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Playful waterbird: Australasian Darter (Anhinga novaehollandiae) plays with sticks

Playful waterbird: Australasian Darter (Anhinga novaehollandiae) plays with sticks Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 56 6 6–58. SHORT-COMMUNIC ARA TICLE TION March 2019 Playful waterbird: A A Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) plays with sticks 1,2 I I Ivan Sazima Museu de Zoologia, Caixa Postal 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: isazima@gmail.com Received on 14 September 2018. Accepted on 27 February 2019. ABSTRACT T T: Play with objects by birds is recorded usually for nestlings and juveniles. This behaviour is regarded as important for motor development and practice of essential skills, mostly foraging and breeding. Play is recorded for the Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) in North America. For the remaining three recognised species play with objects seems unreported. Herein I present events of play with objects by a maturing individual of the Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) recorded at the urban area of Sydney, southeastern Australia. In one of the play events, the darter played with a stick it broke from a partly submerged tree it was resting on. In another event, the bird picked a fl oating pod, tossed it into the air and caught it again. As the Australasian Darter maturing individual possibly was a male, it could be practicing to gather sticks for nest construction, whereas playing with the pod is related to prey handling. K K KE E EY-W W WORDS: Anhingidae, Australia, play behaviour, play with objects, urban waterbirds. Play with objects is recorded mostly for nestlings nearby places as the darter. As records of playing events and juvenile birds, and is believed to improve motor may be fortuitous and circumstantial (Sazima 2008), the development and essential skills needed later in the life three events were opportunistically observed with bare cycle, such as prey handling and gathering nest material eye or through a 70–300 mm telephoto lens mounted (Ficken 1977, Burghardt 1998, Kitowski 2005). Th is play on a SLR camera from a distance of about 15–20 m. type is recorded for several bird species in various orders, Th roughout the observational sessions, I used the “ad including Suliformes (Schreiber et alll. 1996, Causey 2002, libitum” and “sequence” samplings (Altmann 1974), Mowbray 2002, Sazima 2008, Hobson 2013). Among which are adequate to record fortuitous or rare events. the four recognised species of the Anhingidae (Kennedy Voucher digital photographs of the best documented et alll. 2005, Schodde et alll. 2012), play is recorded for the event are on file at the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) in North America (Frederick Estadual de Campinas s (ZUEC). & Siegel-Causey 2000, Davis-Jr. 2015, Witt 2018). For On 13 March and 02 April 2018 I recorded three the remaining three species, I was unable to fi nd reports events of playing with objects by a maturing individual about play with objects. Herein I present three events of the Australasian Darter. In two of the events (13 of play with objects by a maturing individual of the March, at middle afternoon), the darter left the water and Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) recorded perched on a partly submerged dead tree. After shaking in Sydney, Australia. the body to pull water excess out from its plumage, the I observed the Australasian Darter at the Parramatta bird carefully scanned its immediate surroundings, and o o River (33 50'0''S; 151 04'3''E, 2 m a.s.l.) in the urban opened the wings to dry the plumage. After two min, area of Sydney, New South Wales, southeastern Australia. the darter looked intently at a slim branch, grabbed it A condominium and a pedestrian path are in front of the with the bill and broke it (Fig. 1A). With the stick held observation site, which is close (about 50 m) to a bridge crosswise in the bill, the darter swayed its head and neck with moderate to heavy traffi c. At the opposite side of up and down, the wings kept spread during this play observation site, the river is bordered by mangroves and (Fig. 1 B–D). After two of these swaying movements, the is used by cormorants and the darters as a fishing ground. bird briefly ran the stick on the left win g (Fig. 2) and I recorded the Little Pied Cormorant (Microcarbo released the object into the water. The whole sequence melanoleucos s), the Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax lasted two min. Shortly afterwards, the darter broke a sulcirostris s), and the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax smaller stick the same way, balanced it briefly in the bill, carbo) fi shing, resting, and plumage drying at the same or and released the object into the water without touching Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019 Australasian Darter plays with sticks Sazima Figure 1. A maturing Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) individual playing with an object. After choosing a stick from its resting perch, the bird holds the object between its mandibles ( ( (A A A); with the stick held in the bill, the darter displays swaying movements with the head and neck (B & C), repeated twice (D). and tossed the object into the air three times, caught it skilfully during the fall, and released it afterwards into the water. Th is event lasted less than a minute, after which the bird resumed preening and I left the site. The behaviour dis played by the Australian Darter undoubtedly qualifies as play, as it meets all of the recent and strict criteria to defi ne play in animals (Burghardt 2006): 1) limited immediate function (do not contribute to survival); 2) endogenous component (voluntary or intentional); 3) structural or temporal differences (exaggerated and awkward); 4) repeated performance (performed similarly); and 5) relaxed fi eld (free of stress Figure 2. Subsequent to playing with the stick, the darter runs such as predator threat). Th is latter criterion was likely it briefly on the left win g, after which it released the object into met after the careful scanning of the bird's immediate the water. surroundings. Th e present record raises the number of the its body as recorded in the previous event. After these two apparently rare reports of Anhingidae playing with playing sequences, the bird began to preen its plumage objects. It remains to be verifi ed if this scarcity is due meticulously and I left the site. to lack of observational, natural