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Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 DOI 10.1007/s10457-016-9948-5 Factors influencing biomass and carbon storage potential of different land use systems along an elevational gradient in temperate northwestern Himalaya . . Bhalendra Singh Rajput D. R. Bhardwaj Nazir A. Pala Received: 13 August 2015 / Accepted: 19 April 2016 / Published online: 29 April 2016 The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract We observed the influence of five different potential enhanced from 1100 to 2000 m and declined altitudes and prevailing agro ecosystems on biomass at 2000–2300 m a.s.l. Maximum carbon density -1 and carbon sequestration potential in Kullu district of (393.29 Mg C ha ) of both plant as well as soil was Himachal Pradesh, India. The study area had five displayed by the forest-based land use systems situated prevailing land uses viz., agriculture, agro-horticul- at an altitudinal gradient of 2000–2300 m a.s.l. The -1 ture, horticulture, silvi-pasture, and forest at four rate of C-sequestration was maximum (2.17 Mg ha ) elevations representing about 1 C temperature in the agro-horticulture at 2000–2300 m a.s.l. This change. The results showed that maximum total study brings out the potential of different land use -1 biomass of 404.35 Mg C ha was accumulated by systems influenced by varying factors on their C-se- forest landuse and followed a decreasing trend in the questration potential in western Himalayan elevation order as forest [ silvi-pasture [ agro-horticulture [ gradient, thereby providing useful information for horticulture [ agriculture. Similar trends were also effective management in a climate change mitigation seen with respect to biomass carbon (C) density and and carbon budget. C-sequestration potential of different land uses. Biomass and carbon density potential enhanced with Keywords Biomass Carbon density Land use the increase in the altitudinal ranges from 1100–1400 Climate change Himalaya to 2000–2300 m a.s.l. But, the rate of C-sequestration Introduction B. S. Rajput Department of Agronomy (Agroforestry), BHU, Rajiv Many environmental factors viz., temperature, pre- Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur, U.P., India cipitation, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, and e-mail: bhalendrasrajput@gmail.com wind velocity change systematically with altitude. B. S. Rajput D. R. Bhardwaj Therefore, altitudinal gradients are among the most Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y S powerful ‘natural experiments’ for testing ecological Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, and evolutionary responses of biota to environmental H.P., India changes (Korner 2007). Although changes in species e-mail: bhardwajd_uhf@rediffmail.com composition and distribution, biodiversity, and com- N. A. Pala (&) munity structure along altitudinal gradients have been Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi well documented, the altitudinal patterns of carbon Viswavidyalaya Pundibari, Cooch Behar, W.B., India (C) storage in different land uses remain poorly e-mail: nazirpaul@gmail.com 123 480 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 Materials and methods studied (Zhu et al. 2010). A recent global assessment of the impacts of climate change suggests that during Study area twenty-first century, mountain ecosystems experi- ences two to three times’ greater rates of warming The study was carried out in the mountainous region of than during the twentieth century (Nogues-Bravo and Araiijo 2006). Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India located 0 00 0 00 between 3158 00 N latitude and 7706 04 E longi- Vegetation biomass is a crucial variable for under- standing the potential future changes of the climate tude. The district Kullu forms a transitional zone system. Depending on the quantity of biomass, vegeta- between the lesser and the greater Himalaya and tion cover can have a direct influence on local, regional, presents a typical rugged mountainous terrain with and even global climate, particularly on air temperature moderate to high relief (Kumar 2010; Rajput et al. and humidity (Bombelli et al. 2009). Biomass and 2015). Climate varies from hot and dry at carbon storage in forest ecosystems play an important (1100–1800 m), moderate between 1800 and 2500 m, and intensely cold between 2500 and role in the global carbon cycle (Li et al. 2013;Zhaoetal. 