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New Korean record of the Banded Driftfish, Psenes arafurensis (PISCES: Nomeidae)

New Korean record of the Banded Driftfish, Psenes arafurensis (PISCES: Nomeidae) Psenes arafurensis, belonging to the family Nomeidae, is described based on four specimens (184.8–199.0 mm in standard length) collected from Korea. The species is most similar to the congeneric species P. maculatus and P. pellucidus, but differs from them in the number of lateral–line scales. (44–47 in P. arafurensis vs 67–70 in P. maculatus and 120 in P. pellucidus)and thenumberofvertebrae (31in P. arafurensis vs 34–38 in P. maculatus and 40–42 in P. pellucidus). The present study is a new record of P. arafurensis with voucher specimens from Korean waters. Keywords: Psenes arafurensis, Nomeidae, New record, Korea Background Island, Yeonggwang and Gunsan), between August The family Nomeidae in the order Perciformes contains and September, 2013 and in September, 2014 (Fig. 1). three genera and 16 species worldwide (Nelson 2006), of Counts and measurements were made according to which three genera and nine species occur in Japan Regan (1902) and Hubbs and Lagler (2004). The (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013) and two genera and four numbers of vertebrae were counted from radiographs species occur in Korea (Cubiceps squamiceps, Psenes (Hitex HA-100; Hitex Co., Tokyo, Japan). The speci- cyanophrys, P. maculatus and P. pellucidus) (Kim 2011). mens were deposited in the Ichthyology Laboratory of Of these, two species (P. cyanophrys and P. maculatus) Pukyong National University (PKU), Korea. were first reported from Korea by Myoung et al. (2001). Genomic DNA was extracted from muscle tissue using Myoung et al. (2002) reported P. arafurensis as a new Chelex 100 resin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA) Korean nomeid fish, and suggested the new Korean and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted name “A-ra-pu-ra-dom”, but no morphological descrip- using a universal primer set to amplify the mitochondrial tion of P. arafurensis was given. Therefore, we cannot DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene confirm that the species occurs in Korean waters, and (COI) (Ward et al. 2005; Ivanova et al. 2007). We also the morphological traits of Korean P. arafurensis remain obtained the mitochondrial COI sequences of three unknown. Recently, we collected four specimens of P. Nomeidae species from the National Center for Bio- arafurensis from various localities in Korea. Here, we logical Information (NCBI) database. The sequences describe the morphology of these P. arafurensis speci- were aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al. 1994) in mens and confirm their taxonomic status using molecu- BioEdit (ver. 7) (Hall 1999). A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree lar analysis. (Saitou and Nei 1987) was constructed using the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura 1980) in MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011). We submitted the nucleotide Methods sequence data of these specimens to the NCBI. Four specimens were collected using a purse seine net from three localities in Korean waters (Jejudo Material examined * Correspondence: taengko@hanmail.net PKU 9645, 1 specimen, 185.6 mm SL, 33°67.99′N, 127° Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, 47.85′E, Jeju-si, Jejudo Island, Korea, August 2013; PKU Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article 9855, 1 specimen, 194.0 mm SL, 35°32.80′N, 125° 58.99′ © 2016 Lee et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 2 of 5 Fig. 2 Psenes arafurensis, PKU 9949, 199.0 mm SL, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Ocean); McEachran and Fechhelm 2005: 807 (Mexico); Allen and Erdmann 2012: 1042 (East Indies). Psenes benardi Rossignol and Blache, 1961: 384 (Guinea). Description Dorsal fin rays XI-I, 20–21; pectoral fin rays 19–20; anal fin rays III, 21–22; lateral-line scales 46–48; gill rakers 25–27; vertebrae 30–31. Meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Body ovate, deep [41.5– 44.8 % standard length (SL)], and compressed. Head large (30.5–33.3 % SL); eyes large (28.8–31.2 % of head length); snout rounded and short; two pairs of nostrils located nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Mouth ter- Fig. 1 Map showing the sampling sites of Psenes arafurensis minal; upper jaw oblique, posterior margin not reaching to middle part of eye; teeth on jaws small and conical in E, Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea, September a single row. Lateral line slightly arched, located nearer 2013; PKU 9949, 1 specimen, 199.0 mm SL, 35°95.89′N, to dorsal part of body than to middle part of body. Two 125° 65.04′E, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, September dorsal fins separated from each other by a narrow space; 2013; PKU 11311, 1 specimen, 184.8 mm SL, 33°67.99′ first dorsal fin beginning at base of pectoral fin, reaching N, 127° 47.85′E, Jeju-si, Jejudo Island, Korea, September anus; second dorsal fin beginning at anus, reaching 2014. Additional muscle tissues used for molecular ana- anterior caudal peduncle, base length of first dorsal fin lysis: FAKU 130210 (muscle tissue was transferred to much shorter than that of second dorsal fin; two fins of PKU 12385), Oki Island, Shimane Prefecture, Japan, similar depth. Anal fin origin slightly behind origin of August 2003; FAKU 132174 (muscle tissue was trans- second dorsal fin; spines of anal fin weak. Pectoral fin ferred to PKU 12386), Chitose, Maizuru, Kyoto, Japan, origin slightly anterior to the origin of pelvic fin, reach- November 2009. ing to 9–10th second dorsal fin rays. Pelvic fin short, reaching to origin of second dorsal fin. Caudal fin long and strongly forked. Caudal peduncle short (4.5–4.9 % Results and discussion SL) and compressed. Body, head and cheeks covered Psenes arafurensis Günther, 1889 with relatively large ctenoid scales. (Korean name: A-ra-pu-ra-dom) (Fig. 2; Table 1) Psenes arafurensis Günther, 1889: 13 (type locality: Coloration Arafura Sea, western Pacific); Kuiter 1993: 381 (Australia); When fresh, the dorsal surfaces of the head and body are Bianchi et al 1993: 176 (Namibia); Chirichigno and Vélez dark purple, the ventral surfaces are gray, dorsal and 1998: 291 (Peru); Randall and Lim 2000: 644 (South China caudal fin dark gray; pectoral fins translucent; pelvic fins Sea); Myoung et al. 2002: 222 (Jejudo Island and South and anal fin gray. After fixation, the dorsal surfaces of Sea of Korea); Nakabo 2002: 963 (Japan); Menezes et al. the head and body are dark brown, the ventral surfaces 2003: 104 (Brazil); Parin and Piotrovsky 2004: S51 (Indian are gray brown, fin color as for fresh specimens. Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 3 of 5 Table 1 Comparison of counts of Psenes arafurensis among authors Characters Present study Günther (1889) Regan (1902) Nakabo and Doiuchi (2013) Number of specimens 4 1 1 - Total length (mm) 249.5–270.1 38.1 - Fork length 201.8–219.7 - - - Standard length 184.8–199.0 - 30 150.0 In % of standard length Head length 30.5–33.3 37.5 40.0 - Body depth 41.5–44.8 60.0 60.0 - Preanal length 57.0–59.3 - - - Caudal peduncle length 10.3–10.6 - - - Caudal peduncle depth 4.5–4.9 - - - Eye diameter 9.0–10.4 - - - % of head length Eye diameter 28.8–31.2 40.0 37.5 - Snout length 29.5–31.9 16.7 16.7 - Interorbital space 37.6–41.9 - - Upper jaw length 31.3–34.2 - - - Caudal peduncle depth 13.4–15.5 - - - Meristic characters Dorsal fin rays XI-I, 20–21 VII ?, 20 XI-I, 22 X-XI-I-II, 19–21 Anal fin rays III, 21–22 III, 22 III, 22 III, 20–21 Pelvic fin rays I, 5 - I, 5 Pectoral fin rays 19–20 - - 18–20 Scales in lateral line 46–48 47 47 3/20 44–45 Gill rakers 25–27 - - Vertebrae 30–31 - 31 - Distribution Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013). However, the number of This species is found in the tropical and subtropical seas dorsal fin spines in these specimens is obviously differ- of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, at depths of ent from the original description of P. arafurensis [11 in 150–850 m (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013), and off Jejudo the present specimens vs. 7 in Günther (1889)], although Island at the eastern margin of the Yellow Sea and the other counts entirely correspond with the present study. Korean Strait (present study). Regan (1902) pointed out the miscount of this character by Günther (1889) and indicated that the actual number Remarks is 11. According to this correction, the number of dorsal These four specimens collected from Korean waters are fin spines of the present specimens is also congruent similar to Psenes arafurensis, P. cyanophrys, P. macula- with the holotype of P. arafurensis. However, several tus and P. pellucidus in having a short snout (29.5– morphometric differences were observed between the 31.9 % head length) and fewer scales in the lateral line present four specimens and the holotype shown by (46–48) (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013). These four species Günther (1889) and Regan (1902) (Table 1). Proportional can be distinguished easily from each other by differ- changes with growth, especially between young and sub- ences in the number of lateral line scales (44–47 in P. adult stages, are generally known in the nomeid fishes arafurensis,60–63 in P. cyanophrys,67–70 in P. macu- (Haedrich 1967), and the body sizes of the present speci- latus and 120 in P. pellucidus) and vertebrae (31 in P. mens (184.8–199.0 mm SL) are much larger than that of arafurensis,30–31 in P. cyanophrys,34–38 in P. macu- the holotype (30 mm SL). Therefore, we concluded that latus and 40–42 in P. pellucidus); the present specimens these morphometric differences are intraspecific varia- resemble P. arafurensis closely, having 44–47 lateral line tions caused by body size differences. So, to identify the scales and 31 vertebrae (Abe et al. 1963; Heemstra 1986; species more accurately, we analyzed 562 base pairs of Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 4 of 5 Fig. 3 Neighbor-joining tree constructed by the mitochondrial DNA COI sequences of Psenes arafurensis, with two outgroups (Psenes pellucidus and Psenopsis anomala). Numbers at branches indicate bootstrap probabilities in 1000 bootstrap replications. Bar indicates genetic distance of 0.02 the mtDNA COI sequence. The mtDNA COI sequence References Abe T, Kojima S, Kosakai T. Description of a new nomeid fish from Japan. Jpn determined in this study is nearly identical to the se- Ichythyol. 1963;11:31–5. quences of Indian and Japanese P. arafurensis (genetic Allen GR, Erdmann MV. Reef fishes of the East Indies. Volumes I-III. Perth: Tropical distances, d = 0.002–0.004) (Fig. 3). Therefore, these Reef Research; 2012. p. 1042. Bianchi G, Carpenter KE, Roux JP, Molloy FJ, Boyer D, Boyer HJ. FAO Species morphological differences seem to be intraspecific varia- Identification Field Guide for Fisheries Purposes. The Living Marine Resources tions. Since a Korean name, “A-ra-pu-ra-dom”, for P. of Namibia. Rome: FAO; 1993. p. 176. arafurensis has already been proposed by Myoung et al. Chirichigno FN, Vélez J. Clave para identificar los pecesmarinosdel Peru (Seguendaedición, revidada y actualizada). Lima: Instituto del Mar del Peru, (2002), we also adopted this name for the species. Publicación especial; 1998. p. 291. Günther A. Report on the pelagic fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during Conclusions the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, vol. 31. 1889. p. 1–47. Four specimens of nomeid fish were collected in Korean Haedrich RL. A New Species of Psenopsis (Stromateoidei, Centrolophidae) from waters (Jejudo Island, Yeonggwang and Gunsan), be- Indo-Malayan Seas. Jpn Ichythyol. 1967;14:187–96. tween August and September, 2013 and in September, Hall TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1999;41:95–8. 2014. These specimens were identified as belonging to Heemstra PC. Family Nomeidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smith’s sea Psenes arafurensis, based on numbers of short snout fishes. Grahamstown: Springr-Verlag; 1986. p. 846–50. (29.5–31.9 % head length), vertebrae (31) and fewer Hubbs CL, Lagler KF. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. Revised ed. Ann Arbor: scales in the lateral line (46–48). An analysis of 562 base University of Michigan Press; 2004. Ivanova NV, Zemlak TS, Hanner RH, Hebert PDN. Universal primer cocktails for pair sequences of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c fish DNA barcoding. Mol Ecol Notes. 2007;7:544–8. oxidase subunit I showed that sequences in our speci- Kim BJ. Fish species of Korea. In: National List of species of Korea: Vertebrates. mens are concordant with those of P. arafurensis from Incheon: National Institute of Biological Resources; 2011. p. 168–9. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base the India, and Japan (genetic distance = 0.002–0.004). substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111–20. Competing interests Kuiter RH. Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Press; 1993. p. 381. McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Volume 2: Authors’ contributions Scorpaeniformes to Tetraodontiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; WJL and JHR wrote the manuscript. MGY, HSA and JYW carried out the 2005. p. 807. molecular genetic experiments. FT offering Japanese specimens and data. Menezes NA, Buckup PA, de Figueiredo JL, de Moura RL, editors. Catálogo das JKK suggested all aspects of study design, and commented on the earlier espécies de peixesmarinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de drafts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. p. 104. Myoung JG, Cho SH, Kim JM, Kim YU. First record of the two driftfish, Psenes Acknowledgments maculatus, and Psenes cyanophrys (Nomeidae: Perciformes) from Korea. We sincerely thank to anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Korean J Ichythyol. 2001;13:195–200. This work was supported by National Marine Biodiversity Institute Research Myoung JG, Kim BI, Lee SM, Jeon GB. The sea fishes of Korea. Seoul: Daragwon; Program (2015 M00500). 2002. p. 222. Nakabo. Nomeidae. In: Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English Author details edition. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p. 963–5. Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, 2 3 Nakabo, Doiuchi. Nomeidae. In: Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Korea. Ryujunghwa Marine Research Institute, Busan 47323, Korea. Marine Tokai University Third edition. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2013. p. 1081–3. Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 33662, Korea. Maizuru Fisheries, Research Station, Field Science Education and Nelson JS. Fishes of the World. 4th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2006. p. Research Center, Kyoto University, Maizuru, Kyoto 625-0086, Japan. 436. Parin NV, Piotrovsky AS. Stromateoid fishes (suborder Stromateoidei) of the Received: 6 March 2016 Accepted: 12 March 2016 Indian Ocean (species composition, distribution, biology, and fisheries). J Ichythyol. 2004;44:33–62. Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 5 of 5 Randall JE, Lim KKP. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles B Zool Suppl. 2000;8:569–667. Regan CT. A revision of the fishes of the family Stromateidae. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1902;10(115–131):194–207. Rossignol M, Blache J. SUR UN POISSON STROMATEIDAE NOUVEAU DU GOLFE DE GUINÉE. PSENES BENABDI NOV. SP. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 2e Série. 1961;33:384–386. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method - a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4:406–25. Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2731–9. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–80. Ward RD, Zemlac TC, Innes BH, Last PR, Hebert PDN. DNA barcoding Australia’s fish species. Philos Trans Biol Sci. 2005;360:1847–57. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: • We accept pre-submission inquiries � Our selector tool helps you to find the most relevant journal � We provide round the clock customer support � Convenient online submission � Thorough peer review � Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services � Maximum visibility for your research Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Springer Journals

New Korean record of the Banded Driftfish, Psenes arafurensis (PISCES: Nomeidae)

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Springer Journals
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Copyright © 2016 by Lee et al.
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Life Sciences; Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management; Marine & Freshwater Sciences; Animal Ecology
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Abstract

Psenes arafurensis, belonging to the family Nomeidae, is described based on four specimens (184.8–199.0 mm in standard length) collected from Korea. The species is most similar to the congeneric species P. maculatus and P. pellucidus, but differs from them in the number of lateral–line scales. (44–47 in P. arafurensis vs 67–70 in P. maculatus and 120 in P. pellucidus)and thenumberofvertebrae (31in P. arafurensis vs 34–38 in P. maculatus and 40–42 in P. pellucidus). The present study is a new record of P. arafurensis with voucher specimens from Korean waters. Keywords: Psenes arafurensis, Nomeidae, New record, Korea Background Island, Yeonggwang and Gunsan), between August The family Nomeidae in the order Perciformes contains and September, 2013 and in September, 2014 (Fig. 1). three genera and 16 species worldwide (Nelson 2006), of Counts and measurements were made according to which three genera and nine species occur in Japan Regan (1902) and Hubbs and Lagler (2004). The (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013) and two genera and four numbers of vertebrae were counted from radiographs species occur in Korea (Cubiceps squamiceps, Psenes (Hitex HA-100; Hitex Co., Tokyo, Japan). The speci- cyanophrys, P. maculatus and P. pellucidus) (Kim 2011). mens were deposited in the Ichthyology Laboratory of Of these, two species (P. cyanophrys and P. maculatus) Pukyong National University (PKU), Korea. were first reported from Korea by Myoung et al. (2001). Genomic DNA was extracted from muscle tissue using Myoung et al. (2002) reported P. arafurensis as a new Chelex 100 resin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA) Korean nomeid fish, and suggested the new Korean and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted name “A-ra-pu-ra-dom”, but no morphological descrip- using a universal primer set to amplify the mitochondrial tion of P. arafurensis was given. Therefore, we cannot DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene confirm that the species occurs in Korean waters, and (COI) (Ward et al. 2005; Ivanova et al. 2007). We also the morphological traits of Korean P. arafurensis remain obtained the mitochondrial COI sequences of three unknown. Recently, we collected four specimens of P. Nomeidae species from the National Center for Bio- arafurensis from various localities in Korea. Here, we logical Information (NCBI) database. The sequences describe the morphology of these P. arafurensis speci- were aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al. 1994) in mens and confirm their taxonomic status using molecu- BioEdit (ver. 7) (Hall 1999). A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree lar analysis. (Saitou and Nei 1987) was constructed using the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura 1980) in MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011). We submitted the nucleotide Methods sequence data of these specimens to the NCBI. Four specimens were collected using a purse seine net from three localities in Korean waters (Jejudo Material examined * Correspondence: taengko@hanmail.net PKU 9645, 1 specimen, 185.6 mm SL, 33°67.99′N, 127° Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, 47.85′E, Jeju-si, Jejudo Island, Korea, August 2013; PKU Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article 9855, 1 specimen, 194.0 mm SL, 35°32.80′N, 125° 58.99′ © 2016 Lee et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 2 of 5 Fig. 2 Psenes arafurensis, PKU 9949, 199.0 mm SL, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Ocean); McEachran and Fechhelm 2005: 807 (Mexico); Allen and Erdmann 2012: 1042 (East Indies). Psenes benardi Rossignol and Blache, 1961: 384 (Guinea). Description Dorsal fin rays XI-I, 20–21; pectoral fin rays 19–20; anal fin rays III, 21–22; lateral-line scales 46–48; gill rakers 25–27; vertebrae 30–31. Meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Body ovate, deep [41.5– 44.8 % standard length (SL)], and compressed. Head large (30.5–33.3 % SL); eyes large (28.8–31.2 % of head length); snout rounded and short; two pairs of nostrils located nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Mouth ter- Fig. 1 Map showing the sampling sites of Psenes arafurensis minal; upper jaw oblique, posterior margin not reaching to middle part of eye; teeth on jaws small and conical in E, Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea, September a single row. Lateral line slightly arched, located nearer 2013; PKU 9949, 1 specimen, 199.0 mm SL, 35°95.89′N, to dorsal part of body than to middle part of body. Two 125° 65.04′E, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, September dorsal fins separated from each other by a narrow space; 2013; PKU 11311, 1 specimen, 184.8 mm SL, 33°67.99′ first dorsal fin beginning at base of pectoral fin, reaching N, 127° 47.85′E, Jeju-si, Jejudo Island, Korea, September anus; second dorsal fin beginning at anus, reaching 2014. Additional muscle tissues used for molecular ana- anterior caudal peduncle, base length of first dorsal fin lysis: FAKU 130210 (muscle tissue was transferred to much shorter than that of second dorsal fin; two fins of PKU 12385), Oki Island, Shimane Prefecture, Japan, similar depth. Anal fin origin slightly behind origin of August 2003; FAKU 132174 (muscle tissue was trans- second dorsal fin; spines of anal fin weak. Pectoral fin ferred to PKU 12386), Chitose, Maizuru, Kyoto, Japan, origin slightly anterior to the origin of pelvic fin, reach- November 2009. ing to 9–10th second dorsal fin rays. Pelvic fin short, reaching to origin of second dorsal fin. Caudal fin long and strongly forked. Caudal peduncle short (4.5–4.9 % Results and discussion SL) and compressed. Body, head and cheeks covered Psenes arafurensis Günther, 1889 with relatively large ctenoid scales. (Korean name: A-ra-pu-ra-dom) (Fig. 2; Table 1) Psenes arafurensis Günther, 1889: 13 (type locality: Coloration Arafura Sea, western Pacific); Kuiter 1993: 381 (Australia); When fresh, the dorsal surfaces of the head and body are Bianchi et al 1993: 176 (Namibia); Chirichigno and Vélez dark purple, the ventral surfaces are gray, dorsal and 1998: 291 (Peru); Randall and Lim 2000: 644 (South China caudal fin dark gray; pectoral fins translucent; pelvic fins Sea); Myoung et al. 2002: 222 (Jejudo Island and South and anal fin gray. After fixation, the dorsal surfaces of Sea of Korea); Nakabo 2002: 963 (Japan); Menezes et al. the head and body are dark brown, the ventral surfaces 2003: 104 (Brazil); Parin and Piotrovsky 2004: S51 (Indian are gray brown, fin color as for fresh specimens. Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 3 of 5 Table 1 Comparison of counts of Psenes arafurensis among authors Characters Present study Günther (1889) Regan (1902) Nakabo and Doiuchi (2013) Number of specimens 4 1 1 - Total length (mm) 249.5–270.1 38.1 - Fork length 201.8–219.7 - - - Standard length 184.8–199.0 - 30 150.0 In % of standard length Head length 30.5–33.3 37.5 40.0 - Body depth 41.5–44.8 60.0 60.0 - Preanal length 57.0–59.3 - - - Caudal peduncle length 10.3–10.6 - - - Caudal peduncle depth 4.5–4.9 - - - Eye diameter 9.0–10.4 - - - % of head length Eye diameter 28.8–31.2 40.0 37.5 - Snout length 29.5–31.9 16.7 16.7 - Interorbital space 37.6–41.9 - - Upper jaw length 31.3–34.2 - - - Caudal peduncle depth 13.4–15.5 - - - Meristic characters Dorsal fin rays XI-I, 20–21 VII ?, 20 XI-I, 22 X-XI-I-II, 19–21 Anal fin rays III, 21–22 III, 22 III, 22 III, 20–21 Pelvic fin rays I, 5 - I, 5 Pectoral fin rays 19–20 - - 18–20 Scales in lateral line 46–48 47 47 3/20 44–45 Gill rakers 25–27 - - Vertebrae 30–31 - 31 - Distribution Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013). However, the number of This species is found in the tropical and subtropical seas dorsal fin spines in these specimens is obviously differ- of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, at depths of ent from the original description of P. arafurensis [11 in 150–850 m (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013), and off Jejudo the present specimens vs. 7 in Günther (1889)], although Island at the eastern margin of the Yellow Sea and the other counts entirely correspond with the present study. Korean Strait (present study). Regan (1902) pointed out the miscount of this character by Günther (1889) and indicated that the actual number Remarks is 11. According to this correction, the number of dorsal These four specimens collected from Korean waters are fin spines of the present specimens is also congruent similar to Psenes arafurensis, P. cyanophrys, P. macula- with the holotype of P. arafurensis. However, several tus and P. pellucidus in having a short snout (29.5– morphometric differences were observed between the 31.9 % head length) and fewer scales in the lateral line present four specimens and the holotype shown by (46–48) (Nakabo and Doiuchi 2013). These four species Günther (1889) and Regan (1902) (Table 1). Proportional can be distinguished easily from each other by differ- changes with growth, especially between young and sub- ences in the number of lateral line scales (44–47 in P. adult stages, are generally known in the nomeid fishes arafurensis,60–63 in P. cyanophrys,67–70 in P. macu- (Haedrich 1967), and the body sizes of the present speci- latus and 120 in P. pellucidus) and vertebrae (31 in P. mens (184.8–199.0 mm SL) are much larger than that of arafurensis,30–31 in P. cyanophrys,34–38 in P. macu- the holotype (30 mm SL). Therefore, we concluded that latus and 40–42 in P. pellucidus); the present specimens these morphometric differences are intraspecific varia- resemble P. arafurensis closely, having 44–47 lateral line tions caused by body size differences. So, to identify the scales and 31 vertebrae (Abe et al. 1963; Heemstra 1986; species more accurately, we analyzed 562 base pairs of Lee et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2016) 19:6 Page 4 of 5 Fig. 3 Neighbor-joining tree constructed by the mitochondrial DNA COI sequences of Psenes arafurensis, with two outgroups (Psenes pellucidus and Psenopsis anomala). Numbers at branches indicate bootstrap probabilities in 1000 bootstrap replications. Bar indicates genetic distance of 0.02 the mtDNA COI sequence. The mtDNA COI sequence References Abe T, Kojima S, Kosakai T. Description of a new nomeid fish from Japan. 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Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences – Springer Journals

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