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We tried to find the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber and to analyze the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project in Korea. We first examined the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber in the relating literatures. Then, we analyzed the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union of Gyeongnam Province in 2016–2018 by using the cost benefit analysis method. The net income of the release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was 69,850 Korean won. The benefit to cost ratio of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was estimated to be 1.7, indicating that the project was economically feasible. In order to improve the economic feasibility of the sea cucumber release project, as we see in the case of the Woncheon fishing village union, it is necessary to manage the purchase of the sea cucumber seedling, to improve the recapture rate of sea cucumber, and to manage marketing of sea cucumber. Keywords: Sea cucumber, Optimal growth condition, Effectiveness, Seedling release Background economically important and valuable species in China (Ru Recently, due to the economic importance of sea cucum- et al. 2019). ber, technological developments on artificial seed produc- In terms of supply and demand of sea cucumber, tion and aquaculture have been carried out in many China’s sea cucumber consumption was 200,969 tons in countries including Korea, China, and Japan. Even though 2014, which exceeded its supply (China Fishery Group China has some challenges restricting development of the 2015). Now, China is looking for alternative sea cucum- sea cucumber industry, which includes weaknesses in the ber farms in Russia, Japan, and North Korea and is basic biological research, the issue of germplasm degrad- attempting joint sea cucumber farming in South Korea. ation, environmental stress caused by global climate In Japan, in response to the growing demand for dried change, and food safety issues. The production of Aposti- sea cucumber in China and other countries, large-scale chopus japonicus has become commercially lucrative and fisheries companies are, in connection with village fish- successful after nearly 30 years of development (Ru et al. eries, expanding the sea cucumber production (Aoki 2019). Apostichopus japonicus is mainly distributed in the Prefecture Fisheries Technology Center 2012a). In northern waters of the western Pacific, including the Korea, sea cucumber production reached 2491 tons in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea of China, as well as the eastern 1990, which declined due to shrinking habitats caused coast of Russia and the coasts of Japan and South Korea by pollution of coastal fisheries and coastal landfills, (Yanagisawa 1998, Zhang et al. 2017). Now the Japanese resulting in 833 tons in 2002 (Kang et al. 2012). sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus is the most However, sea cucumber production increased, through the release and aquaculture of sea cucumber seedlings, to 2045 tons in 2017 (Korean Statistical Information Ser- * Correspondence: choisd@jnu.ac.kr vice 2019). Division of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, In order to solve the shortage and price increase of sea South Korea cucumbers, sea cucumber seedlings have been released Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 2 of 8 and farmed in Korea, China, and Japan, and research on collect the sea cucumber after the growth period. How- the optimum growth environment of sea cucumber has ever, if the municipal, provincial, or central government been carried out to enhance the effectiveness of such re- carry out seedling discharge project and the produced sea leases. In this study, we try to find the optimal growth cucumber is collected by the harvesting company and dis- conditions of sea cucumbers by examining various relat- tributed at a certain agreed rate between the fishing village ing literature in Korea, China, and Japan, and suggest and the harvesting company, the harvester’s share will not the results with respect to the factors that compose the be counted as a cost in the B-C analysis because the share habitat environments. Then, we analyze the effectiveness will be the harvester’s income. As was stated earlier, the of a sea cucumber release project in Korea using the sea harvesters take 45% of the harvest and the fishing village cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fish- takes 55% of the harvest. ing village union of Gyeongnam Province in 2016–2018. The benefit required for the B-C analysis is the In Korea, sea cucumbers are released by individual amount of production that can be gained from the sales fishers, and fishing village unions subsidized by central of sea cucumber. If individual business operators or fish- and local governments in sites considered to satisfy the ing villages directly collect the released sea cucumber optimal growth conditions of sea cucumbers. Subsidies and sell them, the total amount of the sea cucumber to releasing of sea cucumbers are usually given to a production will be the direct income of the individual couple of fishing village unions representing one prov- business operators or the fishing village. However, when ince. Then, the subsidies are offered to other fishing vil- the fishing village produces sea cucumber by hiring har- lage unions or other regions in the province if they are vesters instead of collecting the sea cucumber directly, economically feasible. The Woncheon fishing village and distributes the produced sea cucumber at a certain union or Woncheon village is one of the representative rate with the harvesters, the benefit of the sea cucumber releasing sites designated by Gyeongnam Province in seed release project is the total production amount of 2016–2018. The results of the feasibility analysis of the sea cucumber. The distribution ratio between the fishing releasing project by Woncheon fishing village unions are village and the harvester multiplied by the total produc- important because, as mentioned earlier, the subsidized tion amount will be their respective income. releasing project of sea cucumber can be extended to In order to calculate the benefit of sea cucumber dis- the fishing village unions or other areas that satisfy the charge, we first estimate the yield of the resources by optimal growth conditions of sea cucumbers in Gyeong- examining the release of the sea cucumber, the growth nam Province. period, the final average weight at the time of final har- vest, and the recapture rate, which is the ratio between Methods initial discharge and final harvest. The equation can be Examination of optimal growth conditions for sea given as follows: cucumber In order for the released sea cucumbers to settle stably Q ¼ N R W ð1Þ and grow rapidly, various environmental conditions must be suitable for the habitat or site of release. Some of the factors that compose the habitat environments favorable where to growth of sea cucumbers include water temperature, Q is the quantity of production salinity, depth of water, velocity of water current, and N is the number of cucumber released quality of the substrate or farming site. We examined the R is the recapture rate optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber in the relating W is the average weight literatures in in Korea, China, and Japan. As shown in the above Eq. (1), in order to increase the production of sea cucumber, the value of each variable Cost and benefit analysis constituting the production amount should be increased. The cost and benefit analysis method is used to analyze In order to increase the recapture rate, the survival rate the economic feasibility of the sea cucumber discharge of the released sea cucumber should be high, and the sea project in Woncheon fishing village union of Gyeongnam cucumber should not move away and stay in the vicinity Province. The cost of purchasing and releasing sea of the release sites, so that efforts and costs for harvest- cucumber seedlings is used as a cost in B-C analysis. The ing should not increase. If the sea cucumber cannot be collecting or harvesting cost, which is the cost of collect- recovered from the place where the sea cucumber have ing the sea cucumber after the growth period of about 2 been released, the final recapture rate of released cu- years, should be included as a cost, if the individual busi- cumber will be very low and the production amount of ness operators or the fishing villages implement the dis- sea cucumber and the economic effectiveness of sea cu- charge project by themselves and hire the harvesters to cumber seedling release will be significantly lowered. Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 3 of 8 When the production of sea cucumber is estimated, examined. The release cost of sea cucumber seedlings the market price of sea cucumber is multiplied, and the released in 2017 was KRW 180 million and the number total production amount of sea cucumber, which is a of released stocks reached 370,849. In the case of benefit required for economic analysis, can be obtained. Woncheon fishing village union, harvesting of sea cu- cumber was handled by the harvesters, and 45% of the A ¼ Q P ð2Þ harvested sea cucumbers are distributed to the har- vesters, so they are not included in the harvest costs. where The recapture rate of sea cucumber from November A is the aggregate production amount 2018 to April 2019 was 51.2%, and the average weight Q is the quantity of production was 168.9 g. The price of sea cucumber was assumed to P is the average market price be KRW 9500/kg, reflecting the price of sea cucumber When the total production amount of sea cucumber is from 2017 to 2019. obtained, it can be compared with the sea cucumber seedling release cost, from which the economic effect Data collection can be obtained. The equation can be given as follows. Woncheon fishing village union has received public sup- EE ¼ðÞ B−C ¼ A−C ð3Þ port for the release of sea cucumber seedlings since 2014. The members of the fishing village union had in- or stalled natural rocks in the left and right coasts of the Woncheon port and carried out the project for release EE ¼ðÞ B=C ¼ A=C ð4Þ of sea cucumber seedlings. And they have been experi- where encing an increase in the production of sea cucumber (B − C) is the difference between benefits and costs of since then. The release of sea cucumber seedlings from sea cucumber seedling release. 