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Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbirds in southwestern Brazil

Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbirds in... Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 12-14 March 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in southwestern Brazil Ivan Sazima Museu de Zoologia, C.P. 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: isazima@gmail.com Received on 1 October 2014. Accepted on 17 March 2015. ABSTRACT: Pygmy owls of the genus Glaucidium prey on large insect and small vertebrates, mostly birds. Among the birds preyed on by pygmy owls are hummingbirds, caught mostly while mobbing these owlets or when still at nestling stage. I report here on the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) snatching flower-visiting hummingbir ds in an orchard at a farm in southwestern Brazil. I recorded one White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) and three Gilded Hummingbirds (Hylocharis chrysura) preyed on by this owlet on three consecutive days. The large concentration of flowers and, consequently, of hummingbir ds in the orchard likely contributed to the hunting success of the owlet on such fleeting an d quickly moving prey. The role this pygmy owl plays on predation of adult hummingbirds in the Neotropics merits closer consideration. KEY-WORDS: Preying behaviour, hummingbirds as prey, Glaucidium brasilianum, Hylocharis chrysura, Polytmus guainumbi, Cerrado vegetation. Pygmy owls of the genus Glaucidium prey on large insects Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC). In the and small vertebrates, mostly birds (König et al. 1999, absence of an apparent natural mark I suppose that the Marks et al. 1999). Among the birds preyed on by pygmy recorded owlet was the same individual, as these birds are owls are hummingbirds, caught mostly while mobbing territorial and may even dive towards a whistling or play these owlets or when still at nestling stage (Jiménez & backing human imitator (König et al. 1999). Jaksic 1989, Rashid 1999, pers. obs.). I am unaware of The commonest hummingbird in the orchard was records of pygmy owls hunting hummingbirds on the the Gilded Hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura), whereas wing, except for a brief mention in Scholtz (2001). Hence, the White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) and I report here on the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium the Glittering-bellied Emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) brasilianum) snatching flower-visiting hummingbir ds at a were less common. The hummingbir ds actively visited farm in South-western Brazil. the flowers for nectar, and t he Gilded Hummingbirds I recorded predation by this pygmy owl on frequently chased one another during the visits. hummingbirds in an orchard (21°27'41" S, 56°26'22" W, The first hummingbir d I recorded preyed on by the 310 m a.s.l) at a touristic farm in Jardim, Mato Grosso owlet was a White-tailed Goldenthroat female on 4 May do Sul, southwestern Brazil, from 4 to 6 May 2011 at late at 17:37 h. Her wing feathers were plucked out (Figure 1a) afternoon (16:45-17:45 h). The vegetation type adjacent before the owlet pulled its prey to pieces. The owlet had to the farm was the Cerrado (Eiten 1992). A plenty of a few favourite hunting perches, from which it scanned flowering ornamental p lants, including Odontonema sp. the surroundings for a potential prey (Figure 1b). On (Figure 1d), Grevillea banksii, and Malvaviscus arboreus occasions, the Gilded Hummingbirds engaged in fierce grew in the orchard and its surrounding, a circumstance contests on the ground (Figure 1c) that lasted for up to that attracted hummingbirds to the orchard. Throughout 2 min. Although the owlet was fully aware of these fights the observations totalling about 7 h, I used the “ad near its hunting perch, I recorded no predation attempts libitum” sampling method, which is adequate to record under these circumstances. Instead, on 6 May at 17:34 h rare or sporadic events (Altmann 1974). Digital photos the owlet waited for the hummingbirds to separate and of the owl, the hummingbirds, and the predation events resume their flower visiting, to snatch one of them on the are housed as vouchers in the Museu de Zoologia, wing. In two instances, on 5 May at 17:31 h and 6 May Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in South-western Brazil Ivan Sazima at 17:36 h, I recorded the owlet seizing a hummingbird (this paper), the only other successful preying attempt I together with a portion of the plant the bird was visiting ever observed was near a hummingbird feeder in a hotel (Figure 1d). (22°25'55" S, 44°36'54" W, 1120 m a.s.l) near Maromba Pygmy owls are renowned for their ability to pursue at the Itatiaia range, Rio de Janeiro, on 25 April 2008 at birds (Marks et al. 1999), although the manoeuvrable about 17:00 h. A Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda) and swift flight of hummingbir ds makes them able to male mobbed too closely an apparently oblivious owlet occasionally evade even the quick strikes of arboreal perched by the feeder and was snatched in mid-air by a pitvipers (Schuchmann 1999) and the attacks of a forest sudden movement of the predator. Hummingbirds are hawk apparently specialised in preying on these fast birds readily attracted to a perched Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Stiles 1978). The large concentration of flowers and, or to the playback of its vocalisation (Sick 1997, Motta- consequently, of hummingbirds in the farm conceivably Junior 2007, Amaral & Ragusa-Netto 2008, Cunha contributed to the hunting success of the Ferruginous & Vasconcelos 2009). Thus, it is possible that part of Pygmy Owl on such fleeting and quickly moving prey. successful hunting on hummingbirds by pygmy owls Although four small birds in three days may be regarded results from mobbing episodes (see Sick 1997). As pointed as successful hunting, the owlet possibly caught additional out by some authors (Curio & Regelmann 1986, Sordahl prey throughout its activity period. Pygmy owls are 1990, Motta-Junior 2007), mobbing a predator implies renowned for their ability to prey on large birds, even if in real risk for the mobber (see the Brazilian Ruby above). these latter are not consumed entirely (Sick 1997, Marks In North America, hummingbirds are preyed on by et al. 1999, König et al. 1999). a variety of non-passerine and passerine birds (Miller & Pygmy owls habitually employ a hunting perch and Gass 1985), but these authors conclude that predation is the sit-and-wait tactic to secure their prey (Marks et al. not an important mortality factor for adult hummingbirds. 1999, König et al. 1999). Aside from the flower-visiting However, they caution that in the Neotropics predators hummingbirds preyed on by the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl may impose significant mortalities to hummingbir ds FIGURE 1. The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl ( Glaucidium brasilianum) and its hummingbird prey at an orchard in southwestern Brazil. On a feeding perch, the owlet plucks the wing feathers of a White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) female (a); on a hunting perch, the owlet scans the surroundings for potential prey (b); unaware of the watching owlet, two Gilded Hummingbirds (Hylocharis chrysura) fight on the ground (c); immediately after the winner resumed its flower visiting, the owlet dived and snatched it on the wing together with a portion of the visited plant (d). Photos: Ivan Sazima. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in South-western Brazil Ivan Sazima Cunha, F. C. R. & Vasconcelos, M. F. 2009. Aves que são atraídas (Miller & Gass 1985). I guess that pygmy owls are among pela vocalização do caburé Glaucidium brasilianum (Strigidae). the important predators of adult hummingbirds, and Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2): 144-149 suggest that field ornit hologists could increase our scanty Curio, E. & Regelmann, K. 1986. Predator harassment implies a real knowledge on this subject by paying attention to some deadly risk: a reply to Hennessy. Etholog y, 72(1): 75-78. particular circumstances under which the owls may have Eiten, G. 1992. Natural Brazilian vegetation types and their causes. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 64 (Suplemento 1): opportunity to prey on these swift birds (e.g., at feeders, 35–65. while mobbing, and visiting flowers). The role the Jiménez, J. E. & Jaksic, F. M. 1989. Biology of the Austral Pygmy widespread Ferruginous Pygmy Owl plays on predation Owl. Wilson Bulletin, 101(3): 377-389. of adult hummingbirds in the Neotropics merits closer König, C.; Weick, F. & Becking, J-H. 1999. Owls: A guide to the owls of the world. New Haven, Yale University Press. consideration, and natural history-oriented studies are Marks. J. S.; Cunnings, R. J. & Mikkola, H. 1999. Family Strigidae helpful in this respect. (typical owls), p. 76-242. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 5, Barn-owls to hummingbirds. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. Miller, R. S. & Gass, C. L. 1985. Survivorship in hummingbirds: Is ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS predation important? The Auk, 102(1): 175-178. Motta-Junior, J. C. 2007. Ferruginous pygmy-owl (Glaucidium I thank Cristina Sazima for help in the field and loving brasilianum) predation on a mobbing Fork-tailed Flycatcher support; Fabrício BarretoTeresa, Guilherme Ortigara (Tyrannus savana) in south-east Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 7(2): 321-324. Longo, Heriberto Gimenês Junior, and Renato Morais Rashid, S. 1999. Northern Pygmy-Owls (Glaucidium gnoma) in Araujo for pleasant companionship in the field and for Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of the Colorado Field calling my attention to one of the predation events; José Ornithologists, 33(2): 94-101. Sabino and Sergio Ricardo Floeter for making possible Scholtz, F. 2001. Owls. Mechanicsburg, Stackpole Books. my trip to the study site; the CNPq for earlier financial Schuchmann, K. L. 1999. Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds), p. 468-680. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.). support. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 5, Barn-owls to hummingbirds. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova REFERENCES Fronteira. Sordahl, T. A. 1990. The risk of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bulletin, 102(2): 349-352. Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling Stiles, F. G. 1978. Possible specialization for hummingbird-hunting methods. Behaviour, 49(3): 227-267. Amaral, P. P. & Ragusa-Netto, J. 2008. Bird mixed-flocks and in the Tiny Hawk. The Auk, 95(3): 550-553. nuclear species in a tecoma savanna in the Pantanal. Brazilian Journal of Biolog y, 68(3): 511-518. Associate Editor: Marco Aurélio Pizo Ferreira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbirds in southwestern Brazil

