Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
W. Ying (2010)
The origin and gas vertical distribution of the Harjin mixed-gas reservoirActa Petrologica Sinica
Zhenhua Rui, Kehang Cui, Xiaoqing Wang, J. Chun, Yuwei Li, Zhien Zhang, Jun Lu, Gang Chen, X. Zhou, S. Patil (2018)
A comprehensive investigation on performance of oil and gas development in Nigeria: Technical and non-technical analysesEnergy
RL Cao (1996)
161Earth Sci Front, 3
X. Qu, Xiu Chen, Miao Yu, Li Liu (2016)
Mineral dating of mantle−derived CO2 charging and its application in the southern Songliao Basin, ChinaApplied Geochemistry, 68
Zheng Deshan (2005)
Potential to form CO_2 reservoirs through adsorption of CO_2 by volcanic rocks and case study
H. Guoqing, Rui Zhenhua, Zhang He, Ling Kegang (2016)
A New Model to Evaluate Two Leak Points in a Gas Pipeline
W. Lichun (2009)
Distribution and migration-accumulation mechanism of mantle-derived CO_2 in Songliao BasinActa Petrologica Sinica
Xiong Wei, Lei Qun, S. Gao, Zhiming Hu, Xue Hui (2009)
Pseudo threshold pressure gradient to flow for low permeability reservoirsPetroleum Exploration and Development, 36
S. Ming (2000)
THE GENESIS TYPE AND ENRICHMENT CONDITION OF THE CO_2 IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF SONGLIAO BASIN
He Jia-xiong (2005)
Origin, migration and accumulation of CO_2 in East China and offshore shelf basinsPetroleum Exploration and Development
Jianchun Guo, Bo Luo, Cong Lu, J. Lai, Jichuan Ren (2017)
Numerical investigation of hydraulic fracture propagation in a layered reservoir using the cohesive zone methodEngineering Fracture Mechanics, 186
SB Liu, XS Lu, F Hong (2016)
Accumulation mechanisms and distribution patterns of CO2-containing natural gas reservoirs in the Songliao Basin
Yang Guang, Zhao Zhan-yin, Shao Ming-li (2011)
Formation of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gas reservoirs in the Changling fault depression, Songliao BasinPetroleum Exploration and Development, 38
Zhenhua Rui, Xiaoqing Wang, Zhien Zhang, Jun Lu, Gang Chen, X. Zhou, S. Patil (2018)
A realistic and integrated model for evaluating oil sands development with Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage technology in CanadaApplied Energy, 213
Tiankui Guo, Yanchao Li, Yong Ding, Zhanqing Qu, Naicheng Gai, Zhenhua Rui (2017)
Evaluation of Acid Fracturing Treatments in Shale FormationEnergy & Fuels, 31
G Yang, ZY Zhao, ML Shao (2011)
Formation of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gas reservoirs in the Changling Rift basin, Songliao BasinPet Explor Dev, 38
(2010)
Characteristics of fault structure and its control on deep gas reservoir in Xujiaweizi Rift basin, Songliao Basin
SF Lu, MW Gu, FF Zhang (2017)
Hydrocarbon accumulation stages and type division of Shahezi Fm tight glutenite gas reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi Rift basin, Songliao BasinNat Gas Ind, 37
C. Ballentine, M. Schoell, D. Coleman, B. Cain (2000)
Magmatic CO 2 in natural gases in the Permian Basin, West Texas: identifying the regional source and filling historyJournal of Geochemical Exploration, 69
(2005)
Genesis of carbon dioxide of high purity in east China
T. Ying, Zhang Chang-mu (2005)
Geochemical Criterion of CO_2 Origin of Changdedong Gas Deposit in North of Songliao Basinoffshore Oil
(2018)
Formation and pool - forming model of CO 2 gas pool in eastern Changde area , Songliao Basin
B. Marty, A. Jambon, Y. Sano (1989)
Helium isotopes and CO2 in volcanic gases of JapanChemical Geology, 76
Zhang Xiao-dong (2003)
Analysis on genesis and accumulation law of carbon dioxide gas reservoirs in the northeastern areas of ChinaActa Petrologica Sinica
(2005)
Genesis of natural gas of eastern Changde
Jianlei Sun, E. Gamboa, D. Schechter, Zhenhua Rui (2016)
An integrated workflow for characterization and simulation of complex fracture networks utilizing microseismic and horizontal core dataJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 34
Fu Xiao, Song Yan (2005)
Inorganic gas and its resource in Songliao BasinActa Petrologica Sinica
T. Trull, S. Nadeau, F. Pineau, M. Polvé, M. Javoy (1993)
C-He systematics in hotspot xenoliths: implications for mantle carbon contents and carbon recyclingEarth and Planetary Science Letters, 118
I. Gas (2000)
ABIOGENIC GAS RESERVOIR MODES FOUND IN SONGLIAO BASINNatural Gas Industry
(2006)
Research on reservoir forming time of deep natural gas in Xujiaweizi faulted depression in Songliao Basin
Liu Yang, Liu Yang, S. Yun, Yue Wuyi, Qi Xiao-ping, Tian Wei, Wang Shi-ang, Yuan Jun-na (2011)
Expression of hydrocarbon on sea surface and its remote sensing detection: Taking the South China Sea area as an examplePetroleum Exploration and Development, 38
QL Huo, BZ Yang, L Fu (1998)
Genesis of natural gas of eastern Changde gas pool in northern Songliao BasinPet Explor Dev, 25
G. Cui, S. Ren, Zhenhua Rui, J. Ezekiel, Liang Zhang, Hongsheng Wang (2017)
The influence of complicated fluid-rock interactions on the geothermal exploitation in the CO2 plume geothermal systemApplied Energy
Jie Zeng, Xiangzen Wang, Jianchun Guo, F. Zeng (2017)
Composite linear flow model for multi-fractured horizontal wells in heterogeneous shale reservoirJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 38
(2016)
Progress in the studies of mantle - derived CO 2 degassing mechanism , degassing model and pool - forming mechanism
(2005)
Accumulation mechanisms and
D Xu, YQ Zhou, YL Zhu (1999)
CO2/3He ratio of mantle derived CO2 gas pools and its formation mechanism in east ChinaOil Gas Geol, 20
B. Mysen, R. Arculus, D. Eggler (1975)
Solubility of carbon dioxide in melts of andesite, tholeiite, and olivine nephelinite composition to 30 kbar pressureContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 53
G. Cui, Yi Wang, Zhenhua Rui, Bailian Chen, S. Ren, Liang Zhang (2018)
Assessing the combined influence of fluid-rock interactions on reservoir properties and injectivity during CO2 storage in saline aquifersEnergy
Zhenhua Rui, Fei Peng, Kegang Ling, Hanwen Chang, Gang Chen, X. Zhou (2017)
Investigation into the performance of oil and gas projectsJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 38
Y. Sano, H. Wakita, Chinwang Huang (1986)
Helium flux in a continental land area estimated from 3He/4He ratio in northern TaiwanNature, 323
Zhenhua Rui, Jun Lu, Zhien Zhang, Rui Guo, Kegang Ling, Ronglei Zhang, S. Patil (2017)
A quantitative oil and gas reservoir evaluation system for developmentJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 42
Jinhui Dai, Yan Song, Chun-sen Dai, Da-rui Wang (1996)
Geochemistry and accumulation of carbon dioxide gases in ChinaAAPG Bulletin, 80
Sheng Xu, S. Nakai, H. Wakita, Xianbin Wang (1995)
Mantle-derived noble gases in natural gases from Songliao Basin, ChinaGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59
Xixin Wang, Jiagen Hou, Suihong Song, Dongmei Wang, Lei Gong, Ke Ma, Yuming Liu, Yongqiang Li, Lin Yan (2018)
Combining pressure-controlled porosimetry and rate-controlled porosimetry to investigate the fractal characteristics of full-range pores in tight oil reservoirsJournal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
Fenjin Sun, Guihao Jiao, Xiaoting Luo, Zhehui Zhao, Fuying Zeng (2009)
The origin and formation of CO2 gas pools in Songliao Basin, ChinaJournal of Geochemical Exploration, 101
(1996)
Progress in the study of inorganic genetic CO2 gas reservoirs
JX He, B Xia, BM Liu (2005)
Origin, migration and accumulation of CO2 in East China and offshore shelf basinsPet Explor Exploit, 32
Zhenhua Rui, Guoqing Han, He Zhang, Sai Wang, H. Pu, Kegang Ling (2017)
A new model to evaluate two leak points in a gas pipelineJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 46
Zhenhua Rui, Chao Li, Fei Peng, Kegang Ling, Gang Chen, X. Zhou, Hanwen Chang (2017)
Development of industry performance metrics for offshore oil and gas projectJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 39
Lei Wang, Shihao Wang, Ronglei Zhang, Cong Wang, Y. Xiong, Xishen Zheng, Shang-zhong Li, Kai Jin, Zhenhua Rui (2017)
Review of multi-scale and multi-physical simulation technologies for shale and tight gas reservoirsJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 37
(2010)
Potential to form CO2 reservoirs
XD Zhang (2003)
Analysis on genesis and accumulation law of carbon dioxide gas reservoirs in the northeastern areas of ChinaActa Geol Sin, 24
(2009)
Deep gases and their genetic types of the Xujiaweizi Rift basin zone, Songliao Basin and their contribution
(1996)
Frontiers of research on the mantle fluids
CO reservoirs are widely distributed within the Yingcheng Formation in the Songliao Basin, but the extreme horizontal heterogeneity of CO content causes difficulties in the exploration and exploitation of methane. Former studies have fully covered the lithology, structure, and distribution of the reservoirs high in CO content, but few are reported about migration and accumulation of CO . Using the East Changde Gas Field as an example, we studied the accumulation mechanisms of CO gas. Two original types of accumulation model are proposed in this study. The fault-controlled accumulation model refers to gas accumulation in the reservoir body that is cut by a basement fault (the West Xu Fault), allowing the hydrocarbon gas generated in the lower formation to migrate into the reservoir body through the fault, which results in a relatively lower CO content. The volcanic conduit-controlled accumulation model refers to a reservoir body that is not cut by the basement fault, which prevents the hydrocarbon gas from being mixed in and leads to higher CO contents. This conclusion provides useful theories for prediction of CO distribution in similar basins and reservoirs. Keywords Carbon dioxide reservoir Mantle-derived CO Faults Reservoir formation mechanism East Changde Gas Field Songliao Basin 1 Introduction also been accidentally discovered during natural gas exploration over the past two decades (Xu et al. 1995; Sun The Songliao Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic basin located et al. 2009; Guo et al. 2017a, b). These CO reservoirs are in northeastern China that contains abundant oil and gas located within a narrow strip within the Xujiaweizi resources. Several billion tonnes of oil have been discov- Depression, the Changling Depression, and the Wanjinta ered in the basin’s oil fields since exploration began in Depression. However, CO accumulation has an extremely 1950. However, in addition to the large amount of hydro- heterogeneous horizontal distribution. The difference in the carbon gas, a number of CO reservoirs, whose CO con- CO content of two wells located less than 1 km apart can 2 2 2 centrations vary significantly from \ 30 to [ 98%, have be as much as 70%. For example, the Changde area in the Xujiaweizi Depression has a complex gas genesis, with both organic gas (methane) and inorganic gas (CO ). Edited by Jie Hao Reservoirs with CO contents[ 84% have been discovered in the volcanic reservoirs, e.g., in wells Fs9 and Fs701 in & Yu-Ming Liu liuym@cup.edu.cn the Yingcheng Formation in East Changde. Whereas, in wells Fs7 and Fs6, located less than 3 km away, the CO & Zhen-Hua Rui zhenhuarui@126.com content is 15%–40%. This phenomenon has resulted in a great deal of interest in the genesis of CO and the reservoir College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, formation process in the Songliao Basin (Yang et al. 2011; Beijing 102249, China Fu and Song 2005; Shao et al. 2000; Qu et al. 2016;Xu School of Energy Resources, China University of et al. 1999; Dai 1996;Du 2005; Guan 1990; Zhang et al. Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2009; Li et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2000; Yu et al. 2010; Cao Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and 1996; Rui et al. 2018a, b). Most scholars agree that the CO Development, CNPC, Beijing 100083, China in the Songliao Basin is inorganic and mantle-derived Independent Project Association, Inc., Leesburg, USA 123 696 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 according to the isotopic composition of the CO .It is It has undergone widespread deposition of Cretaceous– generally accepted that mantle fluids, especially basaltic Quaternary strata with a structure characterized by faults at magmas, contain significant amounts of volatiles, such as the bottom and depressions at the top. Three structural CO ,H O, and He. When the temperature decreases as layers can be identified: a fault-depressed structural layer, a 2 2 upwelling occurs, the magma will degas, and these vola- depressed structural layer, and an inverted structural layer. tiles will continuously migrate through fractures and pores, During the past decade, several CO reservoirs or CO - 2 2 and can be trapped in CO reservoirs under the appropriate containing reservoirs (fields) have been accidentally dis- conditions. This is how mantle-derived CO reservoirs covered during natural gas exploration in the Songliao form (Yang et al. 2011). However, previous studies have Basin. Currently, there are multiple high CO -content failed to produce a reasonable explanation for the differ- reservoirs and gas seepages, such as the CO gas seepages ences in the CO contents of reservoirs that are located in the Five Connected Ponds on the north edge of the basin fairly close together. Several scholars have proposed a self- and the high CO -content middle-shallow sand-conglom- generating and self-preserving reservoir formation model. erate reservoirs located in the Wanjinta, Gudian, Qian’an, They argue that the CO in the Songliao Basin is derived and Honggang Depressions. A number of CO reservoirs 2 2 from magmas associated with Cretaceous volcanic activity. and gas spots in the volcanic reservoirs of the Yingcheng The CO degassed from these magmas due to decreasing Formation were also recently discovered by deep explo- temperatures when the magma cooled, and it was stored ration, such as the Fangshen 9 (CO content = 84.2%– in situ forming reservoirs (Liu et al. 2005; Tan et al. 2005). 