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- Springer Journals
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- Copyright © Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia 2019
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- 2178-7875
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Abstract
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(2): 115–121. ARTICLE June 2019 Habitat use and home range of a migratory bird, Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius, in an urban park in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil 1,3* 1 2* Juliana Gomes Vitório , Rita de Cássia Frenedozo & Karlla Vanessa de Camargo Barbosa Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil. Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil. Corresponding author: juliana.vitoriovieira@gmail.com Both authors contributed equally to this work Received on 08 March 2019. Accepted on 03 July 2019. ABSTRACT: Detailed studies on the home range size and habitat use of a species are important for the understanding of population dynamics and density. The Southern Streaked F lycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius) is a common, widely distributed austral migrant in Brazil that inhabits open areas, forest edges and urban parks. Surprisingly, very little information exists on even basic aspects of its natural history, and details about its habitat use and home range are essentially unknown. We estimated home range size and habitat selection by M. m. solitarius during the 2017–2018 breeding season at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, an urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. We mist-netted and banded three adult individuals, which were followed for a total of 91 h and 50 min to assess their habitat use and home range. Home range size was 5.40 ± 2.45 ha (95% kernel density) and 2.46 ± 1.70 ha (50% kernel density). We obtained 428 sight records of the three individuals, and the strata most frequently used were the canopy and mid-story, in some places with a relatively high percentage of tree cover. These individuals had a clear preference for forested areas (n = 408), as compared to isolated trees in open areas (n = 20). This study contributes to enhance our knowledge of the natural history of the species and offers important new data on various aspects related to the use of space. These results also suggest that urban green areas promote the occurrence of this species in cities, using urban parks to breed and as stopover sites during migration. KEY-WORDS: behavior, bem-te-vi-rajado, São Paulo, Streaked Flycatcher, urbanization. INTRODUCTION However, resource availability for birds in disturbed habitats can be diminished, affecting intraspecific The urbanization process may affect migratory bir d competition (Greenberg 1986), nest predation (Rodewald species in many different ways, since they use different et al. 2011) and food availability (Kohut et al. 2009). sites through the year for wintering, stopover and breeding Research on habitat requirements and behavior (Martin & Finch 1995, Lees & Martin 2015). Moreover, of migratory birds has almost exclusively occurred at annual variation in urban food resource availability may temperate latitudes (e.g., Dilger 1956, Blake & Karr 1987, favor the permanence of resident species and negatively Saab 1999, Norris et al. 2004), such that information affect migratory species, due to interspecific competition on even basic aspects of the natural history of most for food and nesting sites (Leveau 2018). For this reason, migratory birds that breed in the Neotropics is still scarce. the structure of urban green areas and heterogeneity One such species is the Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes of the urban matrix may influence a variety of natural maculatus), which occurs throughout most of the South history traits of these species, such as habitat use and and Central America and includes seven subspecies. The home range size. southernmost population refers to the subspecies M. Home range is the area used by the individual during m. solitarius, which performs poorly-known migratory its daily activities, including foraging and reproduction movements, breeding in southern South America and (Burt 1943, Brown & Orians 1970, Powell 2000), and it moving northwards in the fall (Cueto & Jahn 2008, del is expected that a bird species meets its basic needs within Hoyo et al. 2018). Plumage and vocal differences indicate its home range (Hutto 1985). The habitat selection in that this taxon may represent a valid species (del Hoyo et birds is a behavioral, physiological and ecological response al. 2018), inhabiting different habitat types across South (Cody 1985), which may result in a disproportionate use America, including open second-growth, forest edge and of habitat, directly influencing its survival (Hutto 1985). small clearings with scattered tall trees, in rural areas or Habitat use and home range of Southern Streaked Flycatcher Vitório et al. We classified t he park into three types of areas: A1) even in urban parks (Sick 1997, del Hoyo et al. 2018). However, the basic natural history aspects of this species, Areas formed by partially open vegetation and anthropic such as habitat use and home range size, are still poorly structures with relatively high numbers of people and known in both natural and urban areas. cars, comprised of herbaceous, shrub, arboreous and In this study, we assessed the habitat use and canopy vegetation strata. The understory is composed by estimated the home range size of M. m. solitarius during secondary vegetation in an initial state of regeneration, the breeding season in an urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. such as Leucaena spp., Enterolobium sp., Cecropia sp., We aimed to answer three main questions: 1) What is Handroanthus sp., Anadenanthera sp., Bombacopsis the home range size of the species in urban parks? 