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290 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:290-294 DOI 10.1007/s12182-012-0211-z Evaluation of reservoir connectivity using whole-oil FDVH$RPDWRJUDSKLF¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQRORJ\JDVFKU study from the Es reservoir in the Nanpu Sag, China 1, 2 1 3 3 Xu Yaohui , Shen Xianda , Chen Nengxue , Yang Cuimin and Wang Qiaoli Department of Geochemistry, Yangtze University, Hubei 434023, China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong 266510, China 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHRI3HWUROHXP([SORUDWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW&13&-LGRQJ2LO¿HOG+HEHL&KLQD State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China Ϛ China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract: ,QWKLVZKROHRLOVWXG\JDVFKURPDWRJUDSKLF¿QJHUSULQWDQDO\VHVZHUHSHUIRUPHGRQRLOVIURP the Es reservoir in the Liubei area of the Nanpu Sag. The gas chromatographic peaks of cyclic and branched alkanes with relatively high resolution from nC to nC were selected to establish a database of 10 25 ZKROHRLOJDVFKURPDWRJUDSKLFSHDNKHLJKWUDWLR¿QJHUSULQWV5HVHUYRLUÀXLGFRQQHFWLYLW\ZDVLGHQWL¿HG by using clustering analysis. This method can reflect the gas chromatography fingerprint information accurately and entirely, and avoid the one-sidedness of the star diagram method which only selects several ¿[HGJDVFKURPDWRJUDSKLFSHDNV Key words::KROHRLOJDVFKURPDWRJUDSKLF¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQRORJ\UHVHUYRLUFRQQHFWLYLW\1DQSX6DJ Es reservoir, clustering analysis GC. The relative compositions of every pair of compounds 1 Introduction (the ratio of peak areas or peak heights from adjacent peaks or The identification of compartments and connectivity of close peaks) were calculated, and a star diagram using polar reservoirs is an important aspect of hydrocarbon reservoir FRRUGLQDWHVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKH*&¿QJHUSULQWSDUDPHWHUV evaluation, which can provide relevant information for was drawn, so the oil group can be distinguished and reservoir oilfield development and establishment of production FRQQHFWLYLW\FDQEHLGHQWL¿HG+DOSHUQHYHU: programs (Hwang et al, 1994; Peters and Fowler, 2002). He et al, 2001; 2004; Huang et al, 2002; Jin et al, 2009). The Although the reservoir geochemical method is quick, simple star diagram method is only suitable for comparing the GC DQGORZFRVWIRUHYDOXDWLQJWKHÀXLGFRQQHFWLYLW\LQUHVHUYRLU ¿QJHUSULQWVRIRLOIURPDIHZZHOOV and the whole-oil gas chromatographic (GC) fingerprint The Es reservoir in the Liubei area of the Nanpu Sag is analysis used for studying reservoir connectivity was first discussed in this paper. Instead of selecting several relevant reported in 1994, this method has not been extensively used hydrocarbon compounds from GC as described in previous in petroleum companies. The reason was that the method papers, we selected the paired GC peaks of cyclic and can only be applied to a few samples. The whole oil GC branched alkanes with relatively high resolution from nC to fingerprint technology is based on the fact that the whole nC . The ratios of peak areas or peak heights of every pair oil GC fingerprint characteristics of the oils from different of molecules were calculated as the relative composition, reservoirs or from a separated reservoir that is formed by so we can obtain hundreds of pairs of ratio data. All the facies change have obvious differences, whereas oils from ¿QJHUSULQWGDWDRIHDFKRLOVDPSOHZHUHWDNHQDVRQHVDPSOH A clustering analysis method was employed to determine the characteristics (Hwang et al, 1994; Baskin and Hwang, similarity and differences of samples, and to identify reservoir 1995; Kaufman et al, 2002; Peters and Fowler, 2002). In this 7KLVPHWKRGFDQFRQQHFWLYLW\DFFXUDWHO\UHÀHFWWKHZKROHRLO method, the oil and each component are analyzed by GC, and *&¿QJHUSULQWLQIRUPDWLRQ some paired hydrocarbons were selected from the whole oil 2 Samples and geological setting * Corresponding author. email: yaohuixu@126.com The Es reservoir in the Liubei area of the Nanpu Sag Received August 20, 2011 was formed on a fault nose structure and is dominated by FRQQHFWHGUHVHUYRLUVVKRZFRQVLVWHQWZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQW Pet.Sci.