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L. Huntsinger (1996)
Grazing in a California silvopastoral system: effects of defoliation season, intensity, and frequency on deerbrush, Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.Agroforestry Systems, 34
R. Putman, B. Staines (2004)
Supplementary winter feeding of wild red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe and North America: justifications, feeding practice and effectivenessMammal Review, 34
R. Motta (1996)
Impact of wild ungulates on forest regeneration and tree composition of mountain forests in the western Italian Alps.Forest Ecology and Management, 88
T. Rooney, R. Mccormick, S. Solheim, D. Waller (2000)
Regional Variation in Recruitment of Hemlock Seedlings and Saplings in the Upper Great Lakes, USAEcological Applications, 10
A. Mayer, V. Stöckli, C. Huovinen, W. Konold, B. Estermann, M. Kreuzer (2003)
Herbage selection by cattle on sub-alpine wood pasturesForest Ecology and Management, 181
Urs-Beat Brändli (2000)
Waldzunahme in der Schweiz - gestern und morgen, 45
U.-B. Brandli (2000)
Waldzunahme in der Schweiz – gestern and morgen. Informationsblatt Forschungsbereich LandschaftEidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL., 45
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Der Naturraum und dessen Nutzung im alpinen Tourismusgebiet von Davos. Reports of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research 289
B. Liss (1988)
Der Einfluß von Weidevieh und Wild auf die natürliche und künstliche Verjüngung im Bergmischwald der ostbayerischen AlpenForstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 107
C. Haeggström (1990)
The influence of sheep and cattle grazing on wooded meadows in Åland, SW Finland.
R. Hofmann (1989)
Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive systemOecologia, 78
(1989)
Weidenutzung und futterbauliche Aspekte bei extensiver Rindfleischproduktion
(1987)
Grundlagen zur Beurteilung des Wildverbisses im Gebirgswald
In the Swiss Alps, 15% of Swiss mountain forests are grazed during summer, mainly by cattle. The forest laws of various Swiss cantons characterise forest grazing as a detrimental form of land use and stipulate that this grazing practice should be restricted. However, little is known about tree damage actually caused by cattle. Seven subalpine ranges in the Swiss Canton Grisons, grazed by cattle at different stocking rates, were investigated. The condition of naturally regenerated young trees ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was assessed before and after the cattle grazing period. In order to characterise the influence of wild ungulates on the young trees during winter, the assessment of tree condition was repeated in the proximate spring. In total, 4% of the young trees were browsed on the apical shoot, 10% were browsed on lateral shoots, 13% of the trees showed other damage. The variation among ranges could almost completely be explained by the cattle stocking rate (livestock units per hectare). During winter, wild ungulates browsed 3 times as many young trees as the cattle during summer. The results suggest that cattle stocking rates on subalpine wood pastures should not exceed one livestock unit per hectare in order to avoid intensive browsing and other damage by cattle on young Norway spruces.
Agroforestry Systems – Springer Journals
Published: Feb 1, 2006
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