2) sp., Caesalpinia sp., Trema sp., Melia sp., Tipuana sp., Does habitat structure influence an individual's home Tibouchina sp., and Schinus sp. In the canopy there are range size? and 3) Does phytophysiognomy influence its native species and exotics, such as Schizolobium sp., foraging behavior? Chorisia sp., Jacaranda sp., and mainly Eucalyptus spp. and Casuarina spp. A2). This is a corridor attached to a small fragment of forest with vegetation that is beginning METHODS to regenerate, with herbaceous, shrub and arboreous strata present. Here, the understory is composed of Study site reforested native, exotic and ornamental species, such as Tibouchina sp., Handroanthus sp., Libidibia sp., Our study was carried out at the Parque Ecológico do Tietê (hereafter PET), an urban park located between Tipuana sp., Schinus sp., Cedrela sp., Anadenanthera sp., the cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos (Fig. 1). Nearly Melia sp., Casuarina sp., Leucaena sp., Ficus spp., Croton 300,000 people visit the park each year (DAEE 2019). sp. and Cecropia sp., as well as Alchornea triplinervia, We focused our research in São Paulo portion. The city which is very characteristic of the shrub stratum. A3) is one of the largest and most populous cities in the Located in an area of the park with limited public access, world (> 12 million people), composed of > 50% urban this area is mainly comprised by forest with tall trees, structures (e.g., buildings and impervious surfaces), dominated by Eucalyptus spp. and Casuarina sp.; most embedded within the Atlantic Forest ecoregion (Muylaert of the Eucalyptus is dry or dead (J.G.V., pers. obs.). The et al. 2018). understory comprises a less diverse, mostly secondary Figure 1. Map of the study area (Parque Ecológico do Tietê – PET) and its landscape components in São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(2): 2019 Habitat use and home range of Southern Streaked Flycatcher Vitório et al. plant community, with such species as Anadenanthera RESULTS spp., Melia sp., Leucaena spp. and Schinus sp. This area Home range is also bordered by a lake. The mean home range size of the species was 5.40 ± 2.45 Fieldwork ha (95% kernel density) and 2.46 ± 1.70 ha (50% kernel In October 2017, we mist-netted three adult M. m. density), described for each individual in Table 1. The largest home range, expressed as the 95% kernel contour solitarius, which were banded with numbered and color was estimated for A1 (8.46 ha) and the smallest was for bands for individual identification. The focal individuals A3 (2.46 ha; Fig. 2). Home range size varied between were designated as A1, A2 and A3. They were followe d months for all individuals, although it was different for and observed between 17 October 2017 and 31 January 2018 from 06:30 to 10:30 h, using methods described by each individual (Table 2). The three banded individuals were members of distinct social pairs, and we observed no Altmann (1974). Each individual was followed during 1 home range overlap between the territories of each pair. h, with its geographic coordinates registered every 10 min Agonistic encounters were observed between individuals with the cellphone app GPS Geotracker. The following (n = 6), but only at home range boundaries. information was collected: date, initial and final time of observation, height of the vegetation stratum it was found During the observation of habitat use, we obtained 428 records of the three individuals. Across records, in (high 15–20 m, middle 8–15 m and low 5–8 m), plant the high tree stratum was the most used (n = 247 total species it was found in, type of environment (forest or observations), followed by the middle (n = 141) and low isolated tree) it was found in, height of the perch (high strata (n = 40; Fig. 3). In general, birds were most often 15–20 m, middle 8–15 m and low 5–8 m) and stratum of foraging. observed using perches in the higher strata (high = 171, middle = 177), followed by the low stratum (low = 80; Each sampling day started with a different individual Fig. 4). No individuals were seen foraging on the ground. in order to minimize any time-related bias in behavioral Considering the substrates or perches selected, the A1 and measurements. The conspicuous vocal behavior of this A3 were similar (high = 11 and 8, respectively), (middle species made it easy to locate, and individual identification was made using binoculars. = 4 and 8, respectively) and (low = 5 and 5, respectively). While A2 used low perches in most capture activities (low = 33), followed by middle perches (n = 17). Moreover, Analyses in a total of 92 records, 84% of consumed food items were arthropods and 16% fruit. Individuals had a clear Estimates of home range of M. m. solitarius were