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Maulana and sekanjabin (oxymel): a ceremonial relationship with gastronomic and health perspectives

Maulana and sekanjabin (oxymel): a ceremonial relationship with gastronomic and health perspectives Sekanjabin, also known as Oxymel, is an ancient beverage including honey, fermented vinegar, water, and various fruits and herbs. Great physicians Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna recommended treating gastrointestinal disor- ders, pain, asthma, thoracic, cough, sore throat, foul, and breath. Furthermore, Maulana, a symbol of tolerance that is humanism-flexible and non-violent, frequently mentions this beverage in his great masterpieces “Divan-ı Kebir” and “Masnavi.” Therefore, it can be evaluated as an intangible cultural heritage of Western and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and ceremonial role in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. From a gastronomic and health perspective, this study explored the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and sekanjabin. Keywords: Sekanjabin, Oxymel, Maulana, Gastronomic culture, Health The traditional beverages are considered gastronomic Introduction value, and many health and medicinal properties, includ- Gastronomic culture is transferred from generation to ing antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancerous, antinoci- generation, community to community. Differences in ceptive, antihyperlipidemic, and immunomodulatory sensorial characteristics and types of foods and bever- effects, have been attributed to them since ancient times ages are considered gastronomic values, and there exist [5]. One of the ancient beverages is the sekanjabin, also near or far connections between the gastronomic values known as “oxymel” in the western civilizations. It is pre- of each community [1]. pared by mixing honey, vinegar, and water with various For centuries, living together in ethnocultural and reli- fruits and herbs. Some great physicians, Hippocrates, gious diversity has created similar or diverse eating and Galen, and Avicenna, recommend treating gastrointesti- drinking habits, choices, and  folklore traditions [2]. The nal disorders, pain, asthma, thoracic, cough, sore throat, most critical factors in eating and drinking choices are and foul breath. Similarly, Maulana (AD 1207–1273), a sensory appeal, nutrition, health, natural content, tradi- well-known poet, jurist, muhaddist, commentator, mys- tions, cultures, and complex societal and environmen- tic, and philosopher worldwide, frequently mentions tal factors [3]. People consider traditional eating and sekanjabin in his great works Divan-ı Kebir and Masnavi. drinking habits healthy [4]. Therefore, traditional eating u Th s, the sekanjabin has become a ceremonial tradition and drinking habits add a new dimension to the prefer- in the Maulawi Culture due to Maulana’s influence. ences by bringing forth challenges from gastronomic and Based on these facts, the sekanjabin can be evaluated as health perspectives. an intangible cultural heritage of Western and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and ceremonial role *Correspondence: haiborhan@gmail.com in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. Therefore, ultimately Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Tourism Research Institute, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey focusing on this drink would provide better insights into Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Orhan et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 2 of 5 understanding and knowledge of traditional beverages the iatrochemical doctrine of Paracelsus and improved by illuminating Maulana’s passion for sekanjabin and digestion using oxymel. In Ibn-i Serif ’s medical book dat- his influence across nations and ethnic divisions as the ing from the fifteenth century in Turkey, dodder, fennel, symbol of tolerance, humanism-flexible and non-violent. celery and endive, aniseed, squill, pomegranate, raisins, From a gastronomic and health perspective, this study quince, elecampane, mustard, lemon juice, laxative herbs, explores the ceremonial relationship between Maulana roots of radish, and aftimun are included in the recipes of and sekanjabin. Sekanjabin [17–19]. Sekanjabin and major ıngredients Theoretical background The sekanjabin is considered initially a medicinal drink Since ancient times, sekanjabin has been used with produced with fermented vinegar and honey from medicinal plants and herbs to treat some diseases [20]. In ancient times to the current era [6]. There are almost Persian medicine, with squill to treat asthma [21],  Cap- 1200 types of sekanjabin described in the Persian phar- paris  spinosa  to adjust blood glucose and triglycerides maceutical manuscripts, such as Qanoon-fel-teb (The in diabetic patients [22], thyme to treat obesity-induced Canon) by Ebn-e-Sina, also known as Avicenna (AD metabolic disorders [6], and quince to increase appetite, 980–1037), Ketab-al-Hawi (Continents) by Raˆzi’s (AD cleanse the liver, and remove fever [23]. Other famous 860–940), and Zakhireh Kharazmshahi by Esmail Jor- physicians Aegina (AC 625–690), Ibn al-Bayṭār (AD jani (AD 1042–1136) [7]. Famous physicians Hippocrates 1197–1248), al-Razi (AD 865–925), Hâkim Barakat (AD (460–370 BC), Dioscorides (last century AD), Galen (sec- thirteenth century), Sheik (AD 1373–1431), Rhazes, and ond century AD), Soranus (first-second century AD), Haly Abbas suggest it for breastfeeding mothers [24], and Paulus Aegineta (seventh century AD), other than remedying hypersplenism [25], treatment of stroke [26], Persian physicians, also suggested it for treating epilepsy, foul breath, liver, stomach, and spleen disorders [27], fever, ease obstructions in the stomach, oral contracep- stomach pain, malaria, quenching one’s thirst [28], and tive formulation, and asthma [8]. treatment of asthma [21]. Furthermore, Hippocrates, the Sekanjabin is prepared in traditional Iranian folk medi- father of modern medicine, recommended cider vinegar cine by boiling equal amounts of honey and vinegar on mixed with honey to treat coughs and colds [12], whereas low heat for 15  min [8]. According to the British Phar- Avicenna suggested Sikanjabin al-buzuri (seed oxymel) macopoeia (1898), German Pharmacopoeia (1872), and for opium fiends in his great work entitled “al-Qānūn f ī French Codex (1898), it is the mixture of “concentrating al-Ṭibb [29]. and clarifying one-part white wine vinegar with four- part honey” [9]. Honey is a naturally occurring food with Maulana and Sekanjabin superb health effects among its ingredients. It has been Maulana (AD 1207–1273) was a poet, jurist, muhad- used as a therapeutic antioxidant for centuries against dist, commentator, mystic, and philosopher, who caused cough, fever, asthma, wound healing, antibacterial, anti- deep sorrow for people from many different cultures in inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, and antidiabetic the east and the west after his death. The United Nations substances, and several functions of becoming immu- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNE - nomodulatory, estrogenic regulatory, antimutagenic, and SCO) declared 1973 as the “Maulana Year” on its 700th anticancer [10, 11]. Dating back to 3,000 BC, the first anniversary of death and the year 2007 as its 800th anni- recorded mention of vinegar was in the Babylonians. Its versary of birth [30]. residues were found in the urns of Egypt and some texts The basis of the Maulana philosophy is the concept of dating from 1200 BC in China and ancient Greece and “love.” Love is a universal phenomenon from the window Rome in 400 BC [12]. Furthermore, vinegar has been pre- of Maulana, and it encompasses the whole of human- ferred as remedies in many cultures due to its bioactive ity regardless of religion, language, or race. He is also an components such as phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, absolute master in logic, philosophy, mathematics, geom- phytosterols, amino acids, and vitamins E and C [13], that etry, astronomy, and medicine, although he is regarded as determine its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cholesterol- one of the greatest Sufi spiritual masters [31]. lowering responses, antioxidative, antiobesity, antitumor, Maulana’s masterpieces  Divan-ı Kebir  and  Mas- and antihypertensive effects [6, 14]. Herbs are frequently navi  describe the sekanjabin as a thirst quench and associated with health claims, beneficial properties, and medicinal beverage. Maulana attaches great importance flavoring foods and beverages [15]. to the sekanjabin [32]. For instance, he explains the Therapeutics has been central to the medical enter - skin color with those words: “the redness of face is due prise and in all places [16]. For instance, German physi- to increase in blood, yellowness due to swelling of bile, cian Georg Wolfgang (1645–1721) was influenced by the white face from sputum, and brownish face due to Or han et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 3 of 5 falling in love.” Therefore, jaundice on Maulana’s face in Therefore, our research methodology is based on two his advanced ages might be due to “swelling of bile,” and guiding questions behind Maulana’s consumption choice he points to the sekanjabin to remove excess bile [23]. of the sekanjabin—the first that he consumed it  for In Mevleviyeh, the followers of Maulana, the sekanja- “health reasons” and the second that he drank it for “cul- bin has been the most consumed drink because Maulana tural reasons.” loves it. They also believe that it increases appetite if To explain the guiding questions, we followed up on drunk before eating and improves digestion if consumed the fate of serkanjabin from ancient times to Maulana’s after a meal. Accordingly, Mevleviyeh culture takes culi- works surveying the literature and getting the opinion of nary responsibilities very seriously [33], and some of the two academics from gastroenterology and Seljuk Cuisine foods mentioned in Maulana’s masterpiece “Masnavi” backgrounds, respectively. still exist in the Cuisine of Konya, where Maulana lived and died [1]. Results The Masnavi, also written as Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi, Sekanjabin is an intangible cultural heritage of Western Mathnawi, or Mathnavi, is a series of six books of poetry and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and cer - in Persian that contains 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines. emonial role in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. From a Maulana began dictating the first book around 54-year- gastronomic