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Multiphase tectonic movements, cap formations and evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir

Multiphase tectonic movements, cap formations and evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 127 DOI 10.1007/s12182-011-0125-1 Multiphase tectonic movements, cap formations and evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir 1 2 Tang Liangjie and Cui Min State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China CNOOC Research Institute, Beijing 100027, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 Abstract: The Majiang paleo-reservoir is a typical destroyed hydrocarbon reservoir, buried in carbonate strata of China’s southern marine-facies. Field geological explorations, interpretations of seismic profi les and balanced cross-section restorations around this paleo-reservoir reveal that its formation and evolution have been restricted by multiphase tectonic movements of different intensities. A regional tectonic mechanism and model have been suggested for the formation and evolution of the Majiang paleo- reservoir. Geological fi eld exploration has been carried out along three typical Silurian cross-sections and rock samples were tested in combination with water-rock interaction. Based on the result of cap tests, the planar distribution, the residual thickness, the erosion thickness and the preservation conditions, the Silurian mudstone cap is discussed around the Majiang paleo-reservoir. Combining the hy drodynamic conditions of its formation and evolution and its tectonic movements, we determined the fact that the thicker the cap is, the more resistant it is to hydrodynamic destruction. The multi-phase formation and destructive geological model of the paleo-reservoir is established through an overall analysis of multi- phase tectonic evolutions, cap developments, hydrodynamic conditions and solid mineral metallogenic ages measured by Rb-Sr, Pb and Sm-Nd isotope techniques. Key words: Multiphase tectonic evolution, key tectonic changes, cap evolution, hydrocarbon preservation, Majiang paleo-reservoir gas accumulation at the later stage. One of the key scientifi c 1 Introduction issues (Jin et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2008) is the hydrocarbon Marine carbonate rock systems are quite ancient and accumulation and preservation process controlled by the distributed deep in the multi-phase superimposed basins of multi-phase tectonic activity of superimposed basins, and China. They developed in multiple source rocks. During by the constraint of the key tectonic characteristics on the the long geological history over hundreds of millions of preservation conditions of oil and gas reservoirs in marine years, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes carbonate rocks. occurred several times, which created conditions for Previous geologists have done a great deal of work on multi-phase accumulation in carbonate rock systems (Jin, marine carbonate rock systems in China, and achieved many 2005; Jin and Cai, 2006). At different stages of geological important results (Liu, 2001; Qiu, 2000; Sun, 1991; Zhai and history, marine carbonate rock systems formed faults, folds Wang, 2000). They investigated the structural movement of and unconformities on varied geodynamic backgrounds. deep-buried marine strata and its effects on the evolution of Complex deformations include the characteristics of hydrocarbons to the two poles (Zhai and Wang, 2000). The geometry and kinematics, the superposed reformation and tectonic stress of marine systems plays an important role in the different kinematic mechanisms of deformation styles. the process of oil and gas reservoir formation and distribution These events, which can be analyzed in accordance with the (Qiu, 2000); and they presented tectonic movements that scale of outcrops and the scale measured with geophysical wrought different effects on the destruction as well as the oil prospecting, changed the structure of early marine preservation of oil and gas reservoir areas (Guo et al, 2003; carbonate rock systems. They restrict the evolution of basins, Li, 1997). The methodology to distinguish an oil and gas sedimentary systems and the trapping conditions of oil and preservation process in areas with multiphase tectonic movement is summarized (He et al, 2004). There are three aspects of preservation conditions: the demonstrated different mechanisms of multi-phase tectonic activities on destruction *Corresponding author. email: tanglj@cup.edu.cn and preservation of oil and gas reservoirs, characteristics Received March 22, 2010 128 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 and evolutions of oil and gas reservoir caps, and interactive the Wengxiang Group of lower middle Silurian series and the mechanisms between fl uid and cap rock. fractured porous reservoir in the Honghuayuan Formation of The Majiang paleo-reservoir is a typical example of lower Ordovician series. The oil generation peak period spans reservoir formation and destruction in a marine carbonate from the early Silurian to the early mid-Devonian stage. The system of south China. The recent study result shows that the major reservoir was fi lled in the late Caledonian stage, with paleo-reservoir is a trap type generated due to the combination a crude oil reserve of over 1.5 billion tons (Zhou, 2006). of tectonic structures and lithology (Guo et al, 2003; Xiang This paper is intended to discuss the geologic factors for oil et al, 2008). The main source rocks are black mudstone and and gas preservation, with analyses of multi-phase tectonic carbonaceous mudstone of the lower Cambrian series. The evolution, cap characteristics and evolution of the paleo- reservoir stratum contains sandstone of the third Member in reservoir. 107 ° 30 ’ Wuling Sag 108° 00’ Qianzhong Uplift 26° 26 ° 40’ Study Xuefeng 40 ’ Area Qiannan Uplift Sag Kaili Majiang Xuefeng Uplift Danzhai Duyun Thrust 26° 26° Syncline 00’ 00’ 10 20km Paleo- Sandu Reservoir 107° 30’ 108° 00’ Fig. 1 D istribution of the paleo-reservoirs in the South Guizhou Depression 1. Kaili-Huzhuang anticline-type residual oil and gas reservoir (O -S ); 2. Majiang anticline-type 1 1 paleo-reservoir (O -S ); 3. Danzhai anticline-type lithologic paleo-reservoir ( ) 1 1 1 of different intensities (Dong et al, 2008; Tang et al, 2008). 