2014 to 2018 is shown in Table 1 below. (B/C) is the benefits and cost ratio of sea cucumber The Woncheon fishing village union contracts the sea seedling release cucumber harvesting with woman divers and the diving A is the total amount of sea cucumber apparatus fishery (DAF) divers on every 2 to 3 years and C is the costs of sea cucumber seedling discharge allows them to collect sea cucumber. The cost of pur- project chasing the sea cucumber seedlings is borne by the Woncheon fishing village union. While the seedlings are Premise of analysis growing after release, the harvesters are responsible for The release of sea cucumber seedling by Woncheon fish- the custody and harvest of the sea cucumber. After the ing village union of Gyeongnam Province was carried sea cucumber is harvested, the harvesters take 45% of out several times from 2014 to 2018 and the harvest of the harvest and the fishing village takes 55% of the har- sea cucumber was carried out between 2014 and April vest. More than 50% of the sea cucumber harvests are 2019. We considered the case that the release of sea cu- sold by free sales system and the rest are sold by obliga- cumber seedling was carried out on 2 May 2017, and the tory sales system. The price of sea cucumber was higher harvest of sea cucumber was carried out between No- than KRW 10,000/kg until 2015, but it has been declin- vember 2018 and April 2019, for which the economic ing since then, reaching KRW 9000~10,000/kg in 2019. feasibility of the sea cucumber release project was The production of sea cucumber, the amount of Table 1 Release of sea cucumber seedlings of Woncheon fishing village Union Project Release date Distributer Release Unit Release cost (KRW 1000) year (unit) price (Won) Total Subsidy National Provincial County Self- sum total subsidy subsidy subsidy burden (48%) (12%) (30%) (10%) 2014 2014 December 17 Angang Bay 253,494 470 Sea Fishery Cooperative 2015 2016 April 12 Namhae Fishery 439,589 389 180,000 162,000 86,400 21,600 54,000 18,000 2016 2017 May 02 Namhae Fishery 370,849 482 180,000 162,000 86,400 21,600 54,000 18,000 2017 2018 April 27 Badagil, 455,651 353.7 161,109 144,999 77,333 19,333 48,333 16,110 (Co. Limited) 2018 2018 December 06 Daebak Fishery 268,380 345 92,591 83,332 44,444 11,111 27,777 9259 Source: Namhae County Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 4 of 8 production, and the unit price per kilogram from 2012 reported 6~10 m as a depth suitable for sea cucumbers. to 2018 are shown in Table 2 below. Lee et al. (2018) also reported 5~10 m as the depth suit- able for inhabit of sea cucumbers. For the velocity of Results water, less than 0.6 m/s and less than 2 m/s were re- Optimal growth conditions for sea cucumber ported as adequate velocity in Korea. Considering this, Korean case Lee et al. regarded 0.2~0.4 m/s as adequate velocity (Lee Water temperature is one of the most important eco- et al. 2018). logical factors that affect growth and physiological pro- The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries re- cesses in aquatic eurytherms. According to the 2014 ported the substrate with rock, sand, and mud as ad- Fisheries Seedling Management Project Guidelines, sea equate for sea cucumber aquaculture. The Ministry of cucumbers grow most stably at 10~15 °C, begin to pre- Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs reported the sub- pare for aestivation at 20 °C or higher, and enter strate with rock, amber stone, and mud was adequate aestivation at the temperature up to 24 °C (Korea Fisher- for sea cucumber aquaculture (Ministry of Agriculture, ies Resources Agency 2014a). However, if the water Food and Rural Affairs 2011). Korea Fisheries Resources temperature persists above 28 °C, it is difficult for sea Agency reported the substrate with coarse gravel and cucumbers to adapt to that temperature. Thus the habi- sand as suitable for sea cucumber aquaculture (Korea tat with the temperature higher than 28 °C is considered Fisheries Resources Agency 2013c). Lee et al. (2013) re- unsuitable for released sea cucumbers (Korea Fisheries ported the substrate with rock and muddy sand was ad- Resources Agency 2014b). Lee et al. (2018) regarded the equate for sea cucumber aquaculture. Lee et al. (2018) water temperature, 10~15 °C as suitable for growth of also reported the substrate with rock, stone, and muddy sea cucumbers. Unlike others, however, Jeong et al. sand with less than 20% sand in the substrate as (2019) reported that sea cucumbers grow even at the adequate. temperature higher than 28 °C. For salinity, 28~34 psu was reported to be suitable for a habitat for the released Chinese case sea cucumbers (Kang et al. 2012). Lee et al. (2018) also A few reports showed that empirically, Apostichopus reported salinity levels of 28~34 psu as appropriate japonicus could grow at a temperature range of salinity. 10~20 °C (Sui 1990; Yu and Song 1999; Chen 2004; Yang For water depth, 5~10 m was reported as a suitable et al. 2005). Dong et al. (2006) found that the optimum depth for the released sea cucumbers in the develop- temperature for growth of Apostichopus japonicus was ment project of sea cucumber island in Yangyang-gun, 15~18 °C. Based upon which, Ji et al. (2008) chose 20 °C Korea (Korea Fisheries Resources Agency 2013a). In as optimal temperature for growth of sea cucumbers. addition, 5~20 m was reported as a suitable depth for The water temperature of 10~15 °C, was regarded as ad- the released sea cucumbers in the sea cucumber aqua- equate in the cucumber farming areas in Shandong culture guidebook (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and (Kang et al. 2012). Chen (2004), Yang et al. (2005) and Ji Rural Affairs 2011). In the plan report for the establish- et al. (2008) chose 26 °C as the threshold temperature to ment sea cucumber aquacultural complex, the depth less aestivation. The Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute than 30 m was reported as a suitable depth (Korea Fish- reported that 70% of sea cucumbers of less than 85 g ap- eries Resources Agency 2013b). Lee et al. (2013) peared at the depth of 1.7 m and 90% of sea cucumbers of more than 126 g appeared at the depth of 7.7 m (Kang Table 2 Annual production of sea cucumber, production et al. 2012). Choi (1963) reported that sea cucumbers of amount, and unit price per kilogram 50~100 g appeared at depth of 5 m and below, 100~150 Year Production volume Production amount Unit price/kg g at depths of 5~10 m, and 150~200 g at depths of (kg) (KRW 1000) (KRW 1000) 10~15 m. The velocity of 0.5 m/s or less was reported as 2012 5400 88,211 16.34 adequate. For the substrate, it was reported that sea cu- 2013 6815 90,214 13.24 cumber distribution was high at the habitat with low mud, and that reefs and sands with high sea algae and 2014 7457 87,295 11.71 seagrass were adequate (Kang et al. 2012). 2015 8121 86,921 10.70 2016 9456 80,129 8.47 Japanese case 2017 14,400 100,800 7.00 Aomori Fisheries Research Institute reported that the 2018(~June) 13,100 91,700 7.00 period when the water temperature was 2~10 °C met the The amount of production shown in the Table 2 is the amount of production habitat conditions of released sea cucumbers (Aoki Pre- that can be verified by the obligatory sales system, and the actual amount of fecture Fisheries Technology Center 2012a, b). For water production harvested is estimated to be more than the amount of production shown in the Table 2 depth, the project to increase of releasing sea cucumber Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 5 of 8 reported 10 m as the adequate for the release of sea cu- cucumber is the point where the price of harvested sea cumbers (Hokkaido Research Organization 2012). Lee cucumber is KRW 5613/kg. When the price of harvested et al. (2018) also considered 5~10 m suitable for growing sea cucumber is higher than the price, the seedling re- sea cucumbers. For the velocity, the site with slow water lease project in Woncheon fishing village union will have flow was regarded as adequate. For the substrate, it was the economic feasibility. reported that sea cucumbers were distributed in the When the recapture rate of sea cucumber and the habitat with amber stone and sands, and less than 10% price of sea cucumber are given as assumed, the break- of mud, but sea cucumbers did not inhabit in the site even point of the sea cucumber seedling release project with 27.8% or more of mud (Aoki Prefecture Fisheries in Woncheon fishing village union in terms of the price Technology Center 2012a). of the sea cucumber seedling is the point where the price of the sea cucumber seedling is KRW 822 each. Economic effectiveness of sea cucumber seedling release When the price of the sea cucumber seedling is lower Based on the above analysis, the economic feasibility of than the price, the seedling release project in Woncheon the sea cucumber seedling release project in Woncheon fishing village union will have the economic feasibility. fishing village union of Gyeongnam Province is as fol- lows. The production of sea cucumber obtained using Discussion the released sea cucumber, recapture rate, and average Optimal growth conditions for sea cucumber weight of the harvested sea cucumber seedlings is 32, The optimum growth conditions for sea cucumber were 070 kg, and the total amount is KRW 307,044. The pro- similar in all three countries, although there were some duction cost of sea cucumber reaches KRW 180,000 differences. The adequate water temperature is at which is sea cucumber seedling release fee. The eco- 5~15 °C in