and health perspective, this study explored old and continued composing poems until he died in the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and sekan- 1273. The sixth and final book would remain incom - jabin. Overall, we think that Both gastronomic culture plete. According to Whinfield’s translation from Persian and health care might cause Maulana’s passion for sekan- to English in 2017 [34], in Book 1, Maulana talks about jabin; it is tough to say for sure. sekanjabin in different ways: Understanding people’s behaviors and the evolution of food systems are needed to assess the connections and Book I, prologue, 23–24 interdependence of people and organizations across a Hail to thee, then, O LOVE sweet madness! food system [35]. Traditional foods or beverages nour- Thou who heals all infirmities! ished our ancestors throughout humans’ evolutionary Who art the physician of our pride and self-conceit! history and have been serving diverse purposes, includ- Who art our Plato and our Galen! ing nutrition, medication, and socio-economic benefits Book I, Story XII, 3210 [36]. Rocillo-Aquino et al. [37] describe the world as “tra- How could the excellence of the leech’s art be seen? ditional,” i.e., that which follows the ideas, norms, or past If vile base copper were not mingled, customs within the scope of four significant dimensions How could the alchemist Show his skill? “time, place, know-how, and  cultural meaning.” In other Defects are the mirrors of the attributes of beauty, words, the term “traditional” characterizes the trans- The base is the mirror of the High and Glorious One, mission of knowledge and raw materials between gen- Because one contrary Show foth its contrary, erations, but with different perceptions and meanings for As vinegar’s sourness shows honey’s sweetness. each person in terms of eating and drinking habits, socio- Book I, Story XII, 3211 demographic profile, and experiences [37]. The novelty of Because one contrary shows forth its opposite, this work is that it has not been discussed from Maulana’s As vinegar’s sourness shows honey’s sweetness. point of view on gastronomic and health perspective, Book I, Story XV, 3663–3664 although there exists knowledge of some characteristics I have, as it were, mixed honey with vinegar, of the Sekanjabin such as culture, history, regions, cele- To aid the sickness of your hearts, bration, and ancient categories. When you are cured of your sickness, O invalid, The traditional foods and beverages vary from one Then leave out the vinegar and eat pure honey. region and are generally transmitted and sustained through informal practice [38]. In the case of the Sekan- jabin, we see that it has been formally available in the Research methodology medicinal books since ancient times. This means that its Maulana touches on the medical uses of sekanjabin in his medicinal potential has been assessed and adopted cul- works, and in some of his philosophical couplets, he also turally. Health starts with eating and drinking choices, makes metaphorical approaches through honey, vinegar, usually considered the same thing [39]. The information and sekanjabin. After his death, it and its consumption about Maulana’s health situation is minimal. According have become a traditional symbol among his followers. to Mevleviyeh sources and Maulana’s son, he was gener- This study is a retrospective investigation of the causes ally healthy, although he had blood pressure symptoms of the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and and  Jaundice, i.e., yellow color of the skin. Jaundice can sekanjabin from gastronomic and health perspectives. Orhan et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 4 of 5 Availability of data and materials be a symptom of a few health issues with the liver, gall- All the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the bladder, or pancreas [40]. In his works, Maulana connects article. Jaundice to the increase of bile and claims the sekanjabin removes excess bile. In the literature, the works report Declarations that antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Competing interests honey diminish oxidative stress and apoptosis through The authors declare no competing interests. the bile duct in jaundice [41], and vinegar decrease liver damage [42]. Considering this fact, our work indicates Author details Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Tourism Research Institute, that Maulana’s philosophy of eating and drinking is aware Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey. Department of Gastron- of the fine line between culture and health and consid - omy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Başkent ered the same thing, depending on the circumstances. University, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Küçükçekmece, Traditional drinks also influence social life and preserve Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Graduate cultural heritage, not only bringing health benefits [43]. Studies, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Maulana possibly preferred consuming it due to cultural Turkey. reasons in the Balkh geography, where Maulana was born Received: 20 November 2021 Accepted: 1 April 2022 and spent a part of his childhood. 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Maulana and sekanjabin (oxymel): a ceremonial relationship with gastronomic and health perspectives