2 Multi-phase structural movements In these structural movements, the key tectonic transitional There were several structural movements of different stage includes the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan intensities, in which different structural styles have been and Himalayan movements. The Duyun movement (late shown during the evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir Ordovician) formed a series of axial wide and gentle fold which rests in the transitional zone between the Qiannan structures in the NNE direction in the Majiang region; Depression and the Xuefeng Uplift and is considered to be and the Guangxi movement (late Silurian), the Dongwu one of the largest paleo-reservoirs in marine residual units movement (late Permian), and the Indosinian movement of south China (see Fig.1). The geological exploration, further accentuated these folds. The late Yanshan movement seismic cross-sectional interpretation and analysis of joints (Cretaceous) superposed them; and the superposition arranged indicate that the formation and evolution of the paleo- those large-scale wide gentle folds into a series of folded reservoir is restricted by multi-phase structural movements structures in an axial NE direction and of an echelon shape Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 129 (Tang et al, 2008). The seismic cross-sectional interpretation transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken, and balanced cross-sectional restoration demonstrate that and over 5,500 dislocation lines were delineated (see Fig. 2). the main tectonic activities of t he Duyun and Guangxi The dislocation density method shows that the paleo-stress movements occurred chiefl y in the form of uplift and vertical values of the Duyun and Guangxi movements are small, erosion. The tectonic activities at the Indosinian stage were only between 20-30 MPa. The main tectonic activities of the weak. The Yanshan and Himalayan movements produced Yanshan and Himalayan movements mainly exhibited strong the strongest horizontal compressional force. Thirty samples horizontal compression, faults, folds, uplifts and erosions, of sandstones and carbonate rocks of both the Devonian with relatively large paleo-stress values between 50-70 MPa. and the Banxi Group were collected from the surrounding For the acoustic emission of the Permian and Triassic, their area of the paleo-reservoir. Five hundred and thirty-six paleo-stress value is the same as their acoustic frequency, 0 1μm 0 1μm Sample C5 Sample C4 Fig. 2 TEM images of dislocation densities from the sandstone around the Majiang paleo-reservoir which indicates that there may not have been large-scaled made to predict the planar distribution, residual thickness, tectonic movements at the Indosinian stage. The fi ndings are erosion and preservation conditions of the Silurian mudstone consistent with those from the analysis of balanced cross- cap of the Majiang paleo-reservoir. The cap type and sections (Cui et al, 2009). preservation condition of the paleo-reservoir were confi rmed. The Lvyinqiao cross-sectional profile illustrates that if the 3 Cap formations confining pressure of the mudstone cap is 20 MPa and the average saturated kerosene breakthrough pressure is 6.2 Field exploration was conducted along typical Silurian MPa, then the average porosity is 3.0%, and the average cross-sections in the Qiannan Depression. Samples of permeability is 0.0303mD (see Fig. 3). Fifteen samples mudstone caps were tested and analyzed in combination were collected from the Bagu Silurian cross-section, with with water-rock dissolubility tests. The investigation was 10 5 8 4 Lvyinqiao cross-section Bagu cross-section 4 2 2 12 4 8 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 6 Breakthrough pressure, MPa Breakthrough pressure, MPa Fig. 3 Frequency distribution chart of the cross-sectional breakthrough pressure along the typical Silurian of the Majiang paleo-reservoir Frequence Frequence 130 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 Table 1 Evaluation criterion for gas cap rock (Deng et al, 2000) Breakthrough Permeability Porosity Chlorite Pressure Fracture Main Lithology Cap Classifi cation mD % % MPa -9 10 1.5 14.9 5 None Saline rock, Mudstone, Bauxite rock 1 (best) -8 10 >2 10.5 8 None Mudstone, Carbonaceous mudstone, Limestone 2 (good+) -7 10 >5 6.0 15 None Muddy siltstone, silty mudstone 3 (good-) -6 10 >7 2.6 20 Tiny Muddy siltstone, silty mudstone 4 (general) -5 10 >7 1.0 <20 Tiny Muddy fi ne-grained sandstone, Muddy siltstone 5 (bad) -4 10 10 0.4 <20 Tiny Muddy fi ne-grained sandstone, Siltstone Special conditions the average saturated kerosene breakthrough pressure being Hercynian movement was relatively weak. During the 5.3MPa, and the average porosity and permeability being 4.1% Indosinian stage, the oil reservoir is decomposed into a gas and 0.0303mD respectively (see Fig. 3). The surface samples reservoir at a high temperature (Fig. 4). At the Ordovician- fall within Class 2 cap (good) (see Table 1). Silurian stage, the source rock began to generate oil. This is According to the micro-features and the analyses of an important accumulation stage with limited destruction(Fig. diagenesis, the Silurian is made up of dense massive sandy 4). The Yanshan-Himalayan movement destroyed the oil bedded mudstone and the illite is laminated in the Majiang reservoir with strong uplift and erosion (Fig. 4). The results paleo-reservoir. Inter-granular micro-pores are developed from hydro-geological cycles of the Qiannan Depression among clay minerals and detrital particles. Micro-pores also correspond respectively to the regional key tectonic are also developed between the clay mineral layers. The transitions: the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan and mudstone here assumes a compact structure in the Wengxiang Himalayan movements (Lou et al, 2008). During the paleo- Group, and the overall sealing property is good according to uplift meteoric water strongly infiltrated and damaged the the diagenetic grade. The illite crystallinity is 0.65-0.68, and paleo-reservoirs during multi-phase oil and gas accumulation. the mixed-layer ratio is 15, located in the lower B part at the The preservation conditions appeared better towards the late diagenetic stage (Tang et al, 2008). Within a certain burial centre of the depression. In the Majiang-Kaili area of the spectrum, the greater the depth is, the stronger the compaction Qiannan region, the outcrop there commonly records episodic diagenesis is, therefore causing the clay mineral particles fl uid activities at the fi fth stage of the second episode. Based to be more compacted. The mudstone porosity is lower and on the stratigraphic age of authigenic minerals, and the the pore radius is reduced, jointly leading to the weakened structural evolution of the Qiannan Depression, the authigenic permeability, which in turn increased the displacement minerals in the fractures of the paleo-reservoir are mainly pressure and improved the sealing capacity of the capilliaries. formed at the Indosinian and Yanshan-Himalayan stages, For the rocks, when compaction increases, the plasticity is corresponding to the secondary reservoir-forming stage and reduced, and the brittleness is increased; micro-cracks would fi nal destruction of the paleo-reservoir. easily occur due to the transformation of late structural Analyses are made of multi-phase tectonic evolution, movements, hence part of the mudstone would have a lower cap development, hydrodynamic conditions as well as the sealing capacity. The dissolution rate of mudstone is faster in solid mineral metallogenic epochs for the ancient reservoir. the surface fresh water than in salty water, which indicates Together with Rb-Sr, Pb and Sr-Sm isotopes measurements, that the dissolution rate of buried mudstone is evidently lower a two-phase accumulation (Caledonian Stage and Indosinian than that on the surface. The currently outcropped mudstone Stage) and destruction model is established for the reservoir: has a good sealing capacity when buried deep. The dominant accumulation stage includes the Caledonian and Indosinian stages; the main destructive phases are the 4 Construction and destruction of the late Caledonian and Yanshan-Himalayan stages. The Duyun and Guangxi movements were mainly uplifting and erosional Majiang paleo-reservoir activities, restricting the burial depth, thickness and fracture Corresponding to multi-phase tectonic evolution, the development of the mudstone cap of the Silurian System and Caledonian and the Yanshan-Himalayan stages are the main controlling the vertical preservation of the reservoir cap. stages of meteoric water infi ltration in the Qiannan Depression, The Yanshan and Himalayan movements destroyed the and the destruction of the Majiang paleo-reservoir from late Majiang paleo-reservoir by tectonic forces of faulting, folding, tectonic activities is strong. The evol utional characteristics of nappe thrusting and uplifting erosion. The Xuefeng Uplift the paleo-fluid dynamic field demonstrates that the deeper the was thrusting during the late Yanshan movement. Because cap is buried, the weaker the hydrodynamic damage; and the of the presence of multiple detachment and the different shallower the cap is buried, the more severe the hydrodynamic thrusting, high-angle thrust faults broke through and were damage. The Caledonian-Hercynian stage is one at which well developed in the periphery of the Xuefeng Uplift around oil was mostly generated (Fig. 4); the destruction in the the paleo-reservoir. Based on the slope of the burial history Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 131 600Ma 500Ma 400Ma 300Ma 200Ma 100Ma Clay mineral,% 80 40 60 20 OS T J K EN Z D CP Burial history Middle Good Middle Lower Cambrian source Wet gas Oil Dry gas Hydrocarbon Middle-upper Cambrian and evaluation Wet gas Silurian source Dry gas Oil Structural Zhijin Duyun Dongwu Caledonian Yanshanian Himalayan Qiangui Indosinian movement Fig. 4 Multi-phase structural movement, cap development, reservoir-forming, destruction and evolution of Majiang paleo-reservoir line in Fig. 4, two stages were discovered. The fi rst stage is T it experienced, Zhou (2006) determined that the maximum pre-Indosinian, when the main structural style reveals folding temperature of asphalt in the Kaili Reservoir falls between and vertical movement. The second stage is post-Indosinian, 122 , and 148 , that the maximum depth is up to when the main structural style presents breakthrough faulting approximately 4000m and that the age of the forming of such and horizontal movement; the preservation becoming poor asphalt is the late Triassic, based on the geothermal gradient slowly. In the Himalayan movement, the reservoir was (3.2 /100m). By measuring the mean temperature of fi ssure uplifted quickly and broke up fi nally. filling, together with the geothermal gradient and burial Based on the statistical correlation between the Ro value history, he concluded that the asphalt fi nally decomposed into of Barker vitrinite refl ectance and the maximum temperature methane-based dry gas and residual asphalt at the Yanshan stage. Using U-Pb, Pb-Pb, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in 0.7093 the crude oil, bitumen and kerogen, the age of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation can be determined, while U, Pb, Rb, Sr and other metals exist as organic 0.7092 complexes, chemical adsorbents and debris mixed with other C4-7 materials in the asphalt, of which three the organic complex is the chief target for the geochronology of hydrocarbon C4-4 0.7091 accumulation. The asphalt samples are collected near Pojiao Village, Bagu, Duyun city. The collected asphalt, which is developed mainly in the joints and cracks of dolomite that 0.7090 lies beneath the thick Honghuayuan Formation in the lower Ordovician, is a typical epigenetic reservoir bitumen. C4-1 There were seven kinds of asphalt used for Rb-Sr and Pb- 0.7089 Age=405±20Ma Pb dating. The separating, selecting, enriching and testing MSWD=0.99 of the bitumen samples are done in the Beijing Geological C4-2 0.7088 Research Institute under the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and the equipment involved is a British GV-new high-precision solid thermal ionization mass spectrometer, IsoProbe-T. The 0.7087 ratio and content of Sr isotope are measured using a dynamic 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 multi-receiver, the ratio and content of Rb and Pb isotopes 87 88 Rb/ Sr were measured with a single receiver. How the equipment Rb/Sr isotope age (partial) of Maijiang paleo-reservoir was working was monitored by the International Standards, Fig. 5 87 88 Sr/ Sr Illite I/S Smectite C/S Chlorite Depth, km 132 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 206 204 Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of Maijiang paleo-reservoir Table 3 the mean value of NBS981 lead standards Pb/ Pb = 207 204 208 204 16.911 ± 0.007, Pb/ Pb = 15.459 ± 0.012, and Pb/ Pb Sm Nd 87 86 147 144 143 144 Sm/ Nd Nd/ Nd Std err = 36.602 ± 0.033. SRM987 Sr standard average Sr/ Sr = μg/g μg/g 0.710283 ± 0.002. The blank Pb during the experimental -10 -10 -10 0.103 0.692 0.0896 0.511826 0.000006 process is 2 × 10 g, Rb is 5 × 10 g, and Sr is 5 × 10 g. After an adjustment of the background and dilution, the data 0.016 0.116 0.0830 0.511700 0.000013 acquired are regressed by IsoPlot isochron, and the samples can be classified into two groups. The first group includes 0.028 0.182 0.0945 0.511761 0.000013 four samples C4-1, C4-2, C4-4 and C4-7, and their age is 405 ± 20Ma (Fig. 5). The remaining three samples of the Sr 0.078 0.517 0.0917 0.511760 0.000010 content are similar, resulting in bigger errors in age (195 ± 65Ma). Although there are big errors in the three samples, 0.011 0.070 0.0911 0.511630 0.000012 it still can be confirmed that there are two age groups for 206 204 the asphalt. The ratio of Pb/ Pb is18.6, but six of the 0.033 0.231 0.0861 0.511775 0.000008 seven samples show the Pb isotope positive anomaly (Table 2), indicating that there are some radioactive Pb and other 0.227 1.38 0.0994 0.511873 0.000010 radioactive elements that came at the later stage and mixed into the asphalt during their formation, resulting in a Pb-Pb 5 Conclusions age datum that cannot constitute a valid isochron. In addition, the metallogenic epoch of mercury, antimony The formation and evolution of the Majiang paleo- and gold formed as minerals was from the early Silurian reservoir have experienced some key tect onic transition till the early Triassic stages in the Danzhai area. The case stages, including the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan is the same with Fenghuang-Xinhuang mercury belt (Hu and Himalayan movements, while the main accumulation et al, 2007). In the Yanshan tectonic movement, magmatic phase was at the Caledonian and Indosinian stages and activity and infiltration of heated meteoric water activated th e main destructive phase was at the late Caledonian and migrated the deposited ore-forming materials, leading and Yanshan-Himalayan stages. The Duyun and Guangxi to the forming of ore veins in the Yanshan fault structure, or movements mainly resulted in uplift and erosion, restricting oxidization and concentration of the rock or ore close to the the burial depth, thickness and fracture development of the ground surface. While the tectonic movement destroyed the mudstone cap of the Silurian System and controlling the oil and gas reservoir, it changed the oxidation and reduction vertical preservation of the paleo-reservoir cap. The Yansh an conditions of metal-rich hot brine at the crude oil-water and Himalayan movements destroyed the paleo-reservoir interface, causing minerals to deposit from ore-bearing hot with tectonic forces such as faulting, folding, thrust nappes brine. The later strong structural movement transformed and uplifting erosion. Geological analyses, sample tests, these metal deposits. The Sm-Nd isotopic age data cannot dissolution tests and hydrodynamic analyses prove that the constitute a valid isochron (Table 3) but show the presence sealing capability of the Silurian cap is good at a certain depth of introduced radioactive Nd isotopes. In combination with of burial. An analysis of what has happened in the paleo- the structural deformation, vitrinite reflectance and other reservoir plays an important role in oil and gas exploration radioactive elements, it is believed that the two-phase ore- in south China. There are two stages of hydrocarbon forming and destruction of the paleo-reservoir is related to the accumulation, namely Caledonian and Indosinian stages. Two formation of uranium ore and mercury ore. tectonic movements, the Yanshan and Himalayan movements, are the chief contributors to destroying the reservoir. Where Pb isotope characteristics of Majiang paleo-reservoir Table 2 the conditions are good for preservation, such as control of the reservoir by the source rocks, there is an exploration 208 204 207 204 206 204 Pb/ Pb Std err Pb/ Pb Std err Pb/ Pb Std err target when the structural movement is weak and the cap is deep enough to make a key exploration area. The overthrust 38.241 0.007 15.666 0.003 18.752 0.003 of the Xuefeng uplift and the centre of the Qianzhong uplift 38.146 0.009 15.598 0.004 18.393 0.004 are ideal areas for petroleum preservation in south China. 37.991 0.029 15.663 0.012 18.955 0.015 6 Acknowledgements 38.309 0.005 15.705 0.002 19.022 0.003 This research received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 38.155 0.005 15.626 0.002 18.645 0.002 40972090, 40672143 and 40172076), the National Major Fundamental Research and Development Project (Grant Nos. 38.368 0.006 15.696 0.003 18.881 0.003 2005CB422107 and G1999043305), and the National Science 38.316 0.005 15.828 0.002 20.696 0.003 and Technology Project (Grant Nos. 2008ZX05005-002-04- Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 133 deposits in south China. Oil & Gas Geology. 2006. 27(5): 571-583 (in 02). The authors si ncerely thank Ma Zongjin, Jia Chengzao, Chinese) Jin Zhijun, Liu Hefu and others for helpful discussions and Li M C. 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Joint development features and their Sun Z C. On the relationship of the intraplate deformation and the sec- functions as indicators for stress fi eld transformation in the Majiang ondary formation of oil/gas pools — general regularities of the oil- area. Oil & Gas Geology. 2008. 29(6): 740-747 (in Chinese) gas formation in an marine environment of the Yangtze area. Experi- Guo T L, Lou Z H, and M Y S. Several problems on oil and gas pres- mental Petroleum Geology. 1991. 13(2): 107-142 (in Chinese) ervation and their commercial prospecting in marine sequences of Tan g L J, Guo T L, Tian H Q et al. Poly-cycle tectonic evolution, differ- South China. Experimental Petroleum Geology. 2003. 25(1): 3-9 (in ential deformation and hydrocarbon reservation in central Guizhou Chinese) and adjacent region. Acta Geologica Sinica. 2008. 82(3): 298-307 (in He D F, Ma Y S, and Yang M H. Concept and appraisal principles of hy- Chinese) drocarbon preservation unit. Oil & Gas Geology. 2004. 25(2): 2-8 (in Xia ng C F, Tang L J, Jin Z J. et al. Outcrop sequence stratigraphy of Chinese) the Majiang ancient oil reservoir and suggestions for the study of Hu Y Z, Han R S, and Mao X X. Relationship between metal mineral- the sealing capability of the marine oil fi eld that developed in south ization and accumulation of oil and gas in east Guizhou. Geology China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 2008.82(3):346-352 (in Chinese) &Prospecting 2007. 43(5): 51-56 (in Chinese) Zha i G M, and Wang J J. The regularity of petroleum pool distribution in Jin Z J. Particularity of petroleum exploration in marine carbonate strata oil-bearing basins of China. Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2000. 21(1): 1-9 (in in China’s sedimentary basins. Earth Science Frontiers. 2005. 12(3): Chines e) 15-22 (in Chinese)Zho u F. Hydrocarbon accumulation and petroleum formation at the Jin Z J, and Cai L G. Exploration prospects, problems and strategies of northern margin of Jiangnan uplift. Wu han: China University of marine oil and gas in China. Oil & Gas Geology. 2006. 27(6): 722- Geology[Thesis]. 2006 (in Chinese) 730 (in Chinese) Jin Z J, Long S X, Zhou Y, et al. A study of the distribution of saline (Edited by Yang Lei) http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Petroleum Science Springer Journals