Korea and China, but 2~10 °C in Japan, of nomic effect of the sea cucumber seedling release project which lower limit is smaller than that of other two coun- is as shown in the following Table 3. tries. For the water depth, 6~10 m seems to be appropri- The economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seed- ate in all three countries. The substrate with rock and ling release project in Woncheon fishing village union is muddy sand seems to be adequate in all three countries. KRW 127 million, which is the total production amount of released sea cucumber with the release project cost sub- Sensitivity analysis tracted. The fishing village union and the harvesters dis- The cost and benefit of the sea cucumber seedling release tribute the total production amount at a ratio of 55:45, so project can be affected by the recapture rate, the price of the net income of the fishing village union is KRW 69,850. the seedling, and the market price of the collected sea cu- The income of the harvesters reaches KRW 57,150. The cumber. Therefore, the sensitivity analysis should be per- benefit to cost ratio of the sea cucumber seedling dis- formed to analyze the economic feasibility reflecting the charge project in Woncheon fishing village union is esti- change of the situations or conditions. The higher the mated to be 1.7, indicating that sea cucumber seedling market price of sea cucumber seedlings, the lower the mo- release project is economically feasible. bility of sea cucumber and the higher survival rate of sea When the price of sea cucumber and the price of sea cucumber seedlings, the higher the economic effectiveness cucumber seedlings are given as assumed, the break- of sea cucumber seedlings release project. even point of the sea cucumber seedlings release project According to the FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources in Woncheon fishing village union in terms of recapture Agency), the B to C ratio of the sea cucumber release pro- rate of sea cucumber is the point where the recapture jects in Jeonnam Province and Gyeongnam Province in rate is 30.25%. When the recapture rate is higher than 2008 ~ 2010 were 3.18. The B to C ratio of the sea cucum- 30.25%, the sea cucumber seedlings release project in ber release projects in Chungnam Province, Gangwon Woncheon fishing village union will have the economic Province, Gyeongbuk Province, Incheon City, Jeonnam feasibility. On the other hand, when the recapture rate Province and Gyeongnam Province in 2013~2014 was of sea cucumber and the price of sea cucumber seedlings 1.45, indicating that both were effective. Park et al. (2013) are given as assumed, the break-even point of the sea cu- analyzed the economic effects of the sea cucumber seed- cumber seedling release project in Woncheon fishing vil- lings project in Gyeongbuk Province and found that the B lage union in terms of the price of harvested sea to C ratio was 2, which is efficient. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the economic feasibility varied greatly de- Table 3 Economic effects of the sea cucumber seedling release pending on changes in recapture rate, market price, and project in Woncheon fishing village union seedling price. And it had been shown that there were Release cost Total production Economic Effectiveness B to C ratio cases in which the economic effectiveness was lost. (KRW 1000) (KRW 1000) (KRW 1000) Sensitivity analysis was carried out for the range of 10 180,000 307,044 127,044 1.7 to 70% of recapture rate in consideration of the Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 6 of 8 precedent cases to see how the economic effectiveness In order to see how the economic effect of the sea cucum- of the sea cucumber seedling release project in Wonch- ber seedling release project in Woncheon fishing village eon fishing village union changes according to the union changes with the change of the sea cucumber price, change of the recapture rate. The analysis results are the prices of sea cucumber from 2012 to 2019 are included shown in the following Table 4. in the sensitivity analysis. The price of sea cucumber ranged As shown in Table 4, the economic feasibility of the pro- from KRW 5000 to KRW 20,000/kg. The results of the sensi- ject for the release of the sea cucumber seedlings de- tivity analysis are shown in Table 5 below. creases with the decrease in the recapture rate. If the As shown in Table 5, the economic feasibility of the recapture rate drops to the value less than 30.25%, the sea cucumber seedlings release project decreases as the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling price of sea cucumber falls. If the price of sea cucumber release project in Woncheon fishing village union is nega- drops to the value less than KRW 5613, the economic tive, which means there is no economic feasibility. On the effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release pro- contrary, if the recapture rate increases, the economic ef- ject in Woncheon fishing village union becomes