(2012)9:290-294 291 formation-structure traps and fault-structure traps, with a are NE-SW oriented, and in vertical direction the reservoir 2 5 closed area of about 2.5-5 km and oil reserves over 10 million FDQEHGLYLGHG9DQGLQWR(V¿YHRLOJURXSV,,,,,,9 . The tonnes. The reservoir has medium porosity and permeability, III-V oil groups have a consistent oil-water interface (about and the crude oil physical properties are good (Table 1), with 3250 m), and the IV oil group is the most developed. The low density (0.8535 g/cm ), low viscosity (7.66 mPa·s), high high heterogeneity of sand layers of each oil group and the wax content (15.9%) and high solidifying point (31.7°C). The difference in human factors lead to some problems such as crude oil in the Es reservoir in the Liubei area has the same the consistency in oil group division and reservoir correlation VRXUFHURFNVDQGVLPLODU¿OOLQJ,QKLVWRU\SODQWKHYLHZ(V and connectivity evaluation of adjacent production wells in reservoir consists of three parallel fan delta sand bodies that the Es reservoir. Table 1 Oil properties characteristics from typical production wells Well Horizon Depth, m Density, g/cm Viscosity 50°C, mPa·s Solidifying point, °C Sulphur content, % Wax content, % LB1-15-20 Es 2918.4-2942.0 0.8458 6.69 29.0 0.07 11.89 L13-19 Es 3154.0-3221.0 0.8604 0.014 34.5 0.02 17.73 L15-24 Es 3015.0-3076.6 0.8518 9.58 34.1 0.12 20.90 L15-16 Es 3062.8-3174.0 0.85634 14.376 29.0 0.05 13.06 Average 0.8535 7.66 31.7 0.07 15.90 In this study, we collected oil samples from 16 wells in the nC to nC were selected and numbered. For example, the 10 25 SULQFLSDOSDUWRIWKHUHVHUYRLU7KHZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQW whole oil GC of well L17-21 was analyzed, and 159 peaks analyses were performed on oil samples with an Aglient were marked out (Fig. 2). The heights of these peaks were GC6890N using an HP-5 quartz capillary column (30 m × calculated to establish the original peak height database of whole oil GC of all oil samples (Table 2). We only list part of temperature program was as follows: initially the temperature the peak height data of the oil samples from six wells. was set at 50°C for 1 min, next it was increased to 100°C at a mV rate of 20°C/min, then it was increased to 290°C at a rate of 5°C/min and held for 20 min. The comparison of the measured concentration of compounds between two repeated GC analyses and calculation based on the same oil from well LB1-4 shows that the repeatability is very good (Fig. 1). Well LB1-4 Well LB1-4R 30 40 min mV $EVROXWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQȝJPJ 40 Compounds Fig. 1 Comparison of the measured concentration of compounds between two repeated GC analysis and calculation. a, b, c, …, s represent cyclic and branched alkanes ranging from nC to nC 10 19 parameter database In the whole oil GC graph, the peaks that have relatively low abundance and lie between peaks of n-alkanes represent cyclic and branched alkanes. In general, cyclic and branched alkanes have more stable chemical properties than n-alkanes, and their abundance distributions may be used to construct 50 60 70 min the GC fingerprint characteristics of crude oil chemical composition. In order to obtain the