90.4%), Xushen (CO content = 24%), Xushen 10 (CO 2 2 According to this theory, there should be widespread CO content = 90%), Xushen 19 (CO content = 93%), Xushen 2 2 reservoirs in the Songliao Basin wherever Cretaceous 28 (CO content = 80.7%), and Dashen 2 (CO con- 2 2 volcanic rocks are located. However, the CO -containing tent = 32%) in the Xujiaweizi Depression, East Changde, reservoirs have a limited distribution—they are mainly in the northern part of the Songliao Basin (Lu et al. 2005, located where faults intersect (Guo et al. 2000; Yu et al. 2008; He et al. 2005) (Fig. 1). Thus, it can be concluded 2010; Zeng et al. 2017). Due to the fact that the density of that CO is widely, but unevenly, distributed in the Son- CO is greater than that of hydrocarbon gases, several gliao Basin. The absence of well-established conditions for scholars proposed the ‘‘gravitational differentiation’’ industrial utilization and treatment of this CO has made it reservoir formation model, which concludes that gravity riskier and more difficult to explore and exploit the asso- caused CO to accumulate at the bottom of reservoirs and ciated hydrocarbon gases. hydrocarbon gases at the top (Lin et al. 2010; Wei et al. 2009). However, there is little difference between the 2.1 Structural characteristics density of CO and the densities of methane and ethane. Therefore, whether such a small density difference can lead to such a significant difference in the horizontal distribu- Tectonically, the Changde area is located in the western slope in the Xujiaweizi Depression (Fig. 1). From a tion of CO needs to be investigated further. In this study, several typical reservoirs in East Changde regional perspective, the western region is undergoing basement uplift and is split into a northern half and a were selected to investigate the genesis of CO using core data gas samples, temperature, pressure, and seismic data. southern half by the ancient valley running along Chang wells 101–102. Situated in the depression in the eastern Based on this data, the distribution characteristics of vol- canic reservoirs and basement faults are discussed, and a part of the basement uplift, the East Changde Gas Field is a syncline structure trending northwest with a depth of up to CO migration and reservoir formation model for East 4100 m. This syncline is characterized by simple structural Changde is explored in order to analyze the factors gov- erning CO distribution in the Songliao Basin. features and some topographic highs. The sedimentary strata pinch out to the west above the basement uplift. The East Changde Gas Field is located in the western part of the Xujiaweizi Depression (Figs. 1, 2) where reservoirs are 2 Geological setting developed in the volcanic reservoir bodies in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation. The Songliao Basin is the largest Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental basin in northeastern China. It is 750 km long, There is a 2–6 km, NNE-trending fault with a fault displacement of 40–100 m located in the syncline area of 330–370 km wide, and covers an area of nearly 255,000 km , extending from north to south through Hei- the northern part of the East Changde Gas Field. This is a long-lived normal fault that separates the Qingshankou longjiang Province, Jilin Province, and Liaoning Province Formation hanging wall and the Shahezi Formation foot (Fig. 1). The Songliao Basin has experienced three phases of evolution, i.e., rift, depression, and structural inversion. wall. A 1–2-km-long, NS-trending fault is located to the 123 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 697 10 km Songliao Basin Beijing Ds2 Sns2 East Changde Gas Field Ses1 Ss1 Qiqihaer C101 C201 Daqing Fs6 Xs6 Xs22 Xs1 Fs7 B’ Fs701 Xujiaweizi Ss2 Fs5 Xs23 Haerbin Depression Fs4 Fs9 CC’ Xs21 Fs901 C401 Xs28 Changchun Xs8 Xs3 Xs13 Xs901 Xs12 Xs10 Xs19 Wells producing CO CO content Ss1 2 2 Zs1 Zs12 Igneous body Proved reserves Survey line Faults 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fig. 1 Location of the Songliao Basin and the Xujiaweizi Depression. Modified from Lu Xuesong (Lu et al. 2009) south where two primary fault characteristics are observed, fact that this area is an uplift structure developed on i.e., the fault trends are close to that of a depression-con- uplifted basement on the edge of a rift basin, part of the trolling fault and the faults are located near a depression- strata in the uplifted area is missing. The uplifted basement controlling fault. These faults provide channels for gas is mainly composed of metamorphic rocks and intrusive migration and accumulation, control fracture development rocks, e.g., high-resistance phyllite and granite. From of reservoirs, and improve reserve and percolation capa- bottom to top, the Lower Cretaceous strata consist of the bilities of the reservoirs. Huoshiling Formation, the Shahezi Formation, the Ying- cheng Formation, the Dengloudu Formation, and the 2.2 Formation Quantou Formation. The Huoshiling Formation is com- posed of volcanic rocks and siltstone that unconformably Gas reservoirs in East Changde are mostly located in the overlie the basement and exhibit limited structural devel- Lower Cretaceous volcanic strata, which is why this study opment. The locally well-developed Shahezi Formation is focuses on the Lower Cretaceous strata (Fig. 3). Due to the mainly composed of low-resistance dark mudstone, 123 -3300 -3300 Xujiaweizi Rift -3500 -3000 -3500 698 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 3 Methods Fs10 Ss5 3.1 Analytical methods Central Fs801 Uplift 5 km A considerable amount of information was used in this Fs1 Fs8 A study, including core samples, gas samples, and tempera- C101 C102 ture and pressure data. The core samples were used to Fs6 analyze the petrologic features of the volcanic reservoirs, C103 and together with isotopic analyses of the gas samples, to Fs2 Fs7 determine the source of the CO . Samples collected from C201 Fs5 different wells were analyzed to determine the character- istics of the volcanic reservoirs and their relationship to the Fs701 nearby faults by analyzing the data in the context of the Fs3 Fs9-1 seismic, temperature, and pressure data. Based on these Fs4 Fs9 analyses, two models for CO migration and accumulation Central Uplift A’ are proposed to further describe the factors governing CO C401 reservoir distribution in the East Changde Gas Field, and possibly throughout the Songliao Basin. Fs901 C403 3.2 Data The data used for this study includes core samples, gas samples, seismic data, and temperature and pressure data -3500 A Fs3 A’ for the reservoirs. See Table 1 for a summary of the data. Uplift Contour Well Fault Section line line location 1. A total length of 205.9 m of core samples was Fig. 2 Structure map of the Yingcheng Formation, East Changde collected from five wells, and the core samples were Gas field all from the first member of the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation. argillaceous sandstone, and sandy conglomerate. The 2. Eleven gas samples were collected from five wells. Yingcheng Formation is divided into four members from Ten liters of gas was sampled from each well and bottom to top. The first member of the Yingcheng For- stored in a cylinder under pressure. As shown in mation, which contains volcanic rock reservoirs, is mainly Table 1, the depth of each sample is the average depth composed of argillaceous siltstone, mottled sandy con- of the perforation interval. glomerate, and volcanic rocks. The second and third 3. The seismic data, with a dominant frequency of 30 Hz, members of the Yingcheng Formation are absent in this 2 covered 553 km of the Xujiaweizi area. A pre-stacked region. The compact volcanoclastic rocks of the fourth GR inversion was conducted on the volcanic reservoirs member of the Yingcheng Formation serve as the cap rocks in the Yingcheng Formation, East Changde. Due to for this region. The 20–65-m-thick first member of the their high gamma ray value, which differs significantly Denglouku Formation is mainly composed of a set of from that of the surrounding rocks, we were able to mottled high-resistance conglomerate and sandy con- precisely determine the distribution of the volcanic glomerate stratum with a small amount of coarse sandstone reservoirs in the section. and fine sandstone, which locally unconformably overlies 4. Temperature and pressure data was collected from the the basement. The 80–120-m-thick second member of the logging-while-drilling reports compiled by the China Denglouku Formation is mainly composed of low-resis- National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) (Table 1 and tance dark mudstone, which serves as an effective regional Fig. 4). cap rock. The 300–500-m-thick first and second members of the Quantou Formation are composed of coastal, shal- 3.3 Geochemical analyses low-lake, and fluvial mudstone with argillaceous sandstone and sandstone. These members also serve as regional cap All of the experiments in this study were conducted at the rocks. Petroleum Geology Experiment Research Center, Research 123 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 699 Thickness, Series Fm. Mem. Code Litho. Age Layer 99.6 Ma K q 0-128 QT 4 K q QT 3 QT 1 0-692 QT 2 K q 0-479 QT 1 K q 0-355 112 Ma 3 DLK4 K q 1 0-212 DLK3 K d 1 0-612 DLK DLK2 K d 1 0-700 DLK1 K d 0-212 124 Ma T K yc 1 0-960 YC K sh SHZ 1 0-315 K h HSL 145 Ma Divergent Igneous Mud rock Gritstone unconformity rock Muddy Silty mudstone Siltstone Conglomerate siltstone Fig. 3 Lower Cretaceous strata in East Changde Table 1 Summary of data for Well Core depth, m Gas sample depth, m Temperature, C Pressure, MPa the gas reservoirs in East Changde Fs6 3324.5–3379.3 3250 137.2 33.5 3410 138.1 35.1 Fs7 3473.6–3529.5 3374 138.2 34.3 3490 139.5 35.2 Fs701 3598.7–3623.2 3580 138.1 34.1 3620 140.0 38.0 Fs9 3646.8–3671.4 3625 141.7 37.1 3640 142.0 38.1 3660 143.1 39.1 Fs9-1 3560.1–3606.2 3600 139.1 36.0 3650 142.5 38.9 Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Bei- spectroscopy (ICP-ES). The results are shown in jing, China. Fig. 5. 2. The gas samples were fed into a Thermo Fisher mass 1. Whole rock geochemical analyses were conducted on spectrometer through the output valve on the pressure- 52 samples from the 5 wells listed in Table 1. Sample retaining cylinder. He gas was absorbed by an active preparation involved fusing 0.5 g samples of rock charcoal trap at 800 C, and the CO gas was powder with 2.0 g of LiBO followed by dissolution in cryogenically extracted using liquid nitrogen (Cao 200 mL of 5% HNO . Major oxide compositions were 1996). Then, the volume of He and CO was measured determined using inductively coupled plasma emission Lower Cretaceous 700 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 Temperature, °C Pressure, MPa CO content, % 136 138 140 142 144 32 34 36 38 40 020 40 60 80 100 3200 3200 3200 3250 3250 3250 3300 3300 3300 3350 3350 3350 3400 3400 3400 3450 3450 3450 3500 3500 3500 3550 3550 3550 3600 3600 3600 3650 3650 3650 3700 3700 3700 Fs6 Fs7 Fs701 Fs9 Fs9-1 Fig. 4 Variations in reservoir temperature, pressure, and CO content with depth in East Changde Phonolite Foidite Trachyte Tephritic 12 (Q<20%) phonolite Trachydacite (Q>20%) 10 Rhyolite Phono- tephrite Trachy- andesite Basaltic Basanite trachy- (Ol>10%) andesite Tephrite (Ol<10%) Dacite Basaltic Andesite Picro Basalt andesite Basalt SiO , wt% 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Ultrabasic Basite Intermediate Acid Fig. 5 Total alkali silica (TAS) diagram of the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation, Songliao Basin 13 3 at room temperature (20 C) and pressure. The results pH (Liu et al. 2005; Tan et al. 2005). d C and He are shown in Fig. 6. isotopic analyses of the CO and He were conducted 3. The CO and He were transferred to an airtight 2 L using a Thermo Fisher mass spectrometer and the amber glass bottle. Two to three drops of HgCl following formula: -1 solution (3.7 g50 mL ) were added to the glass "# 13 12 bottle in advance to avoid a photochemical reaction. ðÞ C= C sample d C= 1 1000 To prevent CO loss, 5 mL of NaOH solution was 13 12 ðÞ C/ C standard injected into the bottle through the cork to balance the Depth, m Na O+K O, wt% 2 2 Depth, m Depth, m Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 701 -5 generally agreed that a C of [ -10% indicates an CO 3 9 inorganic origin, and R/R [ 2 and CO / He [ 2910 Mantle derived a 2 R/R =2 indicate a mantle origin (He et al. 2005). Table 2 shows the Crust derived mixed with mantle derived R/R =1 helium isotope and CO isotopic data for the East Changde a 2 -6 samples. Besides, it is important to make clear whether He and CO are coupled, otherwise R/R would be meaning- 2 a less. Lu XS (Liu et al. 2016) has done detailed research -7 about CO and He gas in Songliao Basin and concluded that they are from the same origin. As shown in Table 2, the C values for Well Fs7 are CO Crust derived, organic Crust derived, inorganic - 10.07% and - 11.51%, which are slightly less than -8 - 10%, indicating a combined organic–inorganic genesis, -30 -20 -10 0 10 with the inorganic genesis of CO being dominant. The δ C (PDB), ‰ 2 CO C from the other four wells were greater than - 8%, CO Fig. 6 Diagram of origin of CO . Modified from He et al. (2005) indicating an inorganic genesis. As a result, it is concluded that the CO in East Changde has a broad inorganic origin. Helium isotope ratios suggest that the R/R value in East Each measurement comprised of three pulses of refer- Changde is between 2.35 and 3.68 (except for that of Well ences followed by six pulses of sample CO or He gas. The Fs7), which is much higher than the criterion for mantle- parameters used are as follows. The chromatographic col- derived genesis, i.e., R/R [ 2 (Fig. 6). In addition, the umn was 30 mm 9 0.25 mm; the column temperature was CO / He ratio of the gas from Well Fs9 is 300 C; the injection volume was 1 lL; the carrier gas was 9 9 (1.96–1.97) 9 10 (close to 2 9 10 ), which is close to the Ar; the gas flow was 1 mL/min; the split was 10:1; and the CO / He ratio of primitive magma generated in the upper mass spectrometry conditions were an EI ion source of mantle (Sano et al. 1986). Based on this evidence, we 70 eV, a nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio scan range of 13 3 conclude that the CO in East Changde is mantle-derived. m/z = 80–700. The precision for both d C and He is ± Geochemical analysis of the volcanic rocks provided a 0.1%. The results are shown in Table 2. basis for the further determination of the origin of the CO . According to the TAS diagram (Fig. 5) of the Yingcheng Formation (Mesozoic) volcanic rocks from the Songliao 4 Results and discussion Basin, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks are mainly silicic and intermediate rocks (rhyolites, dacites, and andesites) and a 4.1 The origin of CO gas small amount of mafic rocks formed by crust-derived 3 4 13 magma. Detailed studies have shown that silicic and C , R/R (R is the He/ He value of the sample; R is CO a a 3 4 3 intermediate magmas could not preserve large amount of He/ He value of air), and CO / He are the commonly used volatile gases, since these magmas lack large ion lithophile indices for source determination of CO . The first of which elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) is used to determine whether the gas has an organic or which are CO loving (Mysen et al. 1975); while in East inorganic genesis, while the latter three are used to deter- Changde reservoirs, CO content is up to 87.2%. This mine whether the gas is crust- or mantle-derived (Ballen- contradiction shows that high CO -content reservoirs are tine et al. 2000; Marty et al. 1989; Trull et al. 1993). It is Table 2 Carbon and helium isotopic data for the CO reservoirs in East Changde Well no. Fm. Well depth, m Content of natural gas component, % R/R CO / He C , % CO a 2 Methane Heavy hydrocarbon N CO 2 2 Fs6 K yc 3413 78.93 2.03 13.77 - 8.55 2.39 Fs7 K yc 3476 52.13 1.68 0.94 32.48 - 11.51 1.84 Fs7 K yc 3489 66.75 1.97 1.12 29.16 - 10.07 1.92 Fs701 K yc 3580 10.60 3.14 0.82 80.43 - 2.27 3.66 1 9 Fs9 K yc 3625 13.82 0.23 0.46 84.2 - 5.73 3.68 1.97 9 10 1 9 Fs9-1 K yc 3650 11.13 2.67 0.98 87.25 - 3.49 2.71 1.96 9 10 3 4 He/ He 702 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 less likely to be formed by Mesozoic magma degassing. reservoirs in East Changde are mainly distributed within Thus, we conclude that once formed, the Mesozoic vol- the Lower Yingcheng Formation (K yc ). A thin volcanic canic rocks served only as reservoirs, and the CO was reservoir is located in the northwestern region of Changde, derived from Cenozoic mantle-derived magmatic activity. and it is intersected by wells Fs6 and Fs7. The other Liu et al. (2016) identified a huge Cenozoic heat flow reservoir is located in the central-southeastern part of the diapir approximately 40 km eastward from East Changde Xujiaweizi Depression. It is a 50–80-m-thick, large-scale gas reservoirs by analyzing the seismic data acquired over reservoir, and it is intersected by wells Fs701, Fs9-1, and Xujiaweizi Depression. Liu et al. (2016) further concluded Fs9. These two sets of reservoirs are not interconnected. that the heat flow diaper has a high impact on the CO gas In addition, the temperature and pressure data as well as in Changling, Wanjinta and Changde gas reservoirs. The the CO contents also indirectly verify the conclusions work of Yu (Guo et al. 2017a, b) also shows that Cenozoic discussed above. As shown in Fig. 6, the temperatures and magmas are mainly basaltic, and the heat flow diapirs pressures of the stratum intersected by wells Fs9, Fs9-1, formed by this mantle-derived basaltic magmatic activity and Fs701 show a consistent positive correlation, sug- during the Himalayan structural evolution contained a large gesting that they share the same temperature–pressure amount of volatiles, such as CO , which then migrated system, whereas wells Fs6 and Fs7 are part of another along the major faults to the Mesozoic volcanic reservoirs temperature–pressure system that is not interconnected where it accumulated. This is the current model for the with the former. In terms of CO content, the five wells formation of high CO -content reservoirs in East Changde. exhibit significant differences. The CO contents of wells 2 2 Fs9, Fs9-1, and Fs701 are [ 80%, whereas those of wells 4.2 Distribution of reservoirs and faults Fs7 and Fs6 are \ 40%, i.e., 39.9% and 15.3%, respec- tively. Figure 4 and Table 1 together indicate that the The distribution of faults and potential reservoirs signifi- amount of CO within the pore space decreases with the cantly influences the distribution of CO reservoirs. increasing buried depth of our reservoir. Note that there Reservoir continuity is a key factor in studying the distri- exists a different declined trend of CO between Fs6-Fs7 bution of CO concentrations. Whether or not the seem- and Fs701-Fs9-Fs901. This phenomenon indicates that ingly horizontally interconnecting reservoirs are truly there are two separate reservoirs. spatially connected largely determines the horizontal dis- tribution of the CO concentration. However, basement 4.2.2 Fault distribution within the East Changde Gas Field faults serve as one of the key channels for the migration and accumulation of CO . Therefore, close attention should The depth of the Moho in the Songliao Basin ranges from be paid to faults, which can connect the various reservoirs, 29 to 34 km. The higher CO -content wells are mainly and heat flow diapirs, which can serve as gas sources. located in areas where the Moho depth is relatively shallow (less than 32 km; Fig. 8), which indicates a strong con- 4.2.1 Reservoir distribution in the East Changde Gas Field nection between the CO and the mantle. As indicated by Fig. 8, the migration of CO is closely associated with the In previous studies, the reservoirs intersected by wells Fs9, major basement faults, i.e., the high CO -content wells are Fs9-1, Fs701, Fs7, and Fs6 were called the East Changde primarily located near basement faults, especially at the Gas Reservoir (Huo et al. 1998) and were treated as a intersections of fault zones. Combining with the work of uniform reservoir system. Thus, the CO contents of the Zhang (Zhang 2003), it is concluded that basement faults various parts of one reservoir system should be approxi- are important channels that control the upwelling of CO . mately the same. However, the CO contents of Wells Fs6 The NS trend of the CO distribution (Fig. 8) in the Son- 2 2 and Fs7 in the East Changde Reservoir are both \ 40%, gliao Basin is mainly controlled by the Sunwu–Shuangliao while the CO contents of wells Fs701 and Fs9, which are lithospheric fault zone in the middle of the basin. Upper only 2.5 km away from wells Fs6 and Fs7, are [ 80% mantle upwelling resulted in a shallow Moho depth in this (Fig. 4). This phenomenon sharply contradicts previous area and the formation of major deep faults, which resulted research findings. in the production of mantle-derived magma, i.e., the major In this study, comprehensive analysis of seismic, litho- source of the CO that was infused into the lithosphere. facies, temperature, pressure (Guo et al. 2017a, b; Rui et al. The fault distribution in East Changde was investigated 2017a, b; Wang et al. 2018), and CO content data suggests by means of a seismic section of the Xujiaweizi Depres- that there should be at least two sets of volcanic reservoirs, sion. This investigation revealed the migration channels i.e., Fs6 and Fs7 are in one reservoir body, and Fs701, Fs9- responsible for CO accumulation. We conclude that a 1, and Fs9 are in the other. The GR inversion data, col- large heat flow diapir developed near wells Xushen 23 and lected by CNPC (Fig. 7), indicates that the volcanic Xushen 21 (Figs. 1, 9b), and the seismic section exhibits 123 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 703 A A’ Time, s Fs6 Fs7 Fs9-1 Fs9 Fs701 SE API 2.06 2.10 2.14 K1d 2.18 K yc K yc 2.22 2.26 K1sh 30 2.30 2.32 Fs6 Fs7 Fs701 Fs9-1 Fs9 SE Depth, m -3100 Igneous rock reservoirs -3200 K d -3300 1 K1yc -3400 K1yc -3500 -3600 -3700 K sh -3800 -3900 3 km Fig. 7 Inverted seismic section of the reservoirs in East Changde extremely chaotic reflection characteristics. This is highly 4.3 Migration and accumulation model consistent with that of the research conducted by CNPC (Figs. 1, 9a) (Liu et al. 2016). Supplied by mantle-sourced The major basement faults and paleo-volcanic conduits that heat flow, this heat flow diapir migrated into the top of the developed during the depositional stage of the Yingcheng Lower Cretaceous Huoshiling Formation and became an Formation serve as channels for the upward migration of important CO source for the Xujiaweizi area. There are mantle-derived inorganic gases. These basement faults also three basement faults in the Xujiaweizi Depression, i.e., the serve as effective channels for organic hydrocarbons. As a West Xu Fault, the Mid Xu Fault, and the East Xu Fault. result, both the major basement faults and the paleo-vol- These faults connect the heat flow diapir, which was gen- canic conduits are the major factors that control the erated by magmatic activity, with the Cretaceous volcanic migration, accumulation, and amount of organic hydro- reservoirs. With its small dip angle and large length, the carbon gases and mantle-derived inorganic gases in the West Xu Fault controls the formation of CO reservoirs in volcanic rock reservoirs. In East Changde, the CO content East Changde. It is worth noting that the West Xu Fault is [ 84% in the reservoir where wells Fs9 and Fs701 are cuts the volcanic reservoir body in which wells Fs6 and Fs7 located, but it is as low as 15%–40% in the reservoir where are located; however, it does not cut the reservoir body in wells Fs7 and Fs6 are located. The distance between these which wells Fs701 and Fs9 are located. reservoirs is less than 3 km. In addition, Figs. 1 and 9 show that the heat flow diapir is located 40 km away to the east of the two reservoirs, and the migration of CO gas is mainly through basement faults and volcanic conduits. 123 704 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 0 50 100 km Depth of Moho, km Nenjiang F4 Location where depth of Moho is less than 32 km F1 Wells with high CO content F11 31 Boundary of Songliao F2 Basin F2 F5 Qiqihaer F1 Shs4 Deep faults 31 32 D6 City L63 Daqing J6 Ds2 Ts1 Xs2 G108 29 F6 F3 Ss1 Fs9 30 F1 Haerbin Y80 BaiCheng Xs19 Zs2 H75 Chs2 Gs9 F3 Q80 F12 Qs1 F3 Cs1 Cs1 F7 Gs9 Cs2 Cs7 W5 Cs6 Cs11 32 Ds7 F9 H11 F8 ChangChun F13 SiPing F10 Fig. 8 Locations of the high CO -content wells, the Moho depth, and Fault; F7, Zhalaite–Jilin Fault; F8, Horqin–Yitong Fault; F9, Tuquan– the basement faults in the Songliao Basin. Note: F1, Nengjiang Fault Siping Fault; F10, Zhalute–Kaiyuan Fault; F11, Nemoerhe Fault; F12, Belt; F2, Sunwu–Shuangliao Fault Belt; F3, Harbin–Siping Fault Halamutu Fault; and F13, Xilamulun Fault Belt; F4, Jiagedaqi–Jixi Fault; F5, Nehe–Suihua Fault; F6, Binzhou Thus, it is not very likely that the difference in the CO proven that the volcanic body in the Yingcheng Formation contents of the two reservoirs is directly caused by the was formed at 117–102 Ma, i.e., Early Cretaceous, location of the heat flow diapirs. The gas migration chan- including the reservoir body intersected by wells Fs9, Fs9- nels (faults and/or volcanic conduits) and related gas 1, Fs701, Fs7, and Fs6, before the Cenozoic CO emission. accumulation modes of the two reservoirs are the factors The West Xu basement fault extends upward along the that control the large differences in the CO content of volcanic conduit, cuts through the volcanic body, and these reservoirs. In summary, there are two models for CO extends upward into the Denglouku Formation. Studies accumulation, i.e., the fault-controlled accumulation model conducted by the CNPC (Liu et al. 2016) in the Songliao and the volcanic conduit-controlled accumulation model Basin indicate that the West Xu Fault was formed in the (Fig. 10). Carboniferous-Permian, and it was active during the An example of the fault-controlled accumulation model Mesozoic and Cenozoic. In addition, the study conducted is the volcanic body that is located above the West Xu by Lu SF (Lu et al. 2017) on the Shahezi Formation shows Basement Fault and which is drilled by wells Fs6 and Fs7 that the source rocks reached the gas generating stage at (Fig. 10a). Many detailed studies (Liu et al. 2016) have 100–80 Ma, when the West Xu Fault was highly active. So 123 Mid Xu Fault West Xu Fault Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 705 Fs4 C401 Xs23 Xs21 C’ T2 T5 TC-P TD TK 11 TM C101 C201 Fs6 Fs7 Fs701 Fs9 Xs6 Xs1 Xs23 Xs21 Ss2 B B’ T2 0.5 T3 1.0 T4 1.5 2.0 T41 2.5 T42 Heat flow 3.0 ʏ West Xu Fault diapirs 3.5 ʐ Mid Xu Fault T43 4.0 ʑ East Xu Fault T5 ʒ ʒ Heat Flow diapirs 4.5 Fig. 9 Heat flow diapirs in Xujiaweizi, a interpretation of the seismic Formation; T42, top of the Shahezi Formation; T43, top of the section (15 s) conducted by CNPC; b interpretation of the seismic Huoshiling Formation; T5, top of the basement; TC-P, top of the section across Xujiaweizi). Note: T2, top of the Quantou Formation; Carboniferous-Permian Formation; TD, detachment surface; TK, 0 0 T3, top of the Denglouku Formation; T4, top of member 4 of the Conrad discontinuity; TM, Moho surface; the location of CC and