history-focused studies, On 02 April, at late morning, I recorded the third or if object play is actually rare, or restricted to some playing event by the same Australasian Darter individual, individuals, populations, or areas. I am inclined towards as recognised by a natural mark on the right foot (a split the first ex planation, since Witt (2018) tells a story webbing). Th e bird was perched on partly submerged about young Anhingas ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) tossing sticks dead branch and was preening the plumage, with its into the air and trying (and succeeding) to catch them wings closed. A fl oating pod carried by the current drew again. Tossing sticks into the air and catching them is the attention of the bird, which grabbed it with the bill also reported for juvenile or subadult Anhingas (Davis- Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019 Australasian Darter plays with sticks Sazima Burghardt G.M. 1998. The evolutionary origins of play revisited: Jr. 2015). The tossin g of sticks by the Anhinga and pods lessons from turtles, p. 1–26. In: Bekoff M. & Byers J.A. (eds.). by the Australian Darter are likely related to practicing Animal play: evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives. prey handling, as in the fi nal phase of predation these Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. birds toss a fish up in the air to turn it and catch it a gain Burghardt G.M. 2006. Th e genesis of animal play: testing the limits. to swallow it head first (Orta 1992, Frederick & Siegel - Cambridge: The MIT Press . Causey D. 2002. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile e). In: Poole Causey 2000, Corbo et alll. 2013, I.S., pers. obs.) A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America online. Ithaca: Due to the complexity of sex identification of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/ maturing individuals of the Australasian Darter (Orta bna/species/617 (Access on 08 May 2018). 1992, Schodde et alll. 2012, Dahlem 2018, C.G. Murray Corbo M., Macarrão A., D'Angelo G.B., Almeida C.H., Silva W.R. & pers. comm., I.S., pers. obs.), the sex of the playing bird Sazima I. 2013. Aves do campus da Unicamp e arredores. Vinhedo: would be an open question. However, after sightings of Avisbrasilis Editora. Dahlem M. 2018. Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e). additional individuals near the study site from October https://mdahlem.net/birds/4/darter.php (Access on 10 May to December 2018, my assumption is that the observed 2018). individual was a male, due to the already well-defined Davis-Jr. W.E. 2015. Anhingas play with sticks and other plant debris. black line extending from the eye to the neck and partly Bird Observer r 43: 244–245. rufous neck (see photos in Dahlem 2018). If the bird was Ficken M.S. 1977. Avian play. Auk k 94: 573–582. Frederick P.C. & Siegel-Causey D. 2000. Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga). actually a male, then it likely was practicing to gather In: Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: sticks for nesting, as this part of nest construction is Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/ mostly a male role (Orta 1992, Frederick & Siegel-Causey bna.522 (Access on 08 May 2018). 2000). On the other hand, if the bird was a female, Hobson K.A. 2013. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus s s). In: playing with sticks seems to be a slight departure from its Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America online. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds. role in nest construction later in the life-cycle, as females cornell.edu/bna/species/282. (Access on 08 May 2018). mostly arrange the sticks the males bring to the nest (Orta Kennedy M., Holland B.R., Gray R.D. & Spencer H.G. 2005. 1992, Frederick & Siegel-Causey 2000). Whatever the Untangling long branches: identifying confl icting phylogenetic sex of the playing bird, however, play with objects by the signals using spectral analysis, neighbour-net, and consensus Australasian Darter is herein described and substantiated networks. Systematic Biology y 54: 620–633. with photographs. Th e apparent rarity of object play in Kitowski I. 2005. Play behaviour and active training of Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus s s) offspring in the post-fledgling period. Anhingidae, including the Australian Darter, deserves a Journal of Ethology y 23: 3–8. closer look and further natural history-oriented studies, Mikula P. 2014. Pedestrian density infl uences fl ight distances of urban especially at urban sites that would potentially constrain birds. Ardea a 102: 53–60. some behaviour types and increase alert and fli ght Mowbray T.B. 2002. Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus s). In: Poole distances (Mikula 2014, Prestes et alll. 2018). A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.693 (Access on 08 May 2018). Orta J. 1992. Family Anhingidae (darters), p. 354–361. In: del Hoyo ACK K KNO O OW W WLEDGEMENTS J., Elliot A. & Sargatal J. (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world (ostrich to ducks), v. 1. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. I thank Marlies Sazima for loving support in the field; Prestes T.V., Manica L.T. & Guaraldo A.C. 2018. Behavioral responses of urban birds to human disturbance in urban parks at Curitiba, Ricardo Sazima and Márcia Bianchi dos Santos for Paraná (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26: 77–81. lodging us in their home during our stay in Sydney; Sazima I. 2008. Playful birds: cormorants and herons play with objects Christopher G. Murray for help with sex identification and practice their skills. Biota Neotropica a 8: 259–264. of the recorded Australasian Darter; Juliana V. Hipolito Schodde R., Kirwan G.M. & Porter R. 2012. Morphological for help with the Figure 1; two anonymous reviewers for differentiation and speciation among darters ( ( (Anhinga). Bulletin their criticism and helpful suggestions on the submitted of the British Ornithologists' Club b 132: 283–294. Schreiber E.A., Schreiber R.W. & Schenk G.A. 1996. Red-footed manuscript. Booby (Sula sula) In: Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.241. (Access on 08 May 2018). REFERENCES Witt D. 2018. Playing catch. https://naturestories.org/playing-catch- bd4c4b3a47ad (Access on 15 August 2018). Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour r 49: 227–267. Associate Editor: Lilian T. Manica. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