fingerprint database, Fig. 2 Numbered peaks of cyclic and branched alkanes in the whole oil GC paired peaks of cyclic and branched alkanes ranging from of well L17-21 nC nC nC nC nC nC nC nC Pr nC Ph nC 90 2 91 3 92 4 93 5 96 95 76 98 14 100 16 101 102 17 104 20 107 21 108 22 112 111 23 115 32 121 36 123 37 124 125 126 38 128 44 130 46 133 50 137 54 139 56 142 58 145 63 146 66 150 71 151 73 154 78 157 82 158 86 159 88 (VWDEOLVKPHQW RIWKHZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQW PPîȝP ZLWKDÀRZYHORFLW\RIP/PLQ7KH 292 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:290-294 Table 2 The original peak height database of the whole oil GC 4 Identifying reservoir connectivity using the ZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQWGDWDEDVH Well LB1-9 LB1-7 L9-15 L9-12 L17-21 LB1-13 Peak N o. ,QWKLVWKHVWXG\*&¿QJHUSULQWDQDO\VHVZHUHSHUIRUPHG 1 9084 6768 10841 10586 5764 7453 on oils from 16 wells of the Es reservoir in the Liubei area of the Nanpu Sag. According to the above described method, 2 1558 1100 1787 1567 924 the whole oil GC fingerprint parameter database of the 16 3 1633 972 1642 1627 896 1200 wells was established (Table 3), and clustering analysis was 4 2934 1954 3159 3357 1704 performed on this basis (Fig. 3). 5 9582 7596 12811 12039 6282 6 1246 822 1402 1578 739 871 Rescaled d istance cluster combine CASE 0 5 10 15 20 25 7 1300 894 1543 1241 848 Well Number LB2-21-1 17 8 17637 12762 20144 20479 10802 13832 LB2-21-1 18 L17-23 6 9 11175 9545 14786 15988 7266 L17-23R 7 LB1-9 15 10 6513 5365 7789 7743 4160 L13-19 1 L201 8 1686 LB2-15-21 16 155 1972 1247 2572 3983 1274 LB1-7 14 LB1-13 10 156 1853 2056 2937 1277 1512 L15-18 2 LB1-15-20 11 157 1722 2261 2343 3422 1828 1796 L15-21 3 L17-21 5 158 5230 6069 6496 7313 4742 LB1-11 9 LB1-4 12 159 3347 5945 5515 4258 2560 3596 L15-24 4 LB1-5 13 Notes: 1, 2, 3… 158, 159 represent the peak numbers in Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Based on this original peak height database, every peak parameter from 16 wells of Es reservoir in the Liubei area height was divided by the next four peak heights respectively and the GC fingerprint peak height ratio database was As shown in Fig. 3, the two LB2-21-1 groups have established (Table 3). We only list part of the peak height ratio identical GC fingerprint parameter data. L17-23 and L17- data of the oil samples. This database was used to identify 5JURXSVDUHWKH*&¿QJHUSULQWSDUDPHWHUGDWDRIRQHRLO reservoir connectivity in the following experiment. sample obtained from repeated measurements. The nearest 7KHZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQWSHDNKHLJKWUDWLRGDWDEDVH Table 3 groups are the two LB2-21-1 groups, and the L17-23 and L17-23R groups from repeated measurements, indicating Well good repeatability of the whole oil GC analysis. LB1-9 LB1-7 L9-15 L9-12 L17-21 LB1-13 Fingerprint In addition, there are three close well groups: L17-23, parameters (peak height ratio) LB2-21-1 and LB1-9; L13-19, L201 and LB2-15-21; L15- 1/2 5.83 6.15 6.07 6.76 6.24 6.04 /DQG,W/%LVEHOLHYHGWKDWWKH*&¿QJHUSULQW parameters of the above three well groups are very similar, 1/3 5.56 6.96 6.60 6.51 6.43 6.21 indicating the excellent reservoir connectivity. The clustering 1/4 3.10 3.46 3.43 3.15 3.38 3.57 analysis of other well groups indicates that the distance of the 1/5 0.95 0.89 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.94 well groups is relatively great, and the reservoir connectivity 2/3 0.95 1.13 1.09 0.96 1.03 1.03 is poor. Fig. 4 shows the reservoir connectivity in the Liubei Es reservoir. 