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Development and implementation of a nurse-led allergy clinic model in primary care: feasibility trial protocol

Development and implementation of a nurse-led allergy clinic model in primary care: feasibility... www.nature.com/npjpcrm PROTOCOL OPEN Development and implementation of a nurse-led allergy clinic model in primary care: feasibility trial protocol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Margaret Kelman , Victoria Hammersley , Marilyn Kendall , Mome Mukherjee , Lynn Morrice , Susan Harley , 1,2 1 Jürgen Schwarze and Aziz Sheikh In the United Kingdom, there are acknowledged short comings in allergy care provision for patients seen in primary care. There is a lack of allergy training for healthcare professionals and this leads to inappropriate referrals to the limited number of allergy specialists. The primary aims of this study are to assess the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a new nurse-led allergy service in primary care, measured by recruitment, retention and quality of life. This is a single arm feasibility trial in which up to 250 participants referred to the nurse-led allergy clinic will receive the intervention and complete 6–12 weeks follow-up before being referred back to their usual care. Primary outcomes for this study will be establishment of clinics, recruitment and retention rates, and estimates of change in disease-specific quality of life measures. Secondary outcomes will be acceptability of the new service to participants/carers and healthcare professionals. A sample of participants and professional stakeholders will take part in more in- depth semi-structured qualitative interviews. Data from this feasibility trial will be used to inform plans for a pilot randomised controlled trial of nurse-led allergy clinics. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 29:44 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-019-0155-5 INTRODUCTION An earlier pilot primary care-based allergy service in England, run by a specialist allergy nurse and a GP with a special interest in The incidence and prevalence of allergic diseases has increased respiratory disease and allergy, showed that a primary care substantially over recent decades, and the United Kingdom has intervention for allergy could effectively deal with the majority of one of the highest rates of allergy in the western world. Allergic cases of allergy seen in primary care, resulting in a reduction in conditions affect approximately one in three people in Scotland at 2 inappropriate referrals into secondary care, an increase in self- some point in their lives and the prevalence is thought to be supported care for patients and a saving in costs. These data even higher in children and young people, with an estimated 50% however come from an uncontrolled study and therefore need to of the population now affected. Allergic conditions cost the UK’s be interpreted with caution. A more recent study by Smith et al. national health services over £1 billion per annum. found that a large percentage of referrals, which would have The term allergy covers a broad range of clinical conditions that otherwise have been seen in secondary care, could adequately be share a common pathophysiology. The most common conditions dealt with in primary care by a practitioner with a specialist and those responsible for the greatest healthcare utilisation interest in allergy. Findings from a recent systematic review include atopic eczema/dermatitis (henceforth atopic eczema), support the need for alternative models of allergy care provision. food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, Systematic reviews of disease-specific nurse-led clinics have urticaria and anaphylaxis. The majority of cases of allergy in the shown high levels of patient satisfaction; however, there remains United Kingdom are managed within primary care. Specialist a need for experimental trials to improve the level of 15,16 allergy care provision is patchy, but where it exists, evidence evidence. In response to these findings, we are proposing a suggests that there are often unnecessary referrals to secondary novel allergy service intervention that is nurse-led and primary care for conditions that could be dealt with in primary care care-based to improve the patient pathway and access to early settings. This in turn reflects important gaps in undergraduate allergy diagnosis and management. and postgraduate training of general practitioners (GPs). There The primary aims of this trial are to assess the feasibility of have been a number of national calls and initiatives aimed at delivering and evaluating a nurse-led allergy clinic in a primary 7–9 improving allergy care provision in the United Kingdom. care setting in Scotland and to estimate the impact on disease- Jutel et al. have demonstrated that, given the very large specific quality of life in patients referred to the service. The numbers of people now affected by allergic conditions, expansion secondary aim is to measure the acceptability of the service to of allergy services delivered within ‘specialist settings’ is not a patient/carers and healthcare professionals (HCPs). viable proposition. Rather, they suggest that there is a need to develop provision of allergy care within community settings. A DISCUSSION report by the Children’s and Young People’s Allergy Network Scotland in 2013 found that, across Scotland, primary care At the time of submission, we have recruited two hub practices practitioners did not feel they have the skills or knowledge to who are receiving referrals from 21 of the 37 spoke practices, and provide good quality allergy care, especially around diagnostic one practice which is hosting a clinic for their own patients. There testing for allergy, and the ability to interpret the results. have been 265 referrals to the service, and 214 have been seen in 1 2 Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8, 9AG, UK. Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16, 4TJ, UK. *email: vicky.hammersley@ed.ac.uk Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK 1234567890():,; M. Kelman et al. Children aged <36 months with suspected or confirmed non-IgE-mediated the nurse-led clinic. Recruitment started in July 2017 and will food allergy presenting primarily with gastrointestinal symptoms. continue until January 2020, when it is anticipated we will have Single urticarial reactions without obvious triggers. reached our target sample size of 250 patients who have Non-allergic chronic urticaria. completed study follow-up. Drug allergy. Well-controlled allergic rhinitis, asthma or atopic eczema. Mild-to-moderate atopic eczema without any obvious allergic trigger. METHODS Localised insect sting reactions. Design Unable to give informed consent. This is a feasibility trial of a single group assigned to a nurse-led allergy clinic in primary care. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov The intervention reference NCT03826953 on 1 February 2019 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ The intervention is a nurse-led allergy service in primary care. The nurses show/NCT03826953?term=NCT03826953&rank=1). have a postgraduate qualification in allergy and extensive experience of secondary care allergy clinics and are supported when necessary by a team Setting of specialist services, including paediatric and adult allergy, dermatology, Nurse-led allergy clinics are being established in the South West and South ear, nose and throat, respiratory, and ophthalmology. Referring HCPs are asked to complete a referral proforma and a referral sheet for each eligible East localities of the Edinburgh Health and Social Care Partnership, patient, which is sent via secure National Health Service (NHS) email to the Scotland. allergy nurse. Referrals are triaged by the allergy nurse according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and allocated an appointment by phone and Ethical approval letter/email. The ~45-min appointment includes an explanation of the South East Scotland Research Ethics committee approval was obtained study, taking written consent, and completion of baseline questionnaires (REC ref: 17/SS/0057). assessing disease-specific quality of life and costs incurred by the patients/ carers (see outcome measures below). The nurse then completes an allergy-focused history and clinical examination. Following this, the nurse Recruitment of practices will carry out investigations such as skin prick testing, give advice (written A hub and spