Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
J. Tong, V. Juniat, P. Mckelvie, B. O’donnell, T. Hardy, A. McNab, D. Selva (2021)
Clinical and Radiological Features of Intramuscular Orbital Amyloidosis: A Case Series and Literature ReviewOphthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 38
(2018)
This article discusses different key imaging patterns of IgG4 including infraorbital nerve enlargement
A. McNab (2020)
Orbital Myositis: A Comprehensive Review and ReclassificationOphthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 36
F. Tortora, M. Cirillo, M. Ferrara, M. Belfiore, C. Carella, F. Caranci, S. Cirillo (2013)
Disease Activity in Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with Orbital MR Imaging and Correlation with Clinical ScoreThe Neuroradiology Journal, 26
F. Shafi, P. Mathewson, P. Mehta, H. Ahluwalia (2017)
The enlarged extraocular muscle: to relax, reflect or refer?Eye, 31
Evdokia Sfiniadaki, I. Tsiara, P. Theodossiadis, I. Chatziralli (2019)
Ocular Manifestations of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Review of the LiteratureOphthalmology and Therapy, 8
M. Conti, M. Osaki, A. Sant'anna, T. Osaki (2021)
Orbitopalpebral and ocular sarcoidosis: what does the ophthalmologist need to knowBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 106
A. Gonçalves, E. Gebrim, M. Monteiro (2012)
Imaging studies for diagnosing Graves' orbitopathy and dysthyroid optic neuropathyClinics, 67
H. Kıratlı, Kadriye Balci, Ç. Himmetoǧlu, A. Üner (2009)
Isolated extraocular muscle involvement as the ophthalmic manifestation of leukaemiaClinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 37
A. Eckardt, J. Lemound, M. Rana, N. Gellrich (2013)
Orbital lymphoma: diagnostic approach and treatment outcomeWorld Journal of Surgical Oncology, 11
Christopher Lo, Shoaib Ugradar, D. Rootman (2018)
Management of graves myopathy: Orbital imaging in thyroid-related orbitopathy.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 22 4
T. Sullivan, K. Whitehead, R. Williamson, D. Grimes, D. Schlect, I. Brown, G. Dickie (2005)
Lymphoproliferative Disease of the Ocular Adnexa: A Clinical and Pathologic Study With Statistical Analysis of 69 PatientsOphthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 21
M. Cunnane, H. Curtin (2016)
Imaging of orbital disorders.Handbook of clinical neurology, 135
B. Lacey, Wilma Chang, J. Rootman (1999)
Nonthyroid causes of extraocular muscle disease.Survey of ophthalmology, 44 3
G. Hoilat, Abinash Subedi, M. Ayas, N. Ozden (2020)
Keep an Eye Out for Crohn’s Disease: Orbital Myositis as the Initial Sign before Gastrointestinal ManifestationsEuropean Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine, 7
K. Vahdani, G. Rose (2020)
Sarcoid Orbital Myopathy: Clinical Presentation and OutcomesOphthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 36
J. Debnam, Kirthi Koka, B. Esmaeli (2021)
Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease: Graves Eye Disease.Neuroimaging clinics of North America, 31 3
Albert Wu, N. Andrew, A. McNab, D. Selva (2015)
IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease: Pooling of Published Cases and Literature ReviewCurrent Allergy and Asthma Reports, 15
particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance
Dide Wu, Hongzhang Zhu, Shubin Hong, Bin Li, Mengsha Zou, Xiaoyi Ma, Xiaojuan Zhao, Pengxia Wan, Zhiyun Yang, Yanbing Li, Haipeng Xiao (2021)
Utility of multi-parametric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the lacrimal gland for diagnosing and staging Graves' ophthalmopathy.European journal of radiology, 141
A. Aydin, A. Çakır, D. Erşanlı (2010)
Isolated extraocular muscle involvement as the ophthalmic manifestation of leukaemia: an alternative explanationClinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 38
I. Murdoch, T. Sullivan, I. Moseley, P. Hawkins, M. Pepys, S. Tan, A. Garner, J. Wright (1996)
Primary localised amyloidosis of the orbit.British Journal of Ophthalmology, 80
Christian El-Hadad, Kirthi Koka, W. Dong, Thai Do, M. Haider, Jocelyn Ursua, J. Ning, J. Debnam, B. Esmaeli (2021)
Multidisciplinary Management of Orbital Metastasis and Survival OutcomesOphthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 37