Playful waterbird: Australasian Darter (Anhinga novaehollandiae) plays with sticks

Sazima, Ivan
Ornithology Research , Volume 27 (1) – Mar 1, 2019
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Springer Journals
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Copyright © Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia 2019
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2178-7875
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10.1007/bf03544448
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Abstract

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 56 6 6–58. SHORT-COMMUNIC ARA TICLE TION March 2019 Playful waterbird: A A Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) plays with sticks 1,2 I I Ivan Sazima Museu de Zoologia, Caixa Postal 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: isazima@gmail.com Received on 14 September 2018. Accepted on 27 February 2019. ABSTRACT T T: Play with objects by birds is recorded usually for nestlings and juveniles. This behaviour is regarded as important for motor development and practice of essential skills, mostly foraging and breeding. Play is recorded for the Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) in North America. For the remaining three recognised species play with objects seems unreported. Herein I present events of play with objects by a maturing individual of the Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) recorded at the urban area of Sydney, southeastern Australia. In one of the play events, the darter played with a stick it broke from a partly submerged tree it was resting on. In another event, the bird picked a fl oating pod, tossed it into the air and caught it again. As the Australasian Darter maturing individual possibly was a male, it could be practicing to gather sticks for nest construction, whereas playing with the pod is related to prey handling. K K KE E EY-W W WORDS: Anhingidae, Australia, play behaviour, play with objects, urban waterbirds. Play with objects is recorded mostly for nestlings nearby places as the darter. As records of playing events and juvenile birds, and is believed to improve motor may be fortuitous and circumstantial (Sazima 2008), the development and essential skills needed later in the life three events were opportunistically observed with bare cycle, such as prey handling and gathering nest material eye or through a 70–300 mm telephoto lens mounted (Ficken 1977, Burghardt 1998, Kitowski 2005). Th is play on a SLR camera from a distance of about 15–20 m. type is recorded for several bird species in various orders, Th roughout the observational sessions, I used the “ad including Suliformes (Schreiber et alll. 1996, Causey 2002, libitum” and “sequence” samplings (Altmann 1974), Mowbray 2002, Sazima 2008, Hobson 2013). Among which are adequate to record fortuitous or rare events. the four recognised species of the Anhingidae (Kennedy Voucher digital photographs of the best documented et alll. 2005, Schodde et alll. 2012), play is recorded for the event are on file at the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) in North America (Frederick Estadual de Campinas s (ZUEC). & Siegel-Causey 2000, Davis-Jr. 2015, Witt 2018). For On 13 March and 02 April 2018 I recorded three the remaining three species, I was unable to fi nd reports events of playing with objects by a maturing individual about play with objects. Herein I present three events of the Australasian Darter. In two of the events (13 of play with objects by a maturing individual of the March, at middle afternoon), the darter left the water and Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) recorded perched on a partly submerged dead tree. After shaking in Sydney, Australia. the body to pull water excess out from its plumage, the I observed the Australasian Darter at the Parramatta bird carefully scanned its immediate surroundings, and o o River (33 50'0''S; 151 04'3''E, 2 m a.s.l.) in the urban opened the wings to dry the plumage. After two min, area of Sydney, New South Wales, southeastern Australia. the darter looked intently at a slim branch, grabbed it A condominium and a pedestrian path are in front of the with the bill and broke it (Fig. 1A). With the stick held observation site, which is close (about 50 m) to a bridge crosswise in the bill, the darter swayed its head and neck with moderate to heavy traffi c. At the opposite side of up and down, the wings kept spread during this play observation site, the river is bordered by mangroves and (Fig. 1 B–D). After two