2/4 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.47 0.54 0.59 3 2/5 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.15 5 Discussion 2/6 1.25 1.34 1.27 0.99 1.25 1.42 The reservoir correlation and oil production test results of 3/4 0.56 0.50 0.52 0.48 0.53 0.57 well LB1-15-20, LB2-15-21, L13-19 and L201 are shown in 3/5 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 Fig. 5. It is clear that the results of well LB2-15-21, L13-19 3/6 1.31 1.18 1.17 1.03 1.21 1.38 DQG/DUHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH*&¿QJHUSULQWDQDO\VLV results, namely, the production layers of the three wells have 3/7 1.26 1.09 1.06 1.31 1.06 1.13 good connectivity. According to the reservoir correlation of 4/5 0.31 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.26 well LB1-15-20 and LB2-15-21, the two wells have good 156/158 0.35 0.34 0.45 0.17 0.32 0.31 reservoir connectivity, while the GC fingerprint analysis results show that they have poor reservoir connectivity (Fig. 156/159 0.55 0.35 0.53 0.30 0.59 0.44 3). It is seemed that the conclusions from the two methods are 157/158 0.33 0.37 0.36 0.47 0.39 0.35 contradictory. Although well LB1-15-20 and LB2-15-21 have 157/159 0.51 0.38 0.42 0.80 0.71 0.50 oil layers that are well-connected, the two wells have different 158/159 1.56 1.02 1.18 1.72 1.85 1.44 oil production layers. The production layers of LB1-15-20 &OXVWHULQJWUHHGLDJUDPRIZKROHRLO*&¿QJHUSULQW Oil production test Oil pro oduction test Oil production test Oil production test Es3 -2800 -2700 Baigezhuang fault -2600 -2500 -2900 -2500 -3000 -3100 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:290-294 293 Structural depth contour of Es sub-member O il w ell of sampling Water injection w ell LB2-21-1 LB1-19-20 G ood connectivity LB1-11 LC19-21 0 300m L17-22 LB1-9 L17-18 LB1-4 LB1-13 L17-21 LB1-15-20 LB1-17-20 L15-18 L17-23 L15-16 LB1-15-17 LB2-15-21 LB1-7 L15-19 LB1-15-22 L15-21 L13-19 L15-24 L13-18 LB1-5 LB2-13-19 L15-23 L13-21 L201 L13-17 Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of reservoir connectivity of Es reservoir are above the connected oil layer and those of LB2-15-21 are of well LB1-9 and L17-23 in March 2009 was 2.20 and under the connected oil layer. Thus the oil of the two wells 1.91 tons respectively, which was very close, indicating is not completely from the connected oil layer, which causes the excellent reservoir connectivity between the two wells. the different GC fingerprint results, namely, the clustering Combined with logging data, it is believed that the production analysis indicates that the distance was relatively far, and the layers of well LB1-9 and L17-23 are the same and they have reservoir connectivity was poor. good reservoir connectivity (Fig. 6). The well-connecting section through well LB1-9 and L17- 6 Conclusions 23 was studied. Before reservoir connectivity evaluation, the reservoirs of well LB1-9 and L17-23 were considered to ,QWKHWKH*&VWXG\¿QJHUSULQWSHDNKHLJKWUDWLRGDWDEDVH be uncorrelated and the oil production layers were different. was established based on the GC peaks of cyclic and However, well LB1-9 and L17-23 have very similar whole branched alkanes with relatively high resolution from nC to RLO*&¿QJHUSULQWDQDO\VLVUHVXOWV)LJ ,QDGGLWLRQLWFDQ nC $OOWKH¿QJHUSULQWGDWDRIHYHU\RLOVDPSOHZHUHWDNHQ be seen from the production data that, the daily production DVRQHVDPSOH5HVHUYRLUFRQQHFWLYLW\ZDVLGHQWL¿HGE\XVLQJ LB1-15-20 0 SP (mV) 100 30 GR (API) 100 1 RT Â m) 100 0 AC (ȝ s/m) 150 Depth, m 1 RLLD ( m) 100 LB2-15-21 SP SP GR RT 6 oil layers, oil production AC Depth RLLD 14.06t/d, gas production 128m /d, water production 0.54m /d 2900 2900 L13-19 SP 5 oil-water layers, oil production GR GR RT RT 3 0.14t/d, gas production 0m /d, 2950 2950 3 AC Depth RLLD water production 12.00m /d 3000 3000 3000 L201 SP GR RT AC Depth RLLD 3050 3050 2 oil layers, oil production 3100 3100 3100 5.77t/d, gas production 90m /d, water production 8.29m /d 3150 3150 