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Abstract

Sekanjabin, also known as Oxymel, is an ancient beverage including honey, fermented vinegar, water, and various fruits and herbs. Great physicians Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna recommended treating gastrointestinal disor- ders, pain, asthma, thoracic, cough, sore throat, foul, and breath. Furthermore, Maulana, a symbol of tolerance that is humanism-flexible and non-violent, frequently mentions this beverage in his great masterpieces “Divan-ı Kebir” and “Masnavi.” Therefore, it can be evaluated as an intangible cultural heritage of Western and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and ceremonial role in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. From a gastronomic and health perspective, this study explored the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and sekanjabin. Keywords: Sekanjabin, Oxymel, Maulana, Gastronomic culture, Health The traditional beverages are considered gastronomic Introduction value, and many health and medicinal properties, includ- Gastronomic culture is transferred from generation to ing antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancerous, antinoci- generation, community to community. Differences in ceptive, antihyperlipidemic, and immunomodulatory sensorial characteristics and types of foods and bever- effects, have been attributed to them since ancient times ages are considered gastronomic values, and there exist [5]. One of the ancient beverages is the sekanjabin, also near or far connections between the gastronomic values known as “oxymel” in the western civilizations. It is pre- of each community [1]. pared by mixing honey, vinegar, and water with various For centuries, living together in ethnocultural and reli- fruits and herbs. Some great physicians, Hippocrates, gious diversity has created similar or diverse eating and Galen, and Avicenna, recommend treating gastrointesti- drinking habits, choices, and  folklore traditions [2]. The nal disorders, pain, asthma, thoracic, cough, sore throat, most critical factors in eating and drinking choices are and foul breath. Similarly, Maulana (AD 1207–1273), a sensory appeal, nutrition, health, natural content, tradi- well-known poet, jurist, muhaddist, commentator, mys- tions, cultures, and complex societal and environmen- tic, and philosopher worldwide, frequently mentions tal factors [3]. People consider traditional eating and sekanjabin in his great works Divan-ı Kebir and Masnavi. drinking habits healthy [4]. Therefore, traditional eating u Th s, the sekanjabin has become a ceremonial tradition and drinking habits add a new dimension to the prefer- in the Maulawi Culture due to Maulana’s influence. ences by bringing forth challenges from gastronomic and Based on these facts, the sekanjabin can be evaluated as health perspectives. an intangible cultural heritage of Western and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and ceremonial role *Correspondence: haiborhan@gmail.com in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. Therefore, ultimately Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Tourism Research Institute, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey focusing on this drink would provide better insights into Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Orhan et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 2 of 5 understanding and knowledge of traditional beverages the iatrochemical doctrine of Paracelsus and improved by illuminating Maulana’s passion for sekanjabin and digestion using oxymel. In Ibn-i Serif ’s medical book dat- his influence across nations and ethnic divisions as the ing from the fifteenth century in Turkey, dodder, fennel, symbol of tolerance, humanism-flexible and non-violent. celery and endive, aniseed, squill, pomegranate, raisins, From a gastronomic and health perspective, this study quince, elecampane, mustard, lemon juice, laxative herbs, explores the ceremonial relationship between Maulana roots of radish, and aftimun are included in the recipes of and sekanjabin. Sekanjabin [17–19]. Sekanjabin and major ıngredients Theoretical background The sekanjabin is considered initially a medicinal drink Since ancient times, sekanjabin has been used with produced with fermented vinegar and honey from medicinal plants and herbs to treat some diseases [20]. In ancient times to the current era [6]. There are almost Persian medicine, with squill to treat asthma [21],  Cap- 1200 types of sekanjabin described in the Persian phar- paris  spinosa  to adjust blood glucose and triglycerides maceutical manuscripts, such as Qanoon-fel-teb (The in diabetic patients [22], thyme to treat obesity-induced Canon) by Ebn-e-Sina, also known as Avicenna (AD metabolic disorders [6], and quince to increase appetite, 980–1037), Ketab-al-Hawi (Continents) by Raˆzi’s (AD cleanse the liver, and remove fever [23]. Other famous 860–940), and Zakhireh Kharazmshahi by Esmail Jor- physicians Aegina (AC 625–690), Ibn al-Bayṭār (AD jani (AD 1042–1136) [7]. Famous physicians Hippocrates 1197–1248), al-Razi (AD 865–925), Hâkim Barakat (AD (460–370 BC), Dioscorides (last century AD), Galen (sec- thirteenth century), Sheik (AD 1373–1431), Rhazes, and ond century AD), Soranus (first-second