of these swaying movements, the is used by cormorants and the darters as a fishing ground. bird briefly ran the stick on the left win g (Fig. 2) and I recorded the Little Pied Cormorant (Microcarbo released the object into the water. The whole sequence melanoleucos s), the Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax lasted two min. Shortly afterwards, the darter broke a sulcirostris s), and the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax smaller stick the same way, balanced it briefly in the bill, carbo) fi shing, resting, and plumage drying at the same or and released the object into the water without touching Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019 Australasian Darter plays with sticks Sazima Figure 1. A maturing Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e) individual playing with an object. After choosing a stick from its resting perch, the bird holds the object between its mandibles ( ( (A A A); with the stick held in the bill, the darter displays swaying movements with the head and neck (B & C), repeated twice (D). and tossed the object into the air three times, caught it skilfully during the fall, and released it afterwards into the water. Th is event lasted less than a minute, after which the bird resumed preening and I left the site. The behaviour dis played by the Australian Darter undoubtedly qualifies as play, as it meets all of the recent and strict criteria to defi ne play in animals (Burghardt 2006): 1) limited immediate function (do not contribute to survival); 2) endogenous component (voluntary or intentional); 3) structural or temporal differences (exaggerated and awkward); 4) repeated performance (performed similarly); and 5) relaxed fi eld (free of stress Figure 2. Subsequent to playing with the stick, the darter runs such as predator threat). Th is latter criterion was likely it briefly on the left win g, after which it released the object into met after the careful scanning of the bird's immediate the water. surroundings. Th e present record raises the number of the its body as recorded in the previous event. After these two apparently rare reports of Anhingidae playing with playing sequences, the bird began to preen its plumage objects. It remains to be verifi ed if this scarcity is due meticulously and I left the site. to lack of observational, natural history-focused studies, On 02 April, at late morning, I recorded the third or if object play is actually rare, or restricted to some playing event by the same Australasian Darter individual, individuals, populations, or areas. I am inclined towards as recognised by a natural mark on the right foot (a split the first ex planation, since Witt (2018) tells a story webbing). Th e bird was perched on partly submerged about young Anhingas ( ( (Anhinga anhinga) tossing sticks dead branch and was preening the plumage, with its into the air and trying (and succeeding) to catch them wings closed. A fl oating pod carried by the current drew again. Tossing sticks into the air and catching them is the attention of the bird, which grabbed it with the bill also reported for juvenile or subadult Anhingas (Davis- Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019 Australasian Darter plays with sticks Sazima Burghardt G.M. 1998. The evolutionary origins of play revisited: Jr. 2015). The tossin g of sticks by the Anhinga and pods lessons from turtles, p. 1–26. In: Bekoff M. & Byers J.A. (eds.). by the Australian Darter are likely related to practicing Animal play: evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives. prey handling, as in the fi nal phase of predation these Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. birds toss a fish up in the air to turn it and catch it a gain Burghardt G.M. 2006. Th e genesis of animal play: testing the limits. to swallow it head first (Orta 1992, Frederick & Siegel - Cambridge: The MIT Press . Causey D. 2002. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile e). In: Poole Causey 2000, Corbo et alll. 2013, I.S., pers. obs.) A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America online. Ithaca: Due to the complexity of sex identification of Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/ maturing individuals of the Australasian Darter (Orta bna/species/617 (Access on 08 May 2018). 