nega- fectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project in tive. On the contrary, if the price of sea cucumber rises, Woncheon fishing village union will be improved. the economic effectiveness increases. In order to improve the economic feasibility of the sea Marketing management of the sea cucumber needed cucumber discharge project in the Woncheon fishing to improve economic effectiveness is an attempt to raise village union of Gyeongnam Province, it is necessary to the shipping price of sea cucumber and increase the increase the recapture rate of released sea cucumber. In value of the benefit in economic analysis. Since the price order to raise the recapture rate, the survival rate of the of sea cucumber is determined by the market, the at- seedlings must be high, and the sea cucumber should tempt cannot directly affect the price of sea cucumber, stay in the vicinity of the release sites, so that efforts and but the price of sea cucumber can be kept high by costs for harvesting should not increase. The survival adjusting the shipping time and amount, and the eco- rate of seedlings is related to the quality of seedlings and nomic effectiveness can be increased accordingly. this is also related to the cost of seedlings. Therefore, Sensitivity analysis was carried out for the case where the selection of seedlings should be based on the consid- the price of sea cucumber seedlings ranged from KRW eration of cost, quality, or survival rate. 200 to KRW 1000 to see how the economic effectiveness In order to increase the recapture rate, the seedling of the sea cucumber seedling release project in Wonch- should not move far away from release sites during the eon fishing village union changes according to the growing period, so that it can be harvested in large change of sea cucumber seedling price. The results of quantity at harvest time. In order to prevent the seed- the analysis are shown in Table 6 below. lings from moving far away, it is necessary to select the As shown in Table 6, the economic effectiveness of release sites with good nourishing environments. Park the sea cucumber seedlings release project decreases as et al. (2013) also emphasized the importance of selection the sea cucumber seed price rises. If the price of sea cu- of release sites for the good results of the sea cucumber cumber seedlings rises to the value higher than KRW seedling release project in Gyeongbuk Province area. In 822, the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber addition, the cost for harvesting should be small, which seedling release project in Woncheon fishing village will improve the economic feasibility by reducing the union becomes negative. As the prices of sea cucumber value of the cost in the benefit cost analysis. seedlings declines, the economic effectiveness of the sea Table 4 Sensitivity analysis for recapture rate Recapture rate (%) Economic effectiveness Benefit to cost Remarks Table 5 Sensitivity analysis of sea cucumber prices (KRW 1000) ratio Price of sea cucumber Economic effectiveness Benefit to Remark 10 − 120,495 0.33 (KRW/kg) (KRW 1000) cost ratio 20 − 60,991 0.66 2500 − 99,825 0.45 30 − 1486 0.99 5000 − 19,651 0.89 30.25 1 1.00 5612.75 0 1.00 40 58,018 1.32 7500 60,524 1.34 50 117,523 1.65 9500 124,663 1.69 51.2 124,663 1.69 10,000 140,698 1.78 60 177,027 1.98 15,000 301,048 2.67 70 236,532 2.31 20,000 461,397 3.56 Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 7 of 8 Table 6 Sensitivity analysis of sea cucumber seed price Therefore, what is needed more in this study is to find out how the optimal growth conditions of sea cucum- Unit price Economic effectiveness Benefit to cost Remark (KRW) (KRW 1000) ratio bers affect the economic effectiveness of sea cucumber 200 230,494 4.11 releasing, and thus further studies regarding this rela- tionship are needed. In addition, a more detailed and ex- 400 156,324 2.05 tensive comparative studies of the optimal growth 485.37 124,664 1.69 conditions of sea cucumbers in China, Japan, and Korea 600 82,154 1.37 are needed to find out the factors pivotal to the growth 800 7984 1.03 of sea cucumbers and the relationship between those 821.53 0 1.00 factors and economic effectiveness of sea cucumber 1000 − 66,186 0.82 releasing. cucumber seedling release project in Woncheon fishing Conclusions village union increases significantly. We tried to find the optimal growth conditions of sea In order to improve the economic feasibility of the sea cucumber and to analyze the economic effectiveness of cucumber release project in Woncheon fishing village the sea cucumber seedling release project in Korea. We union of Gyeongnam province, it is necessary to manage first presented some optimal growth conditions of sea the purchase of the sea cucumber seedling, to improve cucumber in Korea, China, and Japan by reviewing the the recapture rate of sea cucumber, and to manage mar- relating literatures. Then, we presented the economic keting of sea cucumber. Through the adequate manage- effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release