performed using kernel density estimation (Worton preference for forest habitats (n = 408) in comparison to open areas with isolated trees (n = 20; Fig. 5). Most 1987), which is currently the most reliable and accurate home range estimator (Powell 2000, Jacob & Rudran Table 1. Myiodynastes m. solitarius home range (ha), 2003, Laver & Kelly 2008). We estimated 95% kernel expressed as 50% and 95% kernel density of three density contours to determine the total home range and 50% kernel density of each individual, and used individuals at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo city, Brazil. SD = standard deviation. smoothing (h) and least square cross-validation (LSCV) (Worton 1987, Laver & Kelly 2008). Analyses were ID 50% 95% performed using the R 3.4.1 environment (R Core Team A1 1.41 8.46 2014) and “adehabitat” assembly packages (Calenge et A2 0.70 5.28 al. 2009). The taxonomy used here follows the Brazilian A3 0.35 2.46 Committee of Ornithological Records (Piacentini et al. 2015). Mean ± SD 2.46 ± 1.70 5.40 ± 2.45 Table 2. Myiodynastes m. solitarius home range (ha) according to 50% and 95% kernel density of three individuals of the species at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo city, Brazil. October November December Id 50% 95% 50% 95% 50% 95% A1 0.0 1.03 1.06 5.63 2.28 9.78 A2 0.34 0.68 0.70 3.16 0.33 1.63 A3 0.68 1.70 1.06 4.93 0.65 2.61 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(2): 2019 Habitat use and home range of Southern Streaked Flycatcher Vitório et al. Figure 2. Points within polygons represent georeferenced fixes of observations of each bird during monitoring yellow polygons represent the 95% kernel density contours and pink polygons represent 50% kernel density, at Parque Ecológico do Tietê - SP, Brazil. Figure 3. Tree strata used by Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius Figure 5. Habitat (forest or isolated trees) used by Myiodynastes at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, Brazil. maculatus solitarius at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, Brazil. observations in areas with isolated trees were of the A2 pair. The members of the pairs remained together during the entire observation period and we observed breeding activities of the A2 pair, which nested and produced three fledglings (Figs. 6A & 6B). DISCUSSION Information on home range size of birds in South American urban areas are scarce and have been estimated for only a few species (e.g., Marantz et al. 2003, Hansbauer et al. 2008, Hilty 2011). As far as we know, this is the first Figure 4. Height of perches used by Myiodynastes maculatus assessment of the home range and habitat use of M. m. solitarius at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, Brazil. solitarius and our findings showe d that its home range in Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(2): 2019 Habitat use and home range of Southern Streaked Flycatcher Vitório et al. Figure 6. Banded Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius individuals at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, Brazil. (A) Individual A2, and (B) three chicks belonging to A2. an urban area is smaller than those of most Tyrannidae 2012), sex and age, breeding period and time of the year species studied in natural areas (e.g., Ribeiro et al. 2002, (Hansbauer et al. 2008, Jahn et al. 2010). Lopes & Marini 2006, Jahn et al. 2010). Additionally, We detected slight differences between the the presence of anthropogenic structures, as well as monitored pairs occupying different habitats, which was vegetation homogenization may increase the home range, reflected in the size of their respective home ranges and since we registered M. m. solitarius feeding on fruits and in the way individuals used the site. The home range of arthropods, and in urban green areas food availability can A1 was more anthropized, and throughout the study this be affected (Karr 1976, Jokimaki 1999). individual increased its home range from 2.31 to 6.84 Most of the work on home ranges of tyrant ha, which is potentially due to its foraging strategy to fly catchers in South America have been conducted in secure sufficient food (Hansbauer et al. 2008). It was also natural environments. In the rupestrian fields of Minas possibly related to the termination of the reproductive Gerais, the estimated home range size of Knipolegus period, after which birds are less restricted to being near lophotes (a species smaller than M. maculatus), is around the nest site (Hutto 1985). Moreover, the reduced tree 7 ha (Ribeiro et al. 2002) and in the Brazilian Cerrado, cover in A1's home range may have contributed to its two Suiriri Flycatchers (Suiriri suiriri and Suiriri affinis) larger area. Here, the landscape is partially composed of have home range sizes of up to 14.0 ha and 11.2 ha, lawn and buildings near the park entrance, where there is respectively, both species using the canopy more often more circulation of people and cars (i.e., the total area of than other strata in Cerrado forest habitat (Lopes buildings and impermeable anthropic structures occupy & Marini 2006). Another austral migrant, Tyrannus 0.81 ha of A1's home range). On the other hand, the melancholicus, has a home range of 43.0 ± 22.6 ha for landscape in A3's home range was mostly made up of males and 45.6 ± 45.5 ha for females in the