Multiphase tectonic movements, cap formations and evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir

Petroleum Science , Volume 8 (2) – May 28, 2011

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Springer Journals
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Copyright © 2011 by China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Subject
Earth Sciences; Mineral Resources; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Industrial and Production Engineering; Energy Economics
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10.1007/s12182-011-0125-1
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Abstract

Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 127 DOI 10.1007/s12182-011-0125-1 Multiphase tectonic movements, cap formations and evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir 1 2 Tang Liangjie and Cui Min State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China CNOOC Research Institute, Beijing 100027, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 Abstract: The Majiang paleo-reservoir is a typical destroyed hydrocarbon reservoir, buried in carbonate strata of China’s southern marine-facies. Field geological explorations, interpretations of seismic profi les and balanced cross-section restorations around this paleo-reservoir reveal that its formation and evolution have been restricted by multiphase tectonic movements of different intensities. A regional tectonic mechanism and model have been suggested for the formation and evolution of the Majiang paleo- reservoir. Geological fi eld exploration has been carried out along three typical Silurian cross-sections and rock samples were tested in combination with water-rock interaction. Based on the result of cap tests, the planar distribution, the residual thickness, the erosion thickness and the preservation conditions, the Silurian mudstone cap is discussed around the Majiang paleo-reservoir. Combining the hy drodynamic conditions of its formation and evolution and its tectonic movements, we determined the fact that the thicker the cap is, the more resistant it is to hydrodynamic destruction. The multi-phase formation and destructive geological model of the paleo-reservoir is established through an overall analysis of multi- phase tectonic evolutions, cap developments, hydrodynamic conditions and solid mineral metallogenic ages measured by Rb-Sr, Pb and Sm-Nd isotope techniques. Key words: Multiphase tectonic evolution, key tectonic changes, cap evolution, hydrocarbon preservation, Majiang paleo-reservoir gas accumulation at the later stage. One of the key scientifi c 1 Introduction issues (Jin et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2008) is the hydrocarbon Marine carbonate rock systems are quite ancient and accumulation and preservation process controlled by the distributed deep in the multi-phase superimposed basins of multi-phase tectonic activity of superimposed basins, and China. They developed in multiple source rocks. During by the constraint of the key tectonic characteristics on the the long geological history over hundreds of millions of preservation conditions of oil and gas reservoirs in marine years, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes carbonate rocks. occurred several times, which created conditions for Previous geologists have done a great deal of work on multi-phase accumulation in carbonate rock systems (Jin, marine carbonate rock systems in China, and achieved many 2005; Jin and Cai, 2006). At different stages of geological important results (Liu, 2001; Qiu, 2000; Sun, 1991; Zhai and history, marine carbonate rock systems formed faults, folds Wang, 2000). They investigated the structural movement of and unconformities on varied geodynamic backgrounds. deep-buried marine strata and its effects on the evolution of Complex deformations include the characteristics of hydrocarbons to the two poles (Zhai and Wang, 2000). The geometry and kinematics, the superposed reformation and tectonic stress of marine systems plays an important role in the different kinematic mechanisms of deformation styles. the process of oil and gas reservoir formation and distribution These events, which can be analyzed in accordance with the (Qiu, 2000); and they presented tectonic movements that scale of outcrops and the scale measured with geophysical wrought different effects on the destruction as well as the oil prospecting, changed the structure of early marine preservation of oil and gas reservoir areas (Guo et al, 2003; carbonate rock systems. They restrict the evolution of basins, Li, 1997). The methodology to distinguish an oil and gas sedimentary systems and the trapping conditions of oil and preservation process in areas with multiphase tectonic movement is summarized (He et al, 2004). There are three aspects of preservation conditions: the demonstrated different mechanisms of multi-phase tectonic activities on destruction *Corresponding author. email: tanglj@cup.edu.cn and preservation of oil and gas reservoirs, characteristics Received March 22, 2010 128 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 and evolutions of oil and gas reservoir caps, and interactive the Wengxiang Group of lower middle Silurian series and the mechanisms between fl uid and cap rock. fractured porous reservoir in the Honghuayuan Formation of The Majiang paleo-reservoir is a typical example of lower Ordovician series. The oil generation peak period spans reservoir formation and destruction in a marine carbonate from the early Silurian to the early mid-Devonian stage. The system of south China. The recent study result shows that the major reservoir was fi lled in the late Caledonian stage, with paleo-reservoir is a trap type generated due to the combination a crude oil reserve of over 1.5 billion tons (Zhou, 2006). of tectonic structures and lithology (Guo et al, 2003; Xiang This paper is intended to discuss the geologic factors for oil et al, 2008). The main source rocks are black mudstone and and gas preservation, with analyses of multi-phase tectonic carbonaceous mudstone of the lower Cambrian series. The evolution, cap characteristics and evolution of the paleo- reservoir stratum contains sandstone of the third Member in reservoir. 