B. Purohit, M. Vargas, A. Ailianou, L. Merlini, P. Poletti, A. Platon, B. Delattre, O. Rager, K. Burkhardt, M. Becker (2015)
Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imagingInsights into Imaging, 7
L. Watkins, K. Carter, J. Nerad (2011)
Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma of the Extraocular Muscles: Case Series From the University of Iowa and Review of the LiteratureOphthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 27
A. Weber, F. Jakobiec, N. Sabates (1996)
Pseudotumor of the orbit.Neuroimaging clinics of North America, 6 1
T. Olsen, S. Heegaard (2019)
Orbital lymphoma.Survey of ophthalmology, 64 1
R. Kapur, A. Sepahdari, M. Mafee, A. Putterman, V. Aakalu, L. Wendel, P. Setabutr (2008)
MR Imaging of Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome, Orbital Cellulitis, and Orbital Lymphoid Lesions: The Role of Diffusion-Weighted ImagingAmerican Journal of Neuroradiology, 30
C. Izambart, P. Robert, F. Petellat, B. Petit, P. Gastaud, J. Lagier, F. Labrousse, J. Adenis (2008)
Extraocular Muscle Involvement in Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphomas of the OrbitOrbit, 27
Nupur Kikani, R. Gaba (2021)
Primer on Graves’ Disease: What the Ophthalmologist Should Know and DoInternational Ophthalmology Clinics, 61
Y. Chin, C. Ng, M. Lee, J. Koh, J. Kiew, S. Yang, G. Sundar, C. Khoo (2020)
Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic reviewClinical Endocrinology, 93
A. Erdei, Z. Steiber, C. Molnár, E. Berényi, E. Nagy (2018)
Exophthalmos in a young woman with no graves’ disease – a case report of IgG4-related orbitopathyBMC Ophthalmology, 18
Jiliang Ren, Ying Yuan, Yingwei Wu, X. Tao (2018)
Differentiation of orbital lymphoma and idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: combined diagnostic value of conventional MRI and histogram analysis of ADC mapsBMC Medical Imaging, 18
A. Thompson, A. Thompson, A. Thompson, Andy Whyte, Andy Whyte (2018)
Imaging of IgG4-related disease of the head and neck.Clinical radiology, 73 1
Mahatma Guzman-Soto, Yukiyoshi Kimura, G. Romero-Sánchez, Jose Cienfuegos-Alvear, F. Candanedo-Gonzalez, Yumi Kimura-Sandoval, D. Sanchez-Nava, Ingrid Alonso-Ramon, A. Hinojosa-Azaola (2021)
From Head to Toe: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
H. Demirci, M. Christianson (2011)
Orbital and adnexal involvement in sarcoidosis: analysis of clinical features and systemic disease in 30 cases.American journal of ophthalmology, 151 6
Neeraja Boddu, M. Jumani, V. Wadhwa, Gitanjali Bajaj, F. Faas (2017)
Not All Orbitopathy Is Graves’: Discussion of Cases and Review of LiteratureFrontiers in Endocrinology, 8
J. Franco, N. Lee (2020)
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as recurrent, multifocal orbital myositisOrbit, 40
Amaka Eneh, J. Farmer, V. Kratky (2016)
Primary localized orbital amyloid: case report and literature review; 2004-2015.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie, 51 4
M. Pakdaman, A. Sepahdari, S. Elkhamary (2014)
Orbital inflammatory disease: Pictorial review and differential diagnosis.World journal of radiology, 6 4
D. Jordan, John Park, D. Al-Breiki (2021)
Acute orbital inflammation with loss of vision: a paradoxical adverse event associated with infliximab therapy for Crohn’s diseaseOrbit, 41
M. Colon, Lara Khoury (2020)
Letter to the editor: orbital compartment syndrome as the first manifestation of SLEClinical Rheumatology, 39
C. Tiegs-Heiden, L. Eckel, Christopher Hunt, F. Diehn, K. Schwartz, D. Kallmes, D. Salomão, T. Witzig, J. Garrity (2014)
Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease of the Orbit: Imaging Features in 27 PatientsAmerican Journal of Neuroradiology, 35
W. Wiersinga, Noortje Regensburg, M. Mourits (2013)
Differential Involvement of Orbital Fat and Extraocular Muscles in Graves' OphthalmopathyEuropean Thyroid Journal, 2
J. Shields, C. Shields, R. Scartozzi (2004)
Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: The 2002 Montgomery Lecture, part 1.Ophthalmology, 111 5
Noriko Nishikawa, Yuriya Kawaguchi, Ami Konno, Y. Kitani, H. Takei, Y. Yanagi (2021)
Primary isolated amyloidosis in the extraocular muscle as a rare cause of ophthalmoplegia: A case report and literature reviewAmerican Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports, 22
A. Klingenstein, Aylin Garip-Kuebler, S. Priglinger, C. Hintschich, U. Mueller-Lisse (2021)