Sazima, Ivan
Ornithology Research , Volume 23 (1) – Mar 1, 2015
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Abstract

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 12-14 March 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in southwestern Brazil Ivan Sazima Museu de Zoologia, C.P. 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: isazima@gmail.com Received on 1 October 2014. Accepted on 17 March 2015. ABSTRACT: Pygmy owls of the genus Glaucidium prey on large insect and small vertebrates, mostly birds. Among the birds preyed on by pygmy owls are hummingbirds, caught mostly while mobbing these owlets or when still at nestling stage. I report here on the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) snatching flower-visiting hummingbir ds in an orchard at a farm in southwestern Brazil. I recorded one White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) and three Gilded Hummingbirds (Hylocharis chrysura) preyed on by this owlet on three consecutive days. The large concentration of flowers and, consequently, of hummingbir ds in the orchard likely contributed to the hunting success of the owlet on such fleeting an d quickly moving prey. The role this pygmy owl plays on predation of adult hummingbirds in the Neotropics merits closer consideration. KEY-WORDS: Preying behaviour, hummingbirds as prey, Glaucidium brasilianum, Hylocharis chrysura, Polytmus guainumbi, Cerrado vegetation. Pygmy owls of the genus Glaucidium prey on large insects Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC). In the and small vertebrates, mostly birds (König et al. 1999, absence of an apparent natural mark I suppose that the Marks et al. 1999). Among the birds preyed on by pygmy recorded owlet was the same individual, as these birds are owls are hummingbirds, caught mostly while mobbing territorial and may even dive towards a whistling or play these owlets or when still at nestling stage (Jiménez & backing human imitator (König et al. 1999). Jaksic 1989, Rashid 1999, pers. obs.). I am unaware of The commonest hummingbird in the orchard was records of pygmy owls hunting hummingbirds on the the Gilded Hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura), whereas wing, except for a brief mention in Scholtz (2001). Hence, the White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) and I report here on the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium the Glittering-bellied Emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) brasilianum) snatching flower-visiting hummingbir ds at a were less common. The hummingbir ds actively visited farm in South-western Brazil. the flowers for nectar, and t he Gilded Hummingbirds I recorded predation by this pygmy owl on frequently chased one another during the visits. hummingbirds in an orchard (21°27'41" S, 56°26'22" W, The first hummingbir d I recorded preyed on by the 310 m a.s.l) at a touristic farm in Jardim, Mato Grosso owlet was a White-tailed Goldenthroat female on 4 May do Sul, southwestern Brazil, from 4 to 6 May 2011 at late at 17:37 h. Her wing feathers were plucked out (Figure 1a) afternoon (16:45-17:45 h). The vegetation type adjacent before the owlet pulled its prey to pieces. The owlet had to the farm was the Cerrado (Eiten 1992). A plenty of a few favourite hunting perches, from which it scanned flowering ornamental p lants, including Odontonema sp. the surroundings for a potential prey (Figure 1b). On (Figure 1d), Grevillea banksii, and Malvaviscus arboreus occasions, the Gilded Hummingbirds engaged in fierce grew in the orchard and its surrounding, a circumstance contests on the ground (Figure 1c) that lasted for up to that attracted hummingbirds to the orchard. Throughout 2 min. Although the owlet was fully aware of these fights the observations totalling about 7 h, I used the “ad near its hunting perch, I recorded no predation attempts libitum” sampling method, which is adequate to record under these circumstances. Instead, on 6 May at 17:34 h rare or sporadic events (Altmann 1974). Digital photos the owlet waited for the hummingbirds to separate and of the owl, the hummingbirds, and the predation events resume their flower visiting, to snatch one of them on the are housed as vouchers in the Museu de Zoologia, wing. In two instances, on 5 May at 17:31 h and 6 May Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in South-western Brazil Ivan Sazima at 17:36 h, I recorded the owlet seizing a hummingbird (this paper), the only other successful preying attempt I together with a portion of the plant the bird was visiting ever observed was near a hummingbird feeder in a hotel (Figure 1d). (22°25'55" S, 44°36'54" W, 1120 m a.s.l) near Maromba Pygmy owls are renowned for their ability to pursue at the Itatiaia range, Rio de Janeiro, on 25 April 2008 at birds (Marks et al. 1999), although the manoeuvrable about 17:00 h. A Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda) and swift flight of hummingbir ds makes them able to male mobbed too closely an apparently oblivious owlet occasionally evade even the quick strikes of arboreal perched by the feeder and was snatched in mid-air by a pitvipers (Schuchmann 1999) and the attacks of a forest sudden movement of the predator. Hummingbirds are hawk apparently specialised in preying on these fast birds readily attracted to a perched Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Stiles 1978). The large concentration of flowers and, or to the playback of its vocalisation (Sick 1997, Motta- consequently, of hummingbirds in the farm conceivably Junior 