century AD), Haly Abbas suggest it for breastfeeding mothers [24], and Paulus Aegineta (seventh century AD), other than remedying hypersplenism [25], treatment of stroke [26], Persian physicians, also suggested it for treating epilepsy, foul breath, liver, stomach, and spleen disorders [27], fever, ease obstructions in the stomach, oral contracep- stomach pain, malaria, quenching one’s thirst [28], and tive formulation, and asthma [8]. treatment of asthma [21]. Furthermore, Hippocrates, the Sekanjabin is prepared in traditional Iranian folk medi- father of modern medicine, recommended cider vinegar cine by boiling equal amounts of honey and vinegar on mixed with honey to treat coughs and colds [12], whereas low heat for 15  min [8]. According to the British Phar- Avicenna suggested Sikanjabin al-buzuri (seed oxymel) macopoeia (1898), German Pharmacopoeia (1872), and for opium fiends in his great work entitled “al-Qānūn f ī French Codex (1898), it is the mixture of “concentrating al-Ṭibb [29]. and clarifying one-part white wine vinegar with four- part honey” [9]. Honey is a naturally occurring food with Maulana and Sekanjabin superb health effects among its ingredients. It has been Maulana (AD 1207–1273) was a poet, jurist, muhad- used as a therapeutic antioxidant for centuries against dist, commentator, mystic, and philosopher, who caused cough, fever, asthma, wound healing, antibacterial, anti- deep sorrow for people from many different cultures in inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, and antidiabetic the east and the west after his death. The United Nations substances, and several functions of becoming immu- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNE - nomodulatory, estrogenic regulatory, antimutagenic, and SCO) declared 1973 as the “Maulana Year” on its 700th anticancer [10, 11]. Dating back to 3,000 BC, the first anniversary of death and the year 2007 as its 800th anni- recorded mention of vinegar was in the Babylonians. Its versary of birth [30]. residues were found in the urns of Egypt and some texts The basis of the Maulana philosophy is the concept of dating from 1200 BC in China and ancient Greece and “love.” Love is a universal phenomenon from the window Rome in 400 BC [12]. Furthermore, vinegar has been pre- of Maulana, and it encompasses the whole of human- ferred as remedies in many cultures due to its bioactive ity regardless of religion, language, or race. He is also an components such as phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, absolute master in logic, philosophy, mathematics, geom- phytosterols, amino acids, and vitamins E and C [13], that etry, astronomy, and medicine, although he is regarded as determine its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cholesterol- one of the greatest Sufi spiritual masters [31]. lowering responses, antioxidative, antiobesity, antitumor, Maulana’s masterpieces  Divan-ı Kebir  and  Mas- and antihypertensive effects [6, 14]. Herbs are frequently navi  describe the sekanjabin as a thirst quench and associated with health claims, beneficial properties, and medicinal beverage. Maulana attaches great importance flavoring foods and beverages [15]. to the sekanjabin [32]. For instance, he explains the Therapeutics has been central to the medical enter - skin color with those words: “the redness of face is due prise and in all places [16]. For instance, German physi- to increase in blood, yellowness due to swelling of bile, cian Georg Wolfgang (1645–1721) was influenced by the white face from sputum, and brownish face due to Or han et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 3 of 5 falling in love.” Therefore, jaundice on Maulana’s face in Therefore, our research methodology is based on two his advanced ages might be due to “swelling of bile,” and guiding questions behind Maulana’s consumption choice he points to the sekanjabin to remove excess bile [23]. of the sekanjabin—the first that he consumed it  for In Mevleviyeh, the followers of Maulana, the sekanja- “health reasons” and the second that he drank it for “cul- bin has been the most consumed drink because Maulana tural reasons.” loves it. They also believe that it increases appetite if To explain the guiding questions, we followed up on drunk before eating and improves digestion if consumed the fate of serkanjabin from ancient times to Maulana’s after a meal. Accordingly, Mevleviyeh culture takes culi- works surveying the literature and getting the opinion of nary responsibilities very seriously [33], and some of the two academics from gastroenterology and Seljuk Cuisine foods mentioned in Maulana’s masterpiece “Masnavi” backgrounds, respectively. still exist in the Cuisine of Konya, where Maulana lived and died [1]. Results The Masnavi, also written as Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi, Sekanjabin is an intangible cultural heritage of Western Mathnawi, or Mathnavi, is a series of six books of poetry and near Asian civilizations and has a significant and cer - in Persian that contains 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines. emonial role in Maulana and Maulawi Culture. From a Maulana began dictating the first book around 54-year- gastronomic and health perspective, this study explored old and continued composing poems until he died in the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and