Morphologic Cross-Sectional Imaging Features of IgG4-Related Orbitopathy in Comparison to Ocular Adnexal LymphomaClinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 15
(2021)
chez-Nava DA, Alonso-Ramon I, Hinojosa-Azaola A. From head to toe: granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Radiographics
Lamya Eissa, A. Razek, E. Helmy (2020)
Arterial spin labeling and diffusion-weighted MR imaging: Utility in differentiating idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor from orbital lymphoma.Clinical imaging, 71
G. Savino, G. Midena, T. Tartaglione, L. Milonia, C. Caputo, G. Grimaldi (2019)
Clinical-Radiological Patterns and Histopathological Outcomes in Non-Thyroid Extraocular Muscle Enlargement: Retrospective Case Series and Current ConceptsOphthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 36
P. Guo, J. Xian, F. Man, Zhaohui Liu, Fei Yan, J. Zhao, Zhen-chang Wang (2016)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Extraocular Muscle Lymphoma in Five CasesChinese Medical Journal, 129
I. Mombaerts, G. Rose, D. Verity (2017)
Diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles: when and how to biopsyCurrent Opinion in Ophthalmology, 28
AL Weber, LV Romo, NR Sabates (1999)
Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluationRadiol Clin North Am, 37
Michele Marinò, I. Ionni, G. Lanzolla, A. Sframeli, F. Latrofa, R. Rocchi, Claudio Marcocci (2019)
Orbital diseases mimicking graves’ orbitopathy: a long-standing challenge in differential diagnosisJournal of Endocrinological Investigation, 43
T. Ferreira, P. Saraiva, S. Genders, M. Buchem, G.P.M. Luyten, J. Beenakker (2018)
CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammationNeuroradiology, 60
R. Wiggins, S. Byrne (2012)
Metastatic tumor to the extraocular muscles: report of 5 cases.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 16 5
R. Gausas, M. Damani, K. Cockerham (2014)
Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation
B. Eshraghi, S. Sonbolestan, M. Abtahi, Arash Mirmohammadsadeghi (2019)
Clinical characteristics, histopathology, and treatment outcomes in adult and pediatric patients with nonspecific orbital inflammationJournal of Current Ophthalmology, 31
Min-Seok Kang, H. Yang, Namju Kim, Jeong-Min Hwang (2020)
Clinical Features of Ocular Motility in Idiopathic Orbital MyositisJournal of Clinical Medicine, 9
E. Polito, P. Galieni, Antonio Leccisotti (1996)
Clinical and radiological presentation of 95 orbital lymphoid tumorsGraefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 234
Sara Crisóstomo, J. Cardigos, D. Fernandes, M. Luís, G. Pires, A. Duarte, A. Boavida (2019)
Bilateral metastases to the extraocular muscles from small cell lung carcinoma.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
G. Priego, C. Majós, F. Climent, A. Muntané (2012)
Orbital lymphoma: imaging features and differential diagnosisInsights into Imaging, 3
Aftab Zafar, D. Jordan (2004)
Enlarged extraocular muscles as the presenting feature of acromegaly.Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 20 4
S. Kono, H. Takashima, D. Suzuki, T. Terada, T. Konishi, H. Miyajima (2014)
Orbital myositis associated with discoid lupus erythematosusLupus, 23
Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Purpose of ReviewTo provide the radiologist with tools to recognize findings atypical for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and differentiate between the most important and common alternative causes of extraocular muscle enlargement on CT and MR imaging.Recent findingsWe introduce five ‘red flags’ representing features that are atypical for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: unilateral disease, atypical pattern of muscle involvement, adjacent structure involvement, restricted diffusion, and absence of pain.SummaryAbout 95% of the cases with extraocular enlargement are due to Graves’ ophthalmopathy, other causes are less well known and recognized. The ‘red flags’ may aid in recognizing and suggesting alternative diagnoses.
Current Radiology Reports – Springer Journals
Published: Feb 1, 2022
Keywords: Extraocular muscle enlargement; Graves’ ophthalmopathy; Atypical causes; Overview
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.