Bolivian forest with tall trees, including many Eucalyptus and dead Cerrado (Jahn et al. 2010), and in a mature terra-firme trees, with only ~0.24 ha being composed of anthropic forest in the Peruvian Amazon, the austral migratory structures. In contrast, A2's home range was primarily species Legatus leucophaius has a territory size of ~7 ha composed of habitat with higher tree species richness, (Terborgh et al. 1990). Other studies have found that including native species. Moreover, in this area there home ranges in urban environments are smaller than in are no anthropic structures and the landscape is only rural or natural areas (e.g., Roth-II et al. 2008, Chiang et composed of forest intersected by a narrow trail, which al. 2012) and it can explain the size of home range in our potentially explains the smaller home range. A2 and its results in comparison with other species of the family. Yet, mate were also the only pair that nested and successfully the underlying mechanisms driving these patterns are still reproduced, producing three fledglings (Fig. 6B). poorly understood, since a variety of interacting factors Studies have shown that breeding birds may reduce likely influence home range size in birds, including body their home range size during the egg and nestling stages size (Terborgh et al. 1990), foraging strategies (Jahn et (Amaral & Macedo 2003, Moraes et al. 2018). Our data al. 2010) and food availability (Newton 1979, Chiang et refute those results, since in November the area occupied al. 2012), quality and structure of habitat (Chiang et al. by A2 was larger, when the pair had nestlings and Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27(2): 2019 Habitat use and home range of Southern Streaked Flycatcher Vitório et al. perhaps needed to fly distantly to sear ch for food to feed such as home range size and habitat use, provides crucial themselves and their offspring. Although large gaps in information to develop effective conservation planning information still remain on home range size and habitat (e.g., Luck 2002, Oppel et al. 2004). Our study contributes requirements of birds in urban parks, most studies to date to improving our understanding on various aspects of the have found a negative effect of urbanization on bree ding natural history M. m. solitarius in an urban area in the birds in urban green spaces, in comparison to those in Atlantic Rainforest, and highlights the importance of rural areas (e.g., Bezzel 1985, Jokimaki 1999, Shustack & urban green spaces such as the Parque Ecológico do Tietê Rodewald 2010). For example, in an urban park in Ohio, for the conservation of migratory bird species that breed U.S.A., the migratory fly catcher Empidonax virescens was in the region or stopover during migration. negatively affected by urbanization, altering its breeding schedule, such that it nested later and had less time to breed (Shustack & Rodewald 2010). Insectivorous ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS birds that nest in cavities, such as M. m. solitarius, may also be especially affected by the presence of anthropic We are in debt to Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e structures, as shown in a study on two species of the Desenvolvimento (CNPq) for the fellowship to J.B.V. and family Muscicapidae: Ficedula hypoleuca and Muscicapa the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível striata (Jokimaki 1999). Superior (CAPES) for the scholarship to K.V.C.B. We Habitat selection by insectivorous birds is usually are also grateful to Idea Wild for the mist nets used in related to their ability to find, catch and handle insect the study; to the Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente prey, activities that can be facilitated in certain types (SEMA) for permits to conduct the study at PET; to the of vegetation structure (Cody 1981). Myiodynastes m. Institute Chico Mendes of Biodiversity Conservation for solitarius can be found in several different types of habitat, the permits (ICMBio/SISBIO No. 53860-2); to the team even in more open urban green spaces (del Hoyo et al. of CRAS – PET for the help and assistance in different 2018). However, the individuals we observed presented stages of the study; to Thiago V.V. Costa for help with a clear preference for forested habitats in our study, since fieldwork and comments on the manuscript, to Carlos nearly 95% of the records were in places with more tree Gussoni and Natália Stefanini for all the support with the cover and more complex vegetation structure. On the analysis of home range areas; and Alex Jahn that kindly other hand, the species appears to be adapted to breed reviewed the English. in a wide diversity of habitat types, including areas where Eucalyptus is present (Marsden et al. 2001, Pereira REFERENCES et al. 2015). Based on personal observations of other individuals in the study area, we noticed the constant use Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. of Eucalyptus for perching, foraging or nesting by M. m. Behaviour 49: 227–267. solitarius, normally when the tree is dead and has cavities. Amaral M.F. & Macedo R.H.F. 2003. 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Journal
Ornithology Research – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 1, 2019
Keywords: behavior; bem-te-vi-rajado; São Paulo; Streaked Flycatcher; urbanization