BB Yingcheng Formation; T41, top of member 1 of the Yingcheng is referred to Fig. 1 a combination of these two conclusions shows that the concluded that neither the volcanic conduit nor the reser- West Xu Fault was open and active, allowing it to serve as voir body was damaged by later structural events. As a a channel for the migration of the hydrocarbon gas into the result, mantle-derived CO was able to migrate from the volcanic reservoir. By connecting the heat flow diapir body heat flow diapir upward along the volcanic conduit and located in the basement rocks, the volcanic conduits, the accumulate in the volcanic reservoir. Without a fault to Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation, and the reservoirs, provide a migration path, hydrocarbon gases in the strata of the West Xu Fault allowed mantle-derived CO to migrate the underlying Shahezi Formation could not accumulate in and accumulate in the gas reservoir located along the West the reservoir body (Sun et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017), Xu Fault, and in the meantime hydrocarbon gases released which resulted in CO contents as high as 70%–80% in from hydrocarbon-derived rocks in the strata of the Shahezi wells Fs701, Fs9-1, and Fs9. Formation also migrated and accumulated in this gas The two accumulation models mentioned above seem to reservoir (Rui et al. 2017c, d; Cui et al. 2018a, b). This provide foundations for predicting CO content in East accounts for the coexistence of CO and hydrocarbon gases Changde. As mentioned above, the horizontal distribution in wells Fs6 and Fs7, which resulted in a CO content of CO content is highly heterogeneous, and we concluded 2 2 lower than 40%. that this heterogeneity could be explained by the accu- An example of the volcanic conduit-controlled accu- mulation pathways. If the igneous rock reservoirs are cut mulation model is the volcanic rock reservoir intersected by basement faults, then the CO content would be gen- by wells Fs701, Fs9-1, and Fs9 (Fig. 10b). This volcanic erally less than 40% because the mixture of hydrocarbon body was formed by intermediate magma that welled up gases. The low CO content in the reservoir at the borehole along another volcanic conduit in the eastern part of the places of Well Fs6 and Fs7 indicate that the basement Xujiaweizi area. Lu et al. (2009) studied the structural faults in East Changde are open as the avenue for hydro- evolution and characteristics in Xujiaweizi area and carbon migration. If the igneous rock reservoirs connect East Xu Fault Time, s Time, s 706 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 C102 Fs6 Fs7 Fs701 Fs9-1 Fs9 K d Base K1yc K sh Hydrocarbon Meso-acid migration volc anic direction rock K hs CO migration Volcanic vent direction Base Hydrocarbon Source rock reservoirs Hydrocarbon-CO Faults reservoirs CO2 reservoirs Heat flow diapirs Fig. 10 Accumulation models for CO -containing reservoirs in East Changde, a fault-controlled accumulation model; b volcanic conduit- controlled accumulation model) with a volcanic conduit instead of being cut by basement the underlying strata migrate and accumulate in the reservoir, which results in lower CO -content reser- faults, then the CO content would be generally greater 2 2 than 70%. voirs. Whereas in the volcanic conduit-controlled accumulation model, CO migrates directly from the heat flow diapir to the reservoirs, and the hydrocarbon 5 Conclusions gases cannot effectively enter, resulting in higher CO - content reservoirs. In this study, the following conclusions have been reached: Acknowledgements This research was founded by the S&T devel- 1. The CO reservoirs in East Changde are actually two opment project ‘‘Key Factors Controlling Accumulation in Old Pet- sets of disconnected silicic volcanic reservoirs located roleum System (No. 2016A-0206)’’ by the China National Petroleum in the Yingcheng Formation (K yc ). One set of Corporation. reservoirs is intersected by wells Fs6 and Fs7, and the Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative other set is intersected by wells Fs701 and Fs9. The gas Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creative migration channels (faults or volcanic conduits) and commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, dis- gas accumulation modes of the two well areas (sets of tribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give reservoirs) are the factors that control the large appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were differences in the CO content of these reservoirs. made. 2. The CO migration and accumulation in East Changde can be accounted for by two models, i.e., a fault- controlled accumulation model and a volcanic conduit- References controlled accumulation model. The reservoirs formed by these models vary significantly. In the fault- Ballentine CJ, Schoell M, Coleman D, et al. Magmatic CO in natural controlled gas supply model, hydrocarbon gases in gases in the Permian Basin, West Texas: identifying the regional 123 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 707 source and filling history. J Geochem Explor. Mysen BO, Arcyllus RJ, Eggler DH. Solubility of carbon dioxide in 2000;70:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00045- melts of andesite, tholeiite, and olivine nephelinite composition 5. to 30 kbar pressure. Contrib Miner Pet. Cao RL. Frontiers of research on the mantle fluids. Earth Sci Front. 1975;53(4):227–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382441. 1996;3(4):161–71. Qu X, Chen X, Yu M, et al. Mineral dating of mantle—derived CO Cui G, Ren S, Rui ZH, et al. The influence of complicated fluid–rock charging and its application in the southern Songliao Basin, interactions on the geothermal exploitation in the CO plume China. Appl Geochem. 2016;68:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geothermal system. Appl Energy. 2018a. https://doi.org/10.1016/ apgeochem.2016.03.005. j.apenergy.2017.10.114. Rui ZH, Lu J, Zhang ZE, et al. A quantitative oil and gas reservoir Cui G, Wang Y, et al. Assessing the combined influence of fluid–rock evaluation system for development. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. interactions on reservoir properties and injectivity during CO 2017a;4:31–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2017.02.026. storage in saline aquifers. Energy. 2018b;155:281–96. https:// Rui ZH, Han G, Zhang H, et al. A new model to evaluate two leak doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.024. points in a gas pipeline. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. Dai JX. Geochemistry and accumulation of carbon dioxide gases in 2017b;46:491–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2017.08.025. China. AAPG Bull. 1996;80(10):1615–26. Rui ZH, Li CC, Peng F, et al. Development of industry performance Du LT. Progress in the study of inorganic genetic CO gas reservoirs. metrics for offshore oil and gas project. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. Pet Geol Oilfield Dev Daqing. 2005;24(2):1–4 (in Chinese). 2017c;39:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2017.01.022. Fu XF, Song Y. Inorganic gas and its resources in Songliao Basin. Rui ZH, Peng F, Ling KG, et al. Investigation into the performance of Acta Pet Sin. 2005;26(4):23–8 (in Chinese). oil and gas projects. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2017d;38:12–20. https:// Guan XR. Genesis of carbon dioxide of high purity in east China. Exp doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.049. Pet Geol. 1990;12(3):248–58 (in Chinese). Rui ZH, Wang X, et al. A realistic and integrated model for Guo ZQ, Wang XB, Yang BZ, et al. Abiogenic gas reservoir modes evaluating oil sands development with steam assisted gravity found in Songliao Basin. Nat Gas Ind. 2000;20(6):30–3 (in drainage technology in Canada. Appl Energy. Chinese). 2018a;213:76–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01. Guo J, Luo B, et al. Numerical investigation of hydraulic fracture 015. propagation in a layered reservoir using the cohesive zone Rui ZH, Cui K, et al. A comprehensive investigation on performance method. Eng Fract Mech. 2017a;186:195–207. https://doi.org/ of oil and gas development in Nigeria: technical and non- 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.10.013. technical analyses. Energy. 2018b;158:666–80. https://doi.org/ Guo TK, Li YC, Ding Y, et al. Evaluation of acid fracturing 10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.027. treatments in shale formation. Energy Fuel. Sano Y, Wakita H, Huang C. Helium flux in a continental land area 3 4 2017b;31(10):10479–89. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energy estimated from He/ He ratio in northern Taiwan. Nature. fuels.7b01398. 1986;323(6083):55–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/323055a0. He JX, Xia B, Liu BM, et al. Origin, migration and accumulation of Shao ML, Men JH, Wei ZP. The genesis type and enrichment CO in East China and offshore shelf basins. Pet Explor Exploit. condition of the CO2 in the southern part of Songliao Basin. Pet 2005;32(4):42–9. Geol Oilfield Dev Daqing. 2000;19(4):1–3 (in Chinese). Huo QL, Yang BZ, Fu L. Genesis of natural gas of eastern Changde Sun FJ, Jiao GH, Luo X, et al. The origin and formation of CO gas gas pool in northern Songliao Basin. Pet Explor Dev. pools in Songliao Basin, China. J Geochem Explor. 1998;25(4):9–17. 2009;101(1):99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.12.054. Li JK, Feng ZH, Liu W, et al. Research on reservoir forming time of Sun J, Gamboa E, Schechter D, et al. An integrated workflow for deep natural gas in Xujiaweizi faulted depression in Songliao characterization and simulation of complex fracture networks Basin. Acta Pet Sin. 2006;27:42–6 (in Chinese). utilizing microseismic and horizontal core data. J Nat Gas Sci Lin JY, Jiang T, Song LB, et al. The origin and gas vertical Eng. 2016;34:1347–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016. distribution of the Harjin mixed-gas reservoir. Acta Pet Sin. 08.024. 2010;31(6):927–32 (in Chinese). Tan Y, Zhang CM, Liu DL. Geochemical criterion of CO origin of Liu DL, Li ZS, Liu B, et al. Potential to form CO reservoirs through Changdedong gas deposit in north of Songliao Basin. Offshore adsorption of CO by volcanic rocks and case study. Reg Geol oil. 2005;25(3):18–23 (in Chinese). China. 2005;24(10–11):962–7 (in Chinese). Trull T, Nadeau S, Pineau F, et al. C-He systematics in hotspot Liu SB, Lu XS, Hong F, et al. Accumulation mechanisms and xenoliths: implications for mantle carbon contents and carbon distribution patterns of CO -containing natural gas reservoirs in recycling. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 1993;118(1–4):43–64. https:// the Songliao Basin. Beijing: Science Press; 2016. p. 67–73 (in doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90158-6. Chinese). Wang L, Wang SH, Zhang RL, et al. Review of multi-scale and multi- Lu XS, Song Y, Liu SB, et al. Progress in the studies of mantle- physical simulation technologies for shale and tight gas reser- derived CO degassing mechanism, degassing model and pool- voir. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2017;37:560–78. https://doi.org/10. forming mechanism. Earth Sci Front. 2008;15(6):293–302 (in 1016/j.jngse.2016.11.051. Chinese). Wang XX, Hou JG, Song SH, et al. Combining pressure-controlled Lu XS, Song Y, Liu SB, et al. Distribution and migration-accumu- porosimetry and rate-controlled porosimetry to investigate the lation mechanism of mantle-derived CO in Songliao Basin. fractal characteristics of full-range pores in tight oil reservoirs. Acta Pet Sin. 2009;30(5):661–6 (in Chinese). J Petrol Sci Eng. 2018;171:353–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Lu SF, Gu MW, Zhang FF, et al. Hydrocarbon accumulation stages petrol.2018.07.050. and type division of Shahezi Fm tight glutenite gas reservoirs in Wei LC, Lu XS, Song Y, et al. Formation and pool-forming model of the Xujiaweizi Rift basin, Songliao Basin. Nat Gas Ind. CO gas pool in eastern Changde area, Songliao Basin. Petrol 2017;37(6):12–21 (in Chinese). Explor Dev. 2009;36(2):174–80. Marty B, Jambon A, Sano Y. Helium isotopes and CO in volcanic Xu S, Nakai S, Wakita H, et al. Mantle-derived noble gases in natural gases of Japan. Chem Geol. 1989;76(1–2):25–40. https://doi.org/ gases from Songliao Basin, China. Geochim Et Cosmochim Ac. 10.1016/0009-2541(89)90125-3. 1995;59(22):4675–83. 123 708 Petroleum Science (2018) 15:695–708 Xu D, Zhou YQ, Zhu YL, et al. CO / He ratio of mantle derived CO Gas Sci Eng. 2017;38:527–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse. 2 2 gas pools and its formation mechanism in east China. Oil Gas 2017.01.005. Geol. 1999;20(4):290–4 (in Chinese). Zhang XD. Analysis on genesis and accumulation law of carbon Yang G, Zhao ZY, Shao ML. Formation of carbon dioxide and dioxide gas reservoirs in the northeastern areas of China. Acta hydrocarbon gas reservoirs in the Changling Rift basin, Songliao Geol Sin. 2003;24(6):13–23 (in Chinese). Basin. Pet Explor Dev. 2011;38(1):52–8. Zhang JH, Feng W, Li J, et al. Deep gases and their genetic types of Yu D, Lv YF, Fu XF, et al. Characteristics of fault structure and its the Xujiaweizi Rift basin zone, Songliao Basin and their control on deep gas reservoir in Xujiaweizi Rift basin, Songliao contribution. Acta Geol Sin. 2009;83(4):579–89 (in Chinese). Basin. Geol Rev. 2010;56(2):237–45 (in Chinese). Zeng J, Wang X, et al. Composite linear flow model for multi- fractured horizontal wells in heterogeneous shale reservoir. J Nat
Petroleum Science – Springer Journals
Published: Oct 16, 2018
You can share this free article with as many people as you like with the url below! We hope you enjoy this feature!
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.