1992, Schodde et alll. 2012, Dahlem 2018, C.G. Murray Corbo M., Macarrão A., D'Angelo G.B., Almeida C.H., Silva W.R. & pers. comm., I.S., pers. obs.), the sex of the playing bird Sazima I. 2013. Aves do campus da Unicamp e arredores. Vinhedo: would be an open question. However, after sightings of Avisbrasilis Editora. Dahlem M. 2018. Australasian Darter ( ( (Anhinga novaehollandiae e e). additional individuals near the study site from October https://mdahlem.net/birds/4/darter.php (Access on 10 May to December 2018, my assumption is that the observed 2018). individual was a male, due to the already well-defined Davis-Jr. W.E. 2015. Anhingas play with sticks and other plant debris. black line extending from the eye to the neck and partly Bird Observer r 43: 244–245. rufous neck (see photos in Dahlem 2018). If the bird was Ficken M.S. 1977. Avian play. Auk k 94: 573–582. Frederick P.C. & Siegel-Causey D. 2000. Anhinga ( ( (Anhinga anhinga). actually a male, then it likely was practicing to gather In: Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: sticks for nesting, as this part of nest construction is Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/ mostly a male role (Orta 1992, Frederick & Siegel-Causey bna.522 (Access on 08 May 2018). 2000). On the other hand, if the bird was a female, Hobson K.A. 2013. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus s s). In: playing with sticks seems to be a slight departure from its Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America online. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds. role in nest construction later in the life-cycle, as females cornell.edu/bna/species/282. (Access on 08 May 2018). mostly arrange the sticks the males bring to the nest (Orta Kennedy M., Holland B.R., Gray R.D. & Spencer H.G. 2005. 1992, Frederick & Siegel-Causey 2000). Whatever the Untangling long branches: identifying confl icting phylogenetic sex of the playing bird, however, play with objects by the signals using spectral analysis, neighbour-net, and consensus Australasian Darter is herein described and substantiated networks. Systematic Biology y 54: 620–633. with photographs. Th e apparent rarity of object play in Kitowski I. 2005. Play behaviour and active training of Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus s s) offspring in the post-fledgling period. Anhingidae, including the Australian Darter, deserves a Journal of Ethology y 23: 3–8. closer look and further natural history-oriented studies, Mikula P. 2014. Pedestrian density infl uences fl ight distances of urban especially at urban sites that would potentially constrain birds. Ardea a 102: 53–60. some behaviour types and increase alert and fli ght Mowbray T.B. 2002. Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus s). In: Poole distances (Mikula 2014, Prestes et alll. 2018). A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.693 (Access on 08 May 2018). Orta J. 1992. Family Anhingidae (darters), p. 354–361. In: del Hoyo ACK K KNO O OW W WLEDGEMENTS J., Elliot A. & Sargatal J. (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world (ostrich to ducks), v. 1. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. I thank Marlies Sazima for loving support in the field; Prestes T.V., Manica L.T. & Guaraldo A.C. 2018. Behavioral responses of urban birds to human disturbance in urban parks at Curitiba, Ricardo Sazima and Márcia Bianchi dos Santos for Paraná (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26: 77–81. lodging us in their home during our stay in Sydney; Sazima I. 2008. Playful birds: cormorants and herons play with objects Christopher G. Murray for help with sex identification and practice their skills. Biota Neotropica a 8: 259–264. of the recorded Australasian Darter; Juliana V. Hipolito Schodde R., Kirwan G.M. & Porter R. 2012. Morphological for help with the Figure 1; two anonymous reviewers for differentiation and speciation among darters ( ( (Anhinga). Bulletin their criticism and helpful suggestions on the submitted of the British Ornithologists' Club b 132: 283–294. Schreiber E.A., Schreiber R.W. & Schenk G.A. 1996. Red-footed manuscript. Booby (Sula sula) In: Poole A.F. & Gill F.B. (eds.). Th e birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.241. (Access on 08 May 2018). REFERENCES Witt D. 2018. Playing catch. https://naturestories.org/playing-catch- bd4c4b3a47ad (Access on 15 August 2018). Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour r 49: 227–267. Associate Editor: Lilian T. Manica. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(1): 2019

Journal

Ornithology Research – Springer Journals

Published: Mar 1, 2019

Keywords: Anhingidae; Australia; play behaviour; play with objects; urban waterbirds

There are no references for this article.