3200 3200 6 oil-water layers, oil production 2.7t/d, gas production 298m /d, 3250 3250 water production 32.09m /d Oil layer Water layer 33 3300 00 Fig. 55HVHUYRLUFRUUHODWLRQSUR¿OHVRIZHOO/%/%/DQG/ -3300 -3200 Â Oil production test Oil production test Es3 294 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:290-294 LB1-9 0 SP (mV) 100 30 GR (API) 100 5//6ÂP 0 AC (ȝ s/m) 150 Depth, m 5//'ÂP L17-23 0 SP (mV) 100 30 GR (API) 100 5//6ÂP 0 AC (ȝ s/m) 150 Depth, m 5//'ÂP 2800 2800 2850 2850 2 oil layers, oil production 5.02t/d, gas production 0m /d, water production 16.30m /d 2900 2900 4 oil-water layers, oil production 3.77t/d, gas production 298m /d, water production 14.60m /d Oil layer Water layer Fig. 65HVHUYRLUFRUUHODWLRQSUR¿OHVRIZHOOV/%DQG/DIWHUHYDOXDWLRQRIUHVHUYRLUFRQQHFWLYLW\ star diagrams. AAPG Bulletin. 1995. 79: 801-815 clustering analysis. Results suggested that this method can He W X, Wang P R, Liu Y, et al. Proportioning fingerprinting plate reflect the whole oil GC fingerprint information accurately of single-source oil samples and its application to the analysis of and avoid the one-sidedness of the star diagram method. commingled well oils. Petroleum Exploration and Development. According to the above analysis of the well groups, the whole 2001. 28(6): 82-83 (in Chinese) oil GC fingerprint technology should be applied combined He W X, Wu S H, Gong H Q, et al. A new method for quantitative with practical production development data such as well identification of fluid continuity in reservoir. Acta Petrolei Sinica. logging and oil production test, which makes the reservoir 2004. 25(6): 78-82 (in Chinese) connectivity evaluation closer to the actual conditions. It is Hua ng B J, Li X H and Chen F X. An application of geochemical an effective supplementary means to review and check the ¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQLTXHVWRLQVLJKWLQWRUHVHUYRLUFRPPXQLFDWLRQD QG oil layer division and correlation of production wells, and FDVHVWXG\$SURGXFWLRQIURPDOORFDWLRQ:=RLO¿HOGDQG') provides the basis for adjusting development plans. JDV¿HOG&KLQDIVKRUH2I2LODQG*DV L Q Chinese) Hwa ng R J, Ahmed A S and Moldowan J M. Oil composition variation Acknowledgements DQGUHVHUYRLUFRQWLQXLW\8QLW\¿HOG6XGDQJDQLF2UU\*HRFKHPLVW This work has been funded by Shandong Provincial Key 1994. 21(2): 171-188 Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Jin X H, Gang W Z, Lin R Z, et al. Dynamic monitoring of Minerals (Project DMSM201009) and Key Laboratory of FKURPDWRJUDSKLF¿QJHUSULQWRIUHVHUYRLUÀXLGVDQGLWVDSSOLFDWL RQ2LO and Gas Geology. 2009. 30(5): 657-661 (in Chinese) Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Kau fman R L, Dashti H, Kabir C S, et al. Characterizing the Greater Geosciences), Ministry of Education, China (Project TPR- Burgan field: Use of geochemistry and oil fingerprinting. SPE 2010-29). The authors are grateful to Professor Tieguan Wang Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering. 2002. 5(3): 190-196 from China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Professor Pet ers K E and Fowler M G. Applications of petroleum geochemistry to Peirong Wang from Yangtze University for their assistance. exploration and reservoir management. Organic Geochemistry. 2002. 33(1): 5-36 References Wev er H E. Petroleum and source rock characterization based on C star Bas kin D K and Hwang R J. Predicting gas, oil, and water intervals in plot results: examples from Egypt. AAPG Bulletin. 2000. 84: 1041- Niger Delta Reservoirs using gas chromatography. AAPG Bulletin. 1995. 79: 337-350 Hal pern H I. Development and applications of light-hydrocarbon-based (Edited by Hao Jie)
Petroleum Science – Springer Journals
Published: Aug 17, 2012
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