sekan- 1273. The sixth and final book would remain incom - jabin. Overall, we think that Both gastronomic culture plete. According to Whinfield’s translation from Persian and health care might cause Maulana’s passion for sekan- to English in 2017 [34], in Book 1, Maulana talks about jabin; it is tough to say for sure. sekanjabin in different ways: Understanding people’s behaviors and the evolution of food systems are needed to assess the connections and Book I, prologue, 23–24 interdependence of people and organizations across a Hail to thee, then, O LOVE sweet madness! food system [35]. Traditional foods or beverages nour- Thou who heals all infirmities! ished our ancestors throughout humans’ evolutionary Who art the physician of our pride and self-conceit! history and have been serving diverse purposes, includ- Who art our Plato and our Galen! ing nutrition, medication, and socio-economic benefits Book I, Story XII, 3210 [36]. Rocillo-Aquino et al. [37] describe the world as “tra- How could the excellence of the leech’s art be seen? ditional,” i.e., that which follows the ideas, norms, or past If vile base copper were not mingled, customs within the scope of four significant dimensions How could the alchemist Show his skill? “time, place, know-how, and  cultural meaning.” In other Defects are the mirrors of the attributes of beauty, words, the term “traditional” characterizes the trans- The base is the mirror of the High and Glorious One, mission of knowledge and raw materials between gen- Because one contrary Show foth its contrary, erations, but with different perceptions and meanings for As vinegar’s sourness shows honey’s sweetness. each person in terms of eating and drinking habits, socio- Book I, Story XII, 3211 demographic profile, and experiences [37]. The novelty of Because one contrary shows forth its opposite, this work is that it has not been discussed from Maulana’s As vinegar’s sourness shows honey’s sweetness. point of view on gastronomic and health perspective, Book I, Story XV, 3663–3664 although there exists knowledge of some characteristics I have, as it were, mixed honey with vinegar, of the Sekanjabin such as culture, history, regions, cele- To aid the sickness of your hearts, bration, and ancient categories. When you are cured of your sickness, O invalid, The traditional foods and beverages vary from one Then leave out the vinegar and eat pure honey. region and are generally transmitted and sustained through informal practice [38]. In the case of the Sekan- jabin, we see that it has been formally available in the Research methodology medicinal books since ancient times. This means that its Maulana touches on the medical uses of sekanjabin in his medicinal potential has been assessed and adopted cul- works, and in some of his philosophical couplets, he also turally. Health starts with eating and drinking choices, makes metaphorical approaches through honey, vinegar, usually considered the same thing [39]. The information and sekanjabin. After his death, it and its consumption about Maulana’s health situation is minimal. According have become a traditional symbol among his followers. to Mevleviyeh sources and Maulana’s son, he was gener- This study is a retrospective investigation of the causes ally healthy, although he had blood pressure symptoms of the ceremonial relationship between Maulana and and  Jaundice, i.e., yellow color of the skin. Jaundice can sekanjabin from gastronomic and health perspectives. Orhan et al. Journal of Ethnic Foods (2022) 9:12 Page 4 of 5 Availability of data and materials be a symptom of a few health issues with the liver, gall- All the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the bladder, or pancreas [40]. In his works, Maulana connects article. Jaundice to the increase of bile and claims the sekanjabin removes excess bile. In the literature, the works report Declarations that antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Competing interests honey diminish oxidative stress and apoptosis through The authors declare no competing interests. the bile duct in jaundice [41], and vinegar decrease liver damage [42]. Considering this fact, our work indicates Author details Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Tourism Research Institute, that Maulana’s philosophy of eating and drinking is aware Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey. Department of Gastron- of the fine line between culture and health and consid - omy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Başkent ered the same thing, depending on the circumstances. University, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Küçükçekmece, Traditional drinks also influence social life and preserve Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Graduate cultural heritage, not only bringing health benefits [43]. Studies, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Maulana possibly preferred consuming it due to cultural Turkey. reasons in the Balkh geography, where Maulana was born Received: 20 November 2021 Accepted: 1 April 2022 and spent a part of his childhood. 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Journal

Journal of Ethnic Foods – Springer Journals

Published: Apr 11, 2022

Keywords: Sekanjabin; Oxymel; Maulana; Gastronomic culture; Health

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