107 ° 30 ’ Wuling Sag 108° 00’ Qianzhong Uplift 26° 26 ° 40’ Study Xuefeng 40 ’ Area Qiannan Uplift Sag Kaili Majiang Xuefeng Uplift Danzhai Duyun Thrust 26° 26° Syncline 00’ 00’ 10 20km Paleo- Sandu Reservoir 107° 30’ 108° 00’ Fig. 1 D istribution of the paleo-reservoirs in the South Guizhou Depression 1. Kaili-Huzhuang anticline-type residual oil and gas reservoir (O -S ); 2. Majiang anticline-type 1 1 paleo-reservoir (O -S ); 3. Danzhai anticline-type lithologic paleo-reservoir ( ) 1 1 1 of different intensities (Dong et al, 2008; Tang et al, 2008). 2 Multi-phase structural movements In these structural movements, the key tectonic transitional There were several structural movements of different stage includes the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan intensities, in which different structural styles have been and Himalayan movements. The Duyun movement (late shown during the evolution of the Majiang paleo-reservoir Ordovician) formed a series of axial wide and gentle fold which rests in the transitional zone between the Qiannan structures in the NNE direction in the Majiang region; Depression and the Xuefeng Uplift and is considered to be and the Guangxi movement (late Silurian), the Dongwu one of the largest paleo-reservoirs in marine residual units movement (late Permian), and the Indosinian movement of south China (see Fig.1). The geological exploration, further accentuated these folds. The late Yanshan movement seismic cross-sectional interpretation and analysis of joints (Cretaceous) superposed them; and the superposition arranged indicate that the formation and evolution of the paleo- those large-scale wide gentle folds into a series of folded reservoir is restricted by multi-phase structural movements structures in an axial NE direction and of an echelon shape Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 129 (Tang et al, 2008). The seismic cross-sectional interpretation transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken, and balanced cross-sectional restoration demonstrate that and over 5,500 dislocation lines were delineated (see Fig. 2). the main tectonic activities of t he Duyun and Guangxi The dislocation density method shows that the paleo-stress movements occurred chiefl y in the form of uplift and vertical values of the Duyun and Guangxi movements are small, erosion. The tectonic activities at the Indosinian stage were only between 20-30 MPa. The main tectonic activities of the weak. The Yanshan and Himalayan movements produced Yanshan and Himalayan movements mainly exhibited strong the strongest horizontal compressional force. Thirty samples horizontal compression, faults, folds, uplifts and erosions, of sandstones and carbonate rocks of both the Devonian with relatively large paleo-stress values between 50-70 MPa. and the Banxi Group were collected from the surrounding For the acoustic emission of the Permian and Triassic, their area of the paleo-reservoir. Five hundred and thirty-six paleo-stress value is the same as their acoustic frequency, 0 1μm 0 1μm Sample C5 Sample C4 Fig. 2 TEM images of dislocation densities from the sandstone around the Majiang paleo-reservoir which indicates that there may not have been large-scaled made to predict the planar distribution, residual thickness, tectonic movements at the Indosinian stage. The fi ndings are erosion and preservation conditions of the Silurian mudstone consistent with those from the analysis of balanced cross- cap of the Majiang paleo-reservoir. The cap type and sections (Cui et al, 2009). preservation condition of the paleo-reservoir were confi rmed. The Lvyinqiao cross-sectional profile illustrates that if the 3 Cap formations confining pressure of the mudstone cap is 20 MPa and the average saturated kerosene breakthrough pressure is 6.2 Field exploration was conducted along typical Silurian MPa, then the average porosity is 3.0%, and the average cross-sections in the Qiannan Depression. Samples of permeability is 0.0303mD (see Fig. 3). Fifteen samples mudstone caps were tested and analyzed in combination were collected from the Bagu Silurian cross-section, with with water-rock dissolubility tests. The investigation was 10 5 8 4 Lvyinqiao cross-section Bagu cross-section 4 2 2 12 4 8 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 6 Breakthrough pressure, MPa Breakthrough pressure, MPa Fig. 3 Frequency distribution chart of the cross-sectional breakthrough pressure along the typical Silurian of the Majiang paleo-reservoir Frequence Frequence 130 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 Table 1 Evaluation criterion for gas cap rock (Deng et al, 2000) Breakthrough Permeability Porosity Chlorite Pressure Fracture Main Lithology Cap Classifi cation mD % % MPa -9 10 1.5 14.9 5 None Saline rock, Mudstone, Bauxite rock 1 (best) -8 10 >2 10.5 8 None Mudstone, Carbonaceous mudstone, Limestone 2 (good+) -7 10 >5 6.0 15 None Muddy siltstone, silty mudstone 3 (good-) -6 10 >7 2.6 20 Tiny Muddy siltstone, silty mudstone 4 (general) -5 10 >7 1.0 <20 Tiny Muddy fi ne-grained sandstone, Muddy siltstone 5 (bad) -4 10 10 0.4 <20 Tiny Muddy fi ne-grained sandstone, Siltstone Special conditions the average saturated kerosene breakthrough pressure being Hercynian movement was relatively weak. During the 5.3MPa, and the average porosity and permeability being 4.1% Indosinian stage, the oil reservoir is decomposed into a gas and 0.0303mD respectively (see Fig. 3). The surface samples reservoir at a high temperature (Fig. 4). At the Ordovician- fall within Class 2 cap (good) (see Table 1). Silurian stage, the source rock began to generate oil. This is According to the micro-features and the analyses of an important accumulation stage with limited destruction(Fig. diagenesis, the Silurian is made up of dense massive sandy 4). The Yanshan-Himalayan