2007, Amaral & Ragusa-Netto 2008, Cunha contributed to the hunting success of the Ferruginous & Vasconcelos 2009). Thus, it is possible that part of Pygmy Owl on such fleeting and quickly moving prey. successful hunting on hummingbirds by pygmy owls Although four small birds in three days may be regarded results from mobbing episodes (see Sick 1997). As pointed as successful hunting, the owlet possibly caught additional out by some authors (Curio & Regelmann 1986, Sordahl prey throughout its activity period. Pygmy owls are 1990, Motta-Junior 2007), mobbing a predator implies renowned for their ability to prey on large birds, even if in real risk for the mobber (see the Brazilian Ruby above). these latter are not consumed entirely (Sick 1997, Marks In North America, hummingbirds are preyed on by et al. 1999, König et al. 1999). a variety of non-passerine and passerine birds (Miller & Pygmy owls habitually employ a hunting perch and Gass 1985), but these authors conclude that predation is the sit-and-wait tactic to secure their prey (Marks et al. not an important mortality factor for adult hummingbirds. 1999, König et al. 1999). Aside from the flower-visiting However, they caution that in the Neotropics predators hummingbirds preyed on by the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl may impose significant mortalities to hummingbir ds FIGURE 1. The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl ( Glaucidium brasilianum) and its hummingbird prey at an orchard in southwestern Brazil. On a feeding perch, the owlet plucks the wing feathers of a White-tailed Goldenthroat (Polytmus guainumbi) female (a); on a hunting perch, the owlet scans the surroundings for potential prey (b); unaware of the watching owlet, two Gilded Hummingbirds (Hylocharis chrysura) fight on the ground (c); immediately after the winner resumed its flower visiting, the owlet dived and snatched it on the wing together with a portion of the visited plant (d). Photos: Ivan Sazima. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015 Lightning predator: the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl snatches flower-visiting hummingbir ds in South-western Brazil Ivan Sazima Cunha, F. C. R. & Vasconcelos, M. F. 2009. Aves que são atraídas (Miller & Gass 1985). I guess that pygmy owls are among pela vocalização do caburé Glaucidium brasilianum (Strigidae). the important predators of adult hummingbirds, and Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 17(2): 144-149 suggest that field ornit hologists could increase our scanty Curio, E. & Regelmann, K. 1986. Predator harassment implies a real knowledge on this subject by paying attention to some deadly risk: a reply to Hennessy. Etholog y, 72(1): 75-78. particular circumstances under which the owls may have Eiten, G. 1992. Natural Brazilian vegetation types and their causes. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 64 (Suplemento 1): opportunity to prey on these swift birds (e.g., at feeders, 35–65. while mobbing, and visiting flowers). The role the Jiménez, J. E. & Jaksic, F. M. 1989. Biology of the Austral Pygmy widespread Ferruginous Pygmy Owl plays on predation Owl. Wilson Bulletin, 101(3): 377-389. of adult hummingbirds in the Neotropics merits closer König, C.; Weick, F. & Becking, J-H. 1999. Owls: A guide to the owls of the world. New Haven, Yale University Press. consideration, and natural history-oriented studies are Marks. J. S.; Cunnings, R. J. & Mikkola, H. 1999. Family Strigidae helpful in this respect. (typical owls), p. 76-242. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 5, Barn-owls to hummingbirds. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. Miller, R. S. & Gass, C. L. 1985. Survivorship in hummingbirds: Is ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS predation important? The Auk, 102(1): 175-178. Motta-Junior, J. C. 2007. Ferruginous pygmy-owl (Glaucidium I thank Cristina Sazima for help in the field and loving brasilianum) predation on a mobbing Fork-tailed Flycatcher support; Fabrício BarretoTeresa, Guilherme Ortigara (Tyrannus savana) in south-east Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 7(2): 321-324. Longo, Heriberto Gimenês Junior, and Renato Morais Rashid, S. 1999. Northern Pygmy-Owls (Glaucidium gnoma) in Araujo for pleasant companionship in the field and for Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of the Colorado Field calling my attention to one of the predation events; José Ornithologists, 33(2): 94-101. Sabino and Sergio Ricardo Floeter for making possible Scholtz, F. 2001. Owls. Mechanicsburg, Stackpole Books. my trip to the study site; the CNPq for earlier financial Schuchmann, K. L. 1999. Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds), p. 468-680. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.). support. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 5, Barn-owls to hummingbirds. Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova REFERENCES Fronteira. Sordahl, T. A. 1990. The risk of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bulletin, 102(2): 349-352. Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling Stiles, F. G. 1978. Possible specialization for hummingbird-hunting methods. Behaviour, 49(3): 227-267. Amaral, P. P. & Ragusa-Netto, J. 2008. Bird mixed-flocks and in the Tiny Hawk. The Auk, 95(3): 550-553. nuclear species in a tecoma savanna in the Pantanal. Brazilian Journal of Biolog y, 68(3): 511-518. Associate Editor: Marco Aurélio Pizo Ferreira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23(1), 2015