2014). Soil carbon, whereas, depends on the above- 4300 m elevations. The monthly maximum and min- imum temperature ranged between 8.5–31.8 and ground input received from plant litter and on the decomposition of fine roots belowground (Rasse et al. 10–21.5 C, respectively. The district receives mod- erate rainfall and bulk of it is received during the 2006). The aboveground tree biomass and belowground root biomass both need to be assessed to enable better months of July, August, December, and January. Soil estimations of total carbon (Hamburg 2000). Whereas, pH of the area ranges from 6.3 to 6.6 with entisols, soil organic C-stock (SOC) exhibits considerable spatial inceptisols, and mollisol as the dominant soil types variability both horizontally as well as vertically. The (Kumar 2010; Rajput et al. 2015). The forest in the study area comprised low Himalayan temperate forest, SOC diminishes with depth regardless of vegetation type and soil texture (Trujilo et al. 1997). oak forest, upper west Himalayan temperate forest, low-level blue pine forest, west Himalayan high-level Major policy initiatives, including the National Forest Policy 1988, the National Agriculture Policy dry blue pine forest etc. (Champion and Seth 1968). 2000, Planning Commission Task Force on Greening India 2001, National Bamboo Mission 2002, National Experimental methodology Policy on Farmers, 2007 and Green India Mission 2010, emphasize the role of agroforestry for efficient Four mountainous ranges having altitudinal ranges of nutrient cycling, organic matter addition for sustain- 1100–2300 m a.s.l. were selected as replicates. Each able agriculture, and for improving vegetation cover range was then further divided into four altitudinal (Rajput et al. 2015). As mountain regions cover about gradients viz., 1100–1400, 1400–1700, 1700–2000, and 2000–2300 m a.s.l. In each altitudinal range, five 27.2 % of the global land area and there have been rapid climate changes in mountain regions during the land use systems viz., agriculture, agro-horticulture, horticulture, silvi-pasture, and forests were selected. past few decades (IPCC 2007) understanding the shifts in forest C-storage and allocation along altitudinal This experiment was laid out as randomized block design (factorial experiment), comprising 20 treat- gradients in mountain region will help us better predict the response of regional and global C balance to future ment combinations [5 (land use systems) 9 4 (altitu- climate change. Information on variation in biomass dinal ranges)] having specific tree-crop combinations. and C-stocks along the altitudinal gradients in differ- ent land use types of the temperate region is still Estimation of vegetation biomass and soil carbon lacking. Keeping the above facts in view, the study content was undertaken in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, The entire trees falling in the plot (50 9 10 m ) were which falls in temperate region of northwestern Himalaya with the objective of studying the biomass, enumerated. DBH (diameter at breast height) and height was measured with caliper and Ravi’s multi- C-stock, and C-sequestration potential of different land uses along an altitudinal gradient influenced by meter, respectively. Local volume equation for speci- fic tree species was used for calculating the volume. varying locality factors. 123 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 481 Wherever volume equation was not available for the by Nelson and Sommers (1996). The bulk density and species, form factor was calculated using Pressler carbon concentration data were used to compute (1865) and Bitterlich (1984). Specific gravity values amounts of carbon per unit area of land use: were used to determine the biomass and stem cores 1 3 C Mg ha ¼ soil bulk density g cm were taken to find out specific gravity using maximum soil depthðÞ cm CðÞ % 100; moisture method (Smith 1954). Total numbers of branches, irrespective of size were counted on each of where C expressed in decimal fraction. the sample tree, and categorized on the basis of basal The data obtained were subjected to statistical diameter into three groups, viz., \6, 6–10, and analysis as per the procedure suggested by Gomez and [10 cm. Branch biomass and leaf biomass of forest Gomez (1984). tree species was measured by methods given by Chidumaya (1990) and Jenkins et al. (2003), respec- tively. Leaf carbon content was estimated by multi- plying with a factor of 0.5 (IPCC default value). The Results and discussion total tree biomass was calculated as the sum of stem -1 biomass, branch biomass, and leaf biomass. The tree Biomass production (t ha ) biomass was converted into its carbon content by -1 multiplying a factor of 0.5 (IPCC default value). Fruit Total highest biomass (404.35 Mg ha ) was reported tree root biomass was determined using the root–shoot in forest landuse, which is 3.5–4 times more than total (apple = 0.33; plum = 0.35) developed by Rajput biomass accumulation in other perennial component- et al. (2015). based land use systems viz., agro-horticulture, horti- 1:076 2 Apple: Y ¼ 1:052 X ðÞ R ¼ 0:823 culture, silvi-pasture; and about 20 times more than 2 2 Plum: Y ¼ 0:008 X þ 1:86 X0:754ðÞ R ¼ 0:894 annual cropping system i.e., agriculture (Table 1). -1 Fallen leaves and pruned wood under each tree was Highest biomass stock (Mg ha ) in the forest system collected, weighed, subsampled, and oven dried at may be because of age and tree density that ranged 65 ± 5 C to a constant weight. Five plots of between 90–180 years and 190–650 trees per hectare, 1 9 1m were used for estimation of crop biomass. respectively. The average total biomass of forest -1 All the crop biomass occurring within the borders of ecosystem (404.35 Mg ha ) in the present study is on the quadrates were cut at ground level and collected the higher side than other temperate and boreal forest -1 samples were weighed, subsampled, and oven dried at ecosystems (326.0 Mg ha ) of the world (Anony- 65 ± 5 C to a constant weight. Belowground bio- mous 1999). Higher biomass of our temperate forest mass of crops and grasses was calculated by multi- ecosystem can be ascribed to low biotic interference plying aboveground biomass of crops/grasses with a and inaccessibility of these landscapes in the past. factor of root:shoot ratio of particular crop/grass Whittaker and Marks (1975) cited biomass data for a (Rajput et al. 2015). C-stock was obtained by multi- number of temperate forests that indicated a range of -1 plying the biomass with the IPCC default value (0.5) aboveground biomass from 113 to 340 t ha for and C-sequestration was calculated deducting the mature pine-oak woodland and a mature spruce-fir C-loss from the system through removal of biomass, forest, respectively. Total biomass production fruit yield, or through pruned wood with the total C (Table 1) increased with altitudinal ranges from captured by plants. 1100–1400 m to 2000–2300 m a.s.l. The physio- Soil samples were collected, air dried in shade, graphic factors are widely known to show a major grinded with wooden pestle, passed through 2 mm impact on plant microhabitat especially in hill slope sieve, and stored in cloth bags for further laboratory form (Sharma et al. 2010). Biomass increased with -3 analysis. The bulk density (g cm ) and organic increasing altitude in the present study is also carbon content were estimated by the specific gravity supported by the reported values of Zhu et al. (2010) method (Singh 1980) and Walkley and Black (1934) and Gairola et al. (2011). In our study area dominance method, respectively. The soil organic C-stock for a of mature large conifers at higher altitude as compared specific depth was computed using the formulae given to lower can explain the cause. Different treatment 123 482 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 combinations of forest land use system and altitudinal gradient (T A) exhibited significantly higher values of biomass density in comparison to all other systems and the values of silvi-pasture and forest land use systems enhanced with the increasing altitudinal ranges (Tables 1). Biomass carbon density of different land use systems Maximum biomass carbon density in the forest land use system differed significantly (P \ 0.05) from other land use systems and followed the trend: forest [ silvi- pasture [ agro-horticulture [ horticulture [ agricul- ture (Table 1). Higher carbon density of the perennial component-based land use systems can be attributed to continuous accumulation of carbon in the woody component. The biomass carbon storage capacity -1 (49.05 Mg C ha ) as calculated in our fruit-based temperate agroforestry system is similar to the value reported by Sanneh (2007) for fruit-based agroforestry -1 systems (51.85 Mg ha ) of wet temperate northwest- ern Himalaya. The total biomass carbon storage -1 potential (202.2 Mg ha ) recorded in the present -1 study is almost same (i.e. 190 Mg C ha ) as given by Singh et al. (1994) for Himalayan forest and by Sanneh (2007) for wet temperate Himalayan forest -1 (185.0 Mg C ha ). But, the value is on higher side in comparison to the average value of -1 160.0 Mg C ha given by Houghton (1995) for world’s temperate forest ecosystems. This variation can mainly be due to difference in the nature of the temperate forest ecosystems as average annual tem- perature of Himalayan forest (warm temperate) is higher than the temperate forest found in other parts of the world. The biomass carbon density increased with increasing altitudinal ranges from 1100–1400 to 2000–2300 m a.s.l. The altitudinal range of 2000–2300 m a.s.l. displayed maximum biomass den- -1 sity (90.57 Mg C ha ) and is significantly higher than other altitudinal ranges. In the interaction effect, -1 maximum carbon density (287.3 Mg C ha ) is found on elevation range of 2000–2300 m a.s.l. (Table 1). Rate of C-sequestration Maximum rate of C-sequestration potential -1 -1 (2.08 Mg C ha year ) has been found in agro- Table 1 Biomass