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- Springer Journals
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- Copyright © Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia 2018
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- 2178-7875
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Abstract
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26(3): 196–201. ARTICLE September 2018 Enhancing our knowledge on the Ornate Hawk- Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) through community-based monitoring records from tropical Mexico 1,9 2,3 2,4 2,5 Rubén Ortega-Álvarez , Esteban Berrones Benítez , Israel Medina Mena , Leonel Valdez Cano , 2,6 7 8 Leonel Bautista Bautista , Martha López-Hernández & Rafael Calderón-Parra Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva y Demografía Animal, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico. Red de Monitoreo Comunitario de Aves de la CONABIO, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico- Insurgentes Sur No. 4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, 14010, Mexico. Alta Cima, Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Adolfo López Mateos, Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico. Unión de Comunidades Productoras Forestales Zapotecos-Chinantecos de la Sierra de Juárez (UZACHI), Capulálpam de Méndez, Sierra de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico. Guía comunitario de turismo local, Capulálpam de Méndez, Sierra de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico. Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Laguna Madre y Delta del Río Bravo-Santuario Playa de Rancho Nuevo, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, 14 y 15 Bravo #335 Zona Centro, 87000, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Iniciativa para la Conservación de las Aves de América del Norte-México (NABCI-México), Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur No. 4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, 14010, Mexico. Corresponding author email: rubenortega.al@gmail.com Received on 26 June 2018. Accepted on 06 October 2018. ABSTRACT: The Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus is a rare Neotropical raptor. In Mexico its distribution is irregular, its biology is poorly known, and it is considered to be threatened by extinction. We provide novel and supplementary information, resulting from community-based bird monitoring projects, on the natural history of the species from different regions of Mexico. We characterize the location of several nests of the species, describe a new altitudinal record for its presence and breeding range, and add information about its breeding habits and prey consumption. Anthropogenic disturbances that negatively affect the Ornate Hawk-Eagle mainly include land use change and hunting. Local and regional information on the species is essential to have a broad understanding of its biology and to improve the implementation of conservation strategies. Promoting community-based monitoring projects could enhance research capabilities and conservation efforts on this and other cryptic species of conservation concern. KEY-WORDS: breeding cycle, citizen science, conservation, cryptic species, natural history, Neotropical raptor. INTRODUCTION is irregular, almost no information exists about its natural history, and it is considered to be threatened by extinction The Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus is a rare (Aranda et al. 2009, SEMARNAT 2010). As a result, Neotropical raptor that inhabits tropical forests from there is a need to gather biological data on the species to Mexico to Argentina (Brown 1976, Ferguson-Lees understand its general habits, its ecological plasticity, and & Christie 2005, Bierregaard-Jr. et al. 2018). Its its local habitat preferences (López-González et al. 2004, cryptic behavior and its preference for undisturbed, Aranda et al. 2009). Moreover, regional information heavily-vegetated ecosystems, has hindered a complete on the species might provide the opportunity to understanding of its natural history (Iliff 2010). Although contextualize local research and socio-political strategies scarce, observations on its nesting and feeding habits for its conservation. are available from Central and South America (Kiff & In this study we provide novel and supplementary Cunningham 1980, Lyon & Kuhnigk 1985, Klein et al. information on the natural history of the Ornate Hawk- 1988, Naveda-Rodríguez 2004, Joenck et al. 2011, Phillips Eagle from different regions of Mexico. In particular, we & Hatten 2013). However, the Ornate Hawk-Eagle is characterize the location of several nests of the species poorly known in Mexico, the northern limit of its range that were found in distinct ecosystems. Moreover, we (Howell & Webb 1995). In this country, its distribution describe a new altitudinal record for the presence and the Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26(3): 2018 Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in Mexico Ortega-Álvarez et al. breeding range of the species. We also add information studies, nests were situated at mid to high-levels (mean ± about its breeding habits and prey consumption. As standard error SE = 28 ± 2.55 m) below the canopy of tall this manuscript is a result of the collaboration between trees (38.2 ± 3.19 m). Our observations at El Cielo suggest local bird monitors and ornithologists, we recommend that Oak trees might be of primary importance for the the association between society and scientists through species, even among different ecosystems (e.g., Pine-Oak community-based biological monitoring projects to Forests, cloud forests, tropical medium semideciduous expand our knowledge of cryptic species of conservation forests). Although most nests were found in forested concern. areas set aside for conservation purposes, the nest of Los Tuxtlas was established in a restored site. This site was The origin of the data previously used for ranging livestock