Journal

Ornithology Research – Springer Journals

Published: Mar 1, 2015

Keywords: Preying behaviour; hummingbirds as prey; Glaucidium brasilianum; Hylocharis chrysura; Polytmus guainumbi; Cerrado vegetation

References

  • Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods
    Altmann, J
  • Bird mixed-flocks and nuclear species in a tecoma savanna in the Pantanal
    Amaral, P P; Ragusa-Netto, J
  • Aves que sao atraidas pela vocalização do caburé Glaucidium brasilianum (Strigidae)
    Cunha, F C R; Vasconcelos, M F
  • Predator harassment implies a real deadly risk: a reply to Hennessy
    Curio, E; Regelmann, K
  • Natural Brazilian vegetation types and their causes
    Eiten, G
  • Biology of the Austral Pygmy Owl
    Jiménez, J E; Jaksic, F M
  • Family Strigidae (typical owls)
    Marks, J S; Cunnings, R J; Mikkola, H; del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J
  • Survivorship in hummingbirds: Is predation important?
    Miller, R S; Gass, C L
  • Ferruginous pygmy-owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) predation on a mobbing Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) in south-east Brazil
    Motta-Junior, J C
  • Northern Pygmy-Owls (Glaucidium gnoma) in Rocky Mountain National Park
    Rashid, S
  • Family Trochilidae (hummingbirds)
    Schuchmann, K L; del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J
  • The risk of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review
    Sordahl, T A
  • Possible specialization for hummingbird-hunting in the Tiny Hawk
    Stiles, F G