pro- ment of seedling purchase, the purchase cost of seedling ject of the Woncheon fishing village union of Gyeong- can be lowered, which is possible by lowering the pur- nam Province in 2016–2018 by using the cost benefit chase price through mass purchase or adjustment of analysis method. The net income of the release project purchase timing. However, the purchase of hi-quality of the Woncheon fishing village union was 69,850 Ko- seedlings will increase the survival rate of the seedlings rean won. The benefit to cost ratio of the sea cucumber and contribute to the improvement of the recapture rate, seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village which will raise the value of benefit in B-C analysis. union was estimated to be 1.7, indicating that the project Therefore, the purchase of good seedlings should not be was economically feasible. comprised to lower the purchase price of seedlings. The sea cucumber release projects, which are carried out by the private sector with the help of the central and Limitation of this study local governments of Korea, are carried out under tight Since the main purpose of this study was to verify the ef- budget constraints, so improving the economic feasibility fectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release program, of the release is essential to the success and sustainabil- not all the literature covering all aspects of the optimal ity of such release projects. In order to improve the eco- growth conditions for sea cucumber was examined. In this nomic feasibility of the sea cucumber release project, as study, only the optimal conditions regarding sea water we saw in the case of the Woncheon fishing village temperature, depth, and the composition of substrate, union, it is necessary to manage the purchase of the sea which are some of the factors that indicate the optimal cucumber seedling, to improve the recapture rate of sea conditions of the sea cucumber release site were exam- cucumber, and to manage marketing of sea cucumber. ined. In the future, it is necessary to study all aspects of Acknowledgements the optimal growth conditions for sea cucumber. Cheol Lee and Sang-Duk Choi contributed equally to this work. This study examined the economic effectiveness of sea Authors’ contributions cucumber seedling release in a region on the south coast The authors contributed to this manuscript as follows: CL contributed to the of Korea. Thus, it is not appropriate to expect that sea design of the study and cost-benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis, and cucumber seedling release program in Korea will be writing of the manuscript. CDC contributed to drafting and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript for effective based on these results. It would be more rea- submission. sonable to determine that sea cucumber seedling release project in Korea would be effective after a review of the Funding Not applicable. economic effectiveness of all the release program in vari- ous regions of the Korean coast. Availability of data and materials In this study, the causal relationship between the eco- The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. nomic effectiveness of sea cucumber releasing and the proper growth condition of sea cucumber was not ad- Consent for publication dressed because of insufficient data for the relationship. Not applicable. Lee and Choi Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:11 Page 8 of 8 Competing interests Ru XS, Zhang LB, Li XN, Liu SL, Yang HS. Developing strategies for the sea The authors declare that they have no competing interests. cucumber industry in China. J Oceanol Limnol. 2019;37(1):300–12. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00343-019-7344-5. Author details Sui X. Culture and enhance of sea cucumber. Beijing: China Agriculture Division of Logistics and International Commerce, Chonnam National Publishing House; 1990. (In Chinese). University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea. Division of Marine Technology, Yanagisawa T. Aspects of the biology and culture of the sea cucumber. In: Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea. Tropical mariculture. London: Academic; 1998. p. 291–308. Yang HS, Yuan XT, Zhou Y, Mao YZ, Zhang T, Liu Y. Effects of body size and Received: 29 December 2019 Accepted: 7 February 2020 water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation. Aquac Res. 2005;36:1085–92. Yu DX, Song BX. Variation of survival rates and growth characteristics of pond cultural juvenile Apostichopus japonicus. J Fish Sci China. 1999;6:109–10 (In References Chinese with English abstract). Aoki Prefecture Fisheries Technology Center. 2012a. The ecology and resource Zhang XF, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao XD. 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Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences – Springer Journals
Published: Apr 10, 2020
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