about 25 years ago. All the local vegetation was removed at that time, with The information included in this manuscript comes from exception of the current nesting tree. The restored site community-based bird monitoring projects performed in is now covered by secondary vegetation. This suggests Mexico. For a detailed description of these projects see that the Ornate Hawk-Eagle might not be completely Ortega-Álvarez et al. (2012, 2015, 2018a, 2018b). Data dependent on old forests, and may be keen to use restored was gathered by experienced local bird monitors during areas for breeding. both casual sightings and bird monitoring surveys. The literature mentions that this raptor has a clutch Ornithologists assisted monitors in the course of these size of a single egg under natural conditions (Kiff & activities. Observations on the Ornate Hawk-Eagle were Cunningham 1980). Nevertheless, we detected two performed in three different regions of Mexico: Reserva young birds at the nests of Sierra Juárez and El Cielo. de la Biosfera El Cielo (referred to as “El Cielo” hereafter), This suggests that the species might be able to have a Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas (referred to as “Los larger clutch size if natural conditions are favorable (e.g., Tuxtlas” hereafter), and Sierra Juárez. availability of prey), as found for other birds of prey El Cielo is a natural area protected by the Mexican (Olsen & Marples 1992). However, we also observed that Government located at the state of Tamaulipas, a unique chick survived and developed into a juvenile northeastern Mexico (Gobierno del Estado de Tamaulipas when eagles had a clutch size of two. Similar to other 2013). It covers an area of 144.540 ha that includes raptors, mortality of chicks might be associated with tropical forests, scrublands, grasslands, Oak and Pine food supply, prey density, and cainism (Collopy 1984, Forests, cloud forests, riparian vegetation, and secondary Janes 1985, Simmons 1988). The bree ding pairs that vegetation. It houses an important number of plant we recorded nested only once per year. As the timing of and animal species. Los Tuxtlas is located at the state of breeding of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle varies throughout Veracruz, southeastern Mexico (CONANP 2006). It is a America (Iliff 2010), in Table 2 we provide a general natural area protected by the Mexican Government that description of its breeding cycle according to our notes covers a surface of 155.122 ha. It is a very important reserve from tropical Mexico. for its high biological diversity. The reserve is composed of different ecosystems, including tropical forests, cloud Altitudinal distribution forests, Oak and Pine Forests, grasslands, mangroves, coastal dunes, and secondary vegetation. Finally, Sierra The Ornate Hawk-Eagl e regularly ranges from the sea Juárez is a region located in the state of Oaxaca, southern level to 1800 m a.s.l. (Iliff 2010) . However, wanderers Mexico, where indigenous and rural communities own have been recorded in Costa Rica as high as 3000 m and manage a large percentage of the most biologically a.s.l. (Stiles & Skutch 1989). Wandering individuals are important forests of Mexico (Anta-Fonseca & Merino usually immatures, which are likely to disperse away from 2003, Anta-Fonseca 2007). Main vegetation types in the breeding areas (Iliff 2010) ; we still regularly recorded adult region include tropical forests, cloud forests, Oak and individuals in Oak and Pine Forests at Sierra Juárez from Pine Forests, scrublands, and secondary vegetation. 2300 to 2900 m a.s.l. Moreover, the nest that we found in this region was located at 2307 m a.s.l. (Table 1). Breeding biology of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle This suggests th at the species ranges and breeds at higher altitudes, at least in some regions of its northern range. The breeding biology of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle is still incomplete and it varies regionally (Iliff 2010). We Hunting and prey observations detected and characterized the location of six nests of the species in different regions of tropical Mexico. Four of According to the literature, this species mainly feeds on these nests were located in El Cielo, one in Los Tuxtlas, avian prey. Nevertheless, it also captures mammals, lizards, and one in Sierra Juaréz (Table 1). As reported by previous and even snakes (Klein et al. 1988, Clinton-Eitniear et Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26(3): 2018 Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in Mexico Ortega-Álvarez et al. Table 1. Habitat characterization of the nests of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) found in tropical Mexico. All nests were active, thus their precise locations are not provided for conservation purposes. The height, diameter, and species' name of the tree that supports the nest are specified. Nest height represents the distance between the ground and the base of the nest. The age of the nest represents the number of years that have passed since the nest was found up to mid-2018. **Nest “1” was relocated by the breeding couple about two years ago. The previous nesting site was located about 50 m away from the actual site, and it was used by the couple for at least 15 years. Nest ID number Habitat trait 12 3 4 5 6 Region El CieloEl CieloEl CieloEl Cielo Los Tuxtlas Sierra Juárez Altitude (m a.s.l.) 835 714 897 1445 251 2307 Land use Conservation Conservation Conservation Conservation Restoration Conservation Supporting tree Quercus germana Quercus germana Quercus germana Quercus germana - Pinus pseudostrobus Tree height (m) 35 26 38 40 50 40 Tree diameter (m) 1.2 1.6 2.0 1.9 - 1.3 Nest height (m) 30 20 30 35 - 25 Nest age (years) 2** 7 10 3 2 3 Vegetation Tropical medium Tropical medium Cloud forest Pine-Oak Forest Tropical Oak-Pine Forest semideciduous semideciduous Rainforest forest forest Dominant trees Fig (Ficus sp.), Fig (Ficus sp.) Redgum Pine (Pinus Heliocarpus Pine (Pinus spp.), Oak (Quercus (Liquidambar spp.), Oak appendiculatus, Oak (Quercus spp.) sp.), Oak (Quercus spp.), Cupania spp.), Alder (Alnus (Quercus spp.), Cypress macrophylla, sp.), Avocado Ash (Fraxinus (Cupressus sp.) Senna (Persea sp.), sp.), Avocado multijuga Oreopanax sp. (Persea sp.), Podocarpus sp. al. 1991, Acosta-Chaves et al. 2012, Whitacre 2012). (Buteo plagiatus), Solitary Eagles (Buteogallus solitarius), In the regions where we performed our observations, and White Hawks (Pseudastur albicollis). Moreover, we we recorded the Ornate Hawk-Eagle preying largely on have recorded nests of Gray and White Hawks closely birds, including Great Curassow (Crax rubra), Crested located to those of the Ornate Hawk-Eagles, suggesting Guan (Penelope purpurascens), Military Macaw (Ara that such species also share their breeding grounds. militaris), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), White-tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi), Red-billed Pigeon (Patagioenas Conservation concerns flavirostris), Tuxtla Quail-Dove (Zentrygon carrikeri), tinamous (Tinamidae), and domestic poultry. Still, We have observed different human activities that have the eagle occasionally takes as prey White-nosed Coati both positive and negative effects on the Ornate Hawk- (Nasua narica), squirrels (Sciuridae), rabbits (Leporidae), Eagle. For instance, ecological restoration initiatives lizards, and snakes. performed by local communities in Los Tuxtlas may The Ornate Hawk-Eagle remains silent and provide suitable nesting and foraging sites for the species, immobile below top of the forest canopy when it hunts, as it has been observed nesting and hunting in restored as mentioned by Brown (1976) and Ferguson-Lees & sites that were previously used for ranging livestock. Christie (2005). However, it usually flies in cir cles above Moreover, as evidenced by camera traps (Fig. 1A, B), the forest when it moves from one hunting ground the construction of water fountains by communities in to another. We have recorded intra-specific agonistic El Cielo has proven to be successful in attracting Ornate interactions for the species, particularly among individuals Hawk-Eagles and other animal species, as this type of of different ages (i.e., adults vs. juveniles), which might infrastructure provides important water supplies for be related with dominance relationships and territoriality wildlife, mainly during the dry season. (Griffin 1981, Rothfels & Lein 1983). However, we did Anthropogenic disturbances occurring within not observe negative interactions between the Ornate our study sites that negatively affect the Ornate Hawk- Hawk-Eagle and other raptor species. In fact, we have Eagle mainly include land use change and hunting. seen the Ornate Hawk-Eagle sharing hunting territories The conversion of forests to rangelands, cropfields, and with Short-tailed Hawks (Buteo brachyurus), Gray Hawks urban settlements represents a key force (Cairns et al. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 26(3): 2018 Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in Mexico Ortega-Álvarez et al. 2000) reducing the habitat for the species. In addition, hunting is another threat to the Ornate Hawk-Eagle as it is both appreciated as a trophy (Iñigo-Elías et al. 1987, Aranda et al. 2009, Forcey & Aragón 2009) and is sometimes perceived as a threat for poultry (Trinca et al. 2008), despite the fact that it rarely takes this type of prey. Furthermore, poaching on other animals might also indirectly affect this species, as we have seen it scared by hunting dogs. Nevertheless, more research should be performed to evaluate the actual effects of those disturbances associated with poaching (e.g., noise, prey depletion, alteration of community structure; Dulvy et al. 2004, Chapron et al. 2008) on the Ornate Hawk-Eagle. Conclusions Although our observations may be useful in improving our knowledge of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle, more systematic analyses are needed to fulfill our understanding of the species. We suggest that local and regional information on the Ornate Hawk-Eagle is essential to have a complete understanding of its biology and to improve the implementation of conservation strategies for protecting the species and its habitat. The promotion of community- based monitoring projects could be useful in enhancing Figure 1. Ornate-Hawk Eagle using water fountains the research capabilities and conservation efforts on this constructed by local communities in El Cielo. Photographs and other species throughout the region. were obtained by camera traps. Table 2. Timing of breeding of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in tropical Mexico. Breeding event Month Observations Courtship displays February - Nest-building February The species might re-use the same nest for several years. Nest reconstruction is performed by the couple by using green branches of trees located at the surroundings of the old nest. Mating March The couple mates for several times during this time of the year. Egg-laying March–April - Incubation April - Hatching April - May By this month, the chick can hold its head up and show up from the nest. Fledging August The young starts to perform short-distance flights, always staying close to the nest. It is very noisy as it constantly calls the parents for food. Juvenile explores September–December Juvenile is quite able to fly and starts to move away from the nest. surroundings However, it still receives food from the parents. January The juvenile gets more silent and solitary. However, it is still possible to observe the juvenile and the parents together. Juvenile independenceFebruary–March Parents force the juvenile to abandon the nesting area. They may attack the young if it refuses to leave. 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Journal
Ornithology Research – Springer Journals
Published: Sep 1, 2018
Keywords: breeding cycle; citizen science; conservation; cryptic species; natural history; Neotropical raptor