production, C-density, and C-sequestration of different land use systems Land use Altitudinal ranges (A) Mean Altitudinal ranges (A) Mean Altitudinal ranges (A) Mean -1 -1 -1 -1 Biomass production (Mg C ha ) Carbon density (Mg C ha year ) C-sequestration (Mg C ha ) systems A A A A A A A A A A A A 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 (1100– (1400– (1700– (2000– (1100– (1400– (1700– (2000– (1100– (1400– (1700– (2000– 1400 m) 1700 m) 2000 m) 2300 m) 1400 m) 1700 m) 2000 m) 2300 m) 1400 m) 1700 m) 2000 m) 2300 m) T (agriculture) 29.00 28.45 15.33 8.38 20.28 14.50 13.61 7.63 4.31 10.01 0.39 0.52 0.51 0.56 0.50 T (agro- 93.84 103.2 103.3 91.60 97.51 46.92 51.58 51.65 46.04 49.05 1.93 2.11 2.12 2.07 2.08 horticulture) T (horticulture) 87.49 94.69 95.33 89.92 91.32 44.51 47.41 47.66 44.96 46.13 1.62 1.55 1.57 0.97 1.43 T (silvi-pasture) 102.10 116.15 131.50 143.29 123.31 51.16 58.09 65.77 71.61 61.66 1.26 1.21 1.37 0.93 1.19 T (forest) 322.50 353.03 367.37 574.52 404.35 161.30 176.5 183.6 287.3 202.2 1.78 1.77 1.64 1.60 1.69 Mean 126.60 139.09 142.54 181.11 63.67 69.44 71.27 90.57 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.25 SE? CD SE? CD SE? CD 0.05 0.05 0.05 T 4.44 8.99 2.20 4.45 0.05 0.10 A 3.97 8.04 1.96 3.98 0.05 0.09 T 9 A 8.88 17.94 4.40 8.89 0.11 0.22 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 483 horticulture system followed by forest (1.69 Mg forest soil, while agricultural practices such as tillage, -1 -1 -1 -1 ha year ), horticulture (1.43 MgC ha year ), FYM, fertilizer inputs, and the return of crop residues -1 -1 silvi-pasture (1.19 Mg C ha year ), and agriculture determine the SOC dynamics in cultivated soils. -1 -1 (0.50 Mg C ha year ), respectively (Table 1). The Significant increase in organic carbon content in soils estimate of C-sequestration potential in agroforestry under tree-based land use systems may be ascribed to systems are highly variable, ranging from 0.29 to more leaf litter deposition followed by decomposition -1 -1 15.21 Mg C ha year (Nair et al. 2009), depending and root turnover from trees (Rhodes 1995). The on the site characteristics, land use types, species maximum accumulation of soil organic carbon involved, stand age, and management practices. Max- (1.32 %) is in the surface layer (0–20 cm), and imum C-sequestration potential is displayed by agro- decreased to 0.98 % at 20–40 cm depth. The greater horticulture land use system situated at the altitudinal accumulation of soil organic carbon on the surface is range of 2000–2300 m a.s.l and minimum by agricul- due to the greater incorporation of leaf litter on it. The ture land use system at the altitudinal range of findings are supported by the results of Minhas et al. 1100–1400 m a.s.l. The rate of C-sequestration poten- (1997) and Shah et al. (2013) for Himalayan region. tial in fruit-based agro-horticulture land use is higher The organic matter has a significant positive correla- than all combinations of forests, silvi-pasture systems. tion (r = 0.77) with altitude (Banerjee et al. 1998). In This is because of the fact that agriculture crops are put our study (Fig. 2), we also found that the organic to intensive management practices resulting into their carbon increased with increasing altitudinal ranges, higher biomass production but whatever produced is which can be owed to continuous accumulation of leaf removed annually from the system leading to their litter and slower decomposition rate at higher altitude lower sequestration potential. Whereas, in fruit-based than at lower ones. The increase in organic matter with agroforestry systems, which are again put to intensive altitude has also been reported by Minhas and Bora management, the biomass keep on piling year after year (1982) in soil profiles of Himachal Pradesh. in fruit trees, and only pruned wood and fruits are -1 removed annually resulting into their higher C-seques- Soil organic carbon pool inventory (Mg ha ) tration potential. Maximum soil organic pool in 0–40 cm layer has been -1 Soil organic carbon (%) recorded in forest system (98.08 Mg ha ), followed -1 by agro-horticulture (41.05 Mg ha ), horticulture -1 -1 Maximum organic carbon (2.5 %) is found in the (39.16 Mg ha ), silvi-pasture (35.79 Mg ha ), and -1 forest system followed by agri-horticulture (0.89 %), agriculture (33.88 Mg ha ), respectively in the horticulture (0.87 %), silvi-pasture (0.81 %), and descending order. In general, soil organic C-stock in agriculture (0.68 %) in the descending order (Fig. 1). the 0–40 cm depth showed an increasing trend with Leaf litter and root litter input play a major role in increasing altitudinal ranges, except a slight dip at Agriculture 2000-2300m Silvi-pasture 1700-2000m Horculture 1400-1700m Agro-horculture 1100-1400m Forest 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Organic carbon % Organic carbon % Fig. 1 Organic carbon (%) in different land use systems across Fig. 2 Altitude-wise status of organic carbon (%) in the study the study area area Landuse system Altudinal range 484 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 1700–2000 m elevation range. Perennial plant-based land use systems viz., agri-horticulture, silvi-pasture, horticulture, and forest use systems have displayed higher C-stock than in soils (Table 2). Whereas, in the annual or agriculture-based land use system, the C-stock is higher in soil than in the plant pool. These findings agree with the findings of Houghton (1995) and Sanneh (2007) implying that these ecosystems need to be protected and conserved. -1 Total C-stock (Mg ha ) -1 Mean total C-stock (303.39 Mg C ha ) is maximum in the forest system, which is around 2.5–4 times higher than perennial plant-based systems (Table 2). The average total C-stock of the forest in the mountainous -1 ecosystem is 303.39 Mg C ha , which is slightly higher than reported by Houghton (1995) for temperate -1 evergreen forest (294.1 Mg C ha ). The C-seques- tration potential of our horticulture-based land use -1 systems ranged between 72.8 and 80.1 Mg C ha . The C-sequestration potential of tropical agroforestry -1 was estimated between 12 and 228 Mg C ha with a -1 medium value of 95 Mg C ha by Albrecht and Kandji (2003). The data presented in the Table 2 reveal that as we moved from lower elevation range (1100–1400 m) to higher elevation range (1700–2000 m), the ratio between soil and plant kept on increasing and further slightly decreased at (2000–2300 m) elevation range. Increasing soil–plant ratio indicates greater vulnera- bility of the soil pool to CO emission. If in future temperature increases then there will be net emission of CO from soil into the atmosphere, because of greater mineralization from the soil and this emission rate will be higher between 1400–1700 and 1700–2000 m a.s.l. altitudinal ranges. This shift between one altitudinal range to another altitudinal ranges signifies the differ- ence of approximately I C. In the mountainous ecosystem, elevation range of 2000–2300 m a.s.l. shows a higher total carbon density level in all the land use systems. Thus, this elevation range also needs greater attention from environmental point of view. Conclusion The land use systems viz., forest and silvi-pasture particularly at higher elevations is store house of -1 Table 2 Soil (?leaf litter) and biomass carbon (Mg C ha ) inventory under different land use systems Land use Altitudinal ranges Mean Mean Soil:plant Total systems A (1100–1400) A (1400–1700) A (1700–2000) A (2000–2300) 1 2 3 4 ratio Plant Soil Total Soil:plant Plant Soil Total Soil:plant Plant Soil Total Soil:plant Plant Soil Total Soil:plant ratio ratio ratio ratio T — 14.50 32.53 47.03 2.24 13.61 33.34 46.95 2.45 7.64 33.88 41.52 4.43 10.01 39.14 49.15 3.19 2.61 36.93 agriculture T —agro- 45.89 40.49 86.38 0.88 51.58 41.19 92.77 0.80 51.65 45.02 96.67 0.87 44.96 43.33 88.29 0.96 0.70 72.82 horticulture T — 43.83 37.53 81.36 0.81 47.41 38.86 86.27 0.82 47.66 42.09 89.75 0.88 44.38 41.23 85.61 0.93 0.71 68.60 horticulture T —silvi- 51.06 36.25 87.31 0.71 58.09 42.19 100.28 0.73 65.77 37.41 103.18 0.57 71.61 38.32 109.93 0.54 0.51 80.14 pastural T —forest 161.30 94.15 255.45 0.58 176.50 104.14 280.64 0.59 183.60 98.98 282.58 0.54 287.30 105.99 393.29 0.37 0.42 303.39 Mean 63.31 48.19 111.51 1.06 69.44 51.94 121.38 1.08 71.27 51.48 122.74 1.46 63.31 53.60 145.25 1.34 Agroforest Syst (2017) 91:479–486 485 Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedure for agri- C-stocks in both plant as well as soil, which needs to culture research, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York be conserved for environmental protection. From Hamburg SP (2000) Simple rules for measuring changes in carbon dioxide mitigation point of view, agro-horti- ecosystem carbon in forestry-offset projects. Mitig Adapt culture land use systems are found better than Strat Glob Change 5:25–37 Houghton RA (1995) Changes in the storage of terrestrial car- agriculture, horticulture, silvi-pasture, and forest land bon since 1850. CRC/Kewis Publishers, Boca Raton use systems at all the altitudinal gradients. It shows IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. that fruit-based systems that are a common land use in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge many parts of the temperate ecosystem including Jenkins JC, Chojnacky DC, Heath LS, Bridsey RA (2003) National scale biomass estimation for United States tree Himalayan region with a significant economic, nutri- species. 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Agroforestry Systems – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 1, 2017
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