator with rotary steerable drilling quadratic relationship with the flow rate, while the pulse IUHTXHQF\VKRZHGDOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHÀRZUDWH 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 ,QRUGHUWRYHULI\WKHKLJKHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHK\GUDXOLF Well depth, m pulse jet drilling technology in different types of bits, Fig. 10 Drilling time per meter in the tested and adjacent intervals in Well formations and drilling fluid densities, field tests were LHV13-2-1S1 conducted using the hydraulic pulse generator combined Drilling time per meter, min/m Drilling time per meter, min/m Pet.Sci.(2014)11:401-407 407 Li G S, Shi H Z, Huang Z W, et al. Hydraulic pulsed cavitating jet with the conventional BHA, positive displacement motor and assisted deep drilling: an approach to improve rate of penetration. SPE RSS. Field results showed that hydraulic pulse jet drilling International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, 8-10 June 2010, FRXOGLQFUHDVHWKH523E\DWOHDVWDQGKDGIDYRUDEOH Beijing, China (SPE 130829) applicability in offshore drilling. Moh amed E, Alvarez O and Gomaa G G. New PDC technologies utilized to improve performance in deep khuff gas wells for offshore Acknowledgements operator in Abu Dhabi. SPE Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 26-28 October 2009, Manama, Bahrain 7KHDXWKRUVDUHJUDWHIXOIRUWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURPWKH (SPE 125709) Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. Na gib M, Solomon I, Isaac U, et al. Modeling of a down hole pulsating NCET-12-0971). device. 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Petroleum Science and Technology. 2009. 27(2): 197-207 (in (Edited by Sun Yanhua) Chinese) ÀRZDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQWRGULOOLQJ-RXUQDORI3HWUROHXPHFKQRORJ\
Petroleum Science – Springer Journals
Published: Jul 11, 2014
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