movement destroyed the oil bedded mudstone and the illite is laminated in the Majiang reservoir with strong uplift and erosion (Fig. 4). The results paleo-reservoir. Inter-granular micro-pores are developed from hydro-geological cycles of the Qiannan Depression among clay minerals and detrital particles. Micro-pores also correspond respectively to the regional key tectonic are also developed between the clay mineral layers. The transitions: the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan and mudstone here assumes a compact structure in the Wengxiang Himalayan movements (Lou et al, 2008). During the paleo- Group, and the overall sealing property is good according to uplift meteoric water strongly infiltrated and damaged the the diagenetic grade. The illite crystallinity is 0.65-0.68, and paleo-reservoirs during multi-phase oil and gas accumulation. the mixed-layer ratio is 15, located in the lower B part at the The preservation conditions appeared better towards the late diagenetic stage (Tang et al, 2008). Within a certain burial centre of the depression. In the Majiang-Kaili area of the spectrum, the greater the depth is, the stronger the compaction Qiannan region, the outcrop there commonly records episodic diagenesis is, therefore causing the clay mineral particles fl uid activities at the fi fth stage of the second episode. Based to be more compacted. The mudstone porosity is lower and on the stratigraphic age of authigenic minerals, and the the pore radius is reduced, jointly leading to the weakened structural evolution of the Qiannan Depression, the authigenic permeability, which in turn increased the displacement minerals in the fractures of the paleo-reservoir are mainly pressure and improved the sealing capacity of the capilliaries. formed at the Indosinian and Yanshan-Himalayan stages, For the rocks, when compaction increases, the plasticity is corresponding to the secondary reservoir-forming stage and reduced, and the brittleness is increased; micro-cracks would fi nal destruction of the paleo-reservoir. easily occur due to the transformation of late structural Analyses are made of multi-phase tectonic evolution, movements, hence part of the mudstone would have a lower cap development, hydrodynamic conditions as well as the sealing capacity. The dissolution rate of mudstone is faster in solid mineral metallogenic epochs for the ancient reservoir. the surface fresh water than in salty water, which indicates Together with Rb-Sr, Pb and Sr-Sm isotopes measurements, that the dissolution rate of buried mudstone is evidently lower a two-phase accumulation (Caledonian Stage and Indosinian than that on the surface. The currently outcropped mudstone Stage) and destruction model is established for the reservoir: has a good sealing capacity when buried deep. The dominant accumulation stage includes the Caledonian and Indosinian stages; the main destructive phases are the 4 Construction and destruction of the late Caledonian and Yanshan-Himalayan stages. The Duyun and Guangxi movements were mainly uplifting and erosional Majiang paleo-reservoir activities, restricting the burial depth, thickness and fracture Corresponding to multi-phase tectonic evolution, the development of the mudstone cap of the Silurian System and Caledonian and the Yanshan-Himalayan stages are the main controlling the vertical preservation of the reservoir cap. stages of meteoric water infi ltration in the Qiannan Depression, The Yanshan and Himalayan movements destroyed the and the destruction of the Majiang paleo-reservoir from late Majiang paleo-reservoir by tectonic forces of faulting, folding, tectonic activities is strong. The evol utional characteristics of nappe thrusting and uplifting erosion. The Xuefeng Uplift the paleo-fluid dynamic field demonstrates that the deeper the was thrusting during the late Yanshan movement. Because cap is buried, the weaker the hydrodynamic damage; and the of the presence of multiple detachment and the different shallower the cap is buried, the more severe the hydrodynamic thrusting, high-angle thrust faults broke through and were damage. The Caledonian-Hercynian stage is one at which well developed in the periphery of the Xuefeng Uplift around oil was mostly generated (Fig. 4); the destruction in the the paleo-reservoir. Based on the slope of the burial history Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 131 600Ma 500Ma 400Ma 300Ma 200Ma 100Ma Clay mineral,% 80 40 60 20 OS T J K EN Z D CP Burial history Middle Good Middle Lower Cambrian source Wet gas Oil Dry gas Hydrocarbon Middle-upper Cambrian and evaluation Wet gas Silurian source Dry gas Oil Structural Zhijin Duyun Dongwu Caledonian Yanshanian Himalayan Qiangui Indosinian movement Fig. 4 Multi-phase structural movement, cap development, reservoir-forming, destruction and evolution of Majiang paleo-reservoir line in Fig. 4, two stages were discovered. The fi rst stage is T it experienced, Zhou (2006) determined that the maximum pre-Indosinian, when the main structural style reveals folding temperature of asphalt in the Kaili Reservoir falls between and vertical movement. The second stage is post-Indosinian, 122 , and 148 , that the maximum depth is up to when the main structural style presents breakthrough faulting approximately 4000m and that the age of the forming of such and horizontal movement; the preservation becoming poor asphalt is the late Triassic, based on the geothermal gradient slowly. In the Himalayan movement, the reservoir was (3.2 /100m). By measuring the mean temperature of fi ssure uplifted quickly and broke up fi nally. filling, together with the geothermal gradient and burial Based on the statistical correlation between the Ro value history, he concluded that the asphalt fi nally decomposed into of Barker vitrinite refl ectance and the maximum temperature methane-based dry gas and residual asphalt at the Yanshan stage. Using U-Pb, Pb-Pb, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in 0.7093 the crude oil, bitumen and kerogen, the age of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation can be determined, while U, Pb, Rb, Sr and other metals exist as organic 0.7092 complexes, chemical adsorbents and debris mixed with other C4-7 materials in the asphalt, of which three the organic complex is the chief target for the geochronology of hydrocarbon C4-4 0.7091 accumulation. The asphalt samples are collected near Pojiao Village, Bagu, Duyun city. The collected asphalt, which is developed mainly in the joints and cracks of dolomite that 0.7090 lies beneath the thick Honghuayuan Formation in the lower Ordovician, is a typical epigenetic reservoir bitumen. C4-1 There were seven kinds of asphalt used for Rb-Sr and Pb- 0.7089 Age=405±20Ma Pb dating. The separating, selecting, enriching and testing MSWD=0.99 of the bitumen samples are done in the Beijing Geological C4-2 0.7088 Research Institute under the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and the equipment involved is a British GV-new high-precision solid thermal ionization mass spectrometer, IsoProbe-T. The 0.7087 ratio and content of Sr isotope are measured using a dynamic 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 multi-receiver, the ratio and content of Rb and Pb isotopes 87 88 Rb/ Sr were measured with a single receiver. How the equipment Rb/Sr isotope age (partial) of Maijiang paleo-reservoir was working was monitored by the International Standards, Fig. 5 87 88 Sr/ Sr Illite I/S Smectite C/S Chlorite Depth, km 132 Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 206 204 Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of Maijiang paleo-reservoir Table 3 the mean value of NBS981 lead standards Pb/ Pb = 207 204 208 204 16.911 ± 0.007, Pb/ Pb = 15.459 ± 0.012, and Pb/ Pb Sm Nd 87 86 147 144 143 144 Sm/ Nd Nd/ Nd Std err = 36.602 ± 0.033. SRM987 Sr standard average Sr/ Sr = μg/g μg/g 0.710283 ± 0.002. The blank Pb during the experimental -10 -10 -10 0.103 0.692 0.0896 0.511826 0.000006 process is 2 × 10 g, Rb is 5 × 10 g, and Sr is 5 × 10 g. After an adjustment of the background and dilution, the data 0.016 0.116 0.0830 0.511700 0.000013 acquired are regressed by IsoPlot isochron, and the samples can be classified into two groups. The first group includes 0.028 0.182 0.0945 0.511761 0.000013 four samples C4-1, C4-2, C4-4 and C4-7, and their age is 405 ± 20Ma (Fig. 5). The remaining three samples of the Sr 0.078 0.517 0.0917 0.511760 0.000010 content are similar, resulting in bigger errors in age (195 ± 65Ma). Although there are big errors in the three samples, 0.011 0.070 0.0911 0.511630 0.000012 it still can be confirmed that there are two age groups for 206 204 the asphalt. The ratio of Pb/ Pb is18.6, but six of the 0.033 0.231 0.0861 0.511775 0.000008 seven samples show the Pb isotope positive anomaly (Table 2), indicating that there are some radioactive Pb and other 0.227 1.38 0.0994 0.511873 0.000010 radioactive elements that came at the later stage and mixed into the asphalt during their formation, resulting in a Pb-Pb 5 Conclusions age datum that cannot constitute a valid isochron. In addition, the metallogenic epoch of mercury, antimony The formation and evolution of the Majiang paleo- and gold formed as minerals was from the early Silurian reservoir have experienced some key tect onic transition till the early Triassic stages in the Danzhai area. The case stages, including the Duyun, Guangxi, Indosinian, Yanshan is the same with Fenghuang-Xinhuang mercury belt (Hu and Himalayan movements, while the main accumulation et al, 2007). In the Yanshan tectonic movement, magmatic phase was at the Caledonian and Indosinian stages and activity and infiltration of heated meteoric water activated th e main destructive phase was at the late Caledonian and migrated the deposited ore-forming materials, leading and Yanshan-Himalayan stages. The Duyun and Guangxi to the forming of ore veins in the Yanshan fault structure, or movements mainly resulted in uplift and erosion, restricting oxidization and concentration of the rock or ore close to the the burial depth, thickness and fracture development of the ground surface. While the tectonic movement destroyed the mudstone cap of the Silurian System and controlling the oil and gas reservoir, it changed the oxidation and reduction vertical preservation of the paleo-reservoir cap. The Yansh an conditions of metal-rich hot brine at the crude oil-water and Himalayan movements destroyed the paleo-reservoir interface, causing minerals to deposit from ore-bearing hot with tectonic forces such as faulting, folding, thrust nappes brine. The later strong structural movement transformed and uplifting erosion. Geological analyses, sample tests, these metal deposits. The Sm-Nd isotopic age data cannot dissolution tests and hydrodynamic analyses prove that the constitute a valid isochron (Table 3) but show the presence sealing capability of the Silurian cap is good at a certain depth of introduced radioactive Nd isotopes. In combination with of burial. An analysis of what has happened in the paleo- the structural deformation, vitrinite reflectance and other reservoir plays an important role in oil and gas exploration radioactive elements, it is believed that the two-phase ore- in south China. There are two stages of hydrocarbon forming and destruction of the paleo-reservoir is related to the accumulation, namely Caledonian and Indosinian stages. Two formation of uranium ore and mercury ore. tectonic movements, the Yanshan and Himalayan movements, are the chief contributors to destroying the reservoir. Where Pb isotope characteristics of Majiang paleo-reservoir Table 2 the conditions are good for preservation, such as control of the reservoir by the source rocks, there is an exploration 208 204 207 204 206 204 Pb/ Pb Std err Pb/ Pb Std err Pb/ Pb Std err target when the structural movement is weak and the cap is deep enough to make a key exploration area. The overthrust 38.241 0.007 15.666 0.003 18.752 0.003 of the Xuefeng uplift and the centre of the Qianzhong uplift 38.146 0.009 15.598 0.004 18.393 0.004 are ideal areas for petroleum preservation in south China. 37.991 0.029 15.663 0.012 18.955 0.015 6 Acknowledgements 38.309 0.005 15.705 0.002 19.022 0.003 This research received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 38.155 0.005 15.626 0.002 18.645 0.002 40972090, 40672143 and 40172076), the National Major Fundamental Research and Development Project (Grant Nos. 38.368 0.006 15.696 0.003 18.881 0.003 2005CB422107 and G1999043305), and the National Science 38.316 0.005 15.828 0.002 20.696 0.003 and Technology Project (Grant Nos. 2008ZX05005-002-04- Pet.Sci.(2011)8:127-133 133 deposits in south China. Oil & Gas Geology. 2006. 27(5): 571-583 (in 02). The authors si ncerely thank Ma Zongjin, Jia Chengzao, Chinese) Jin Zhijun, Liu Hefu and others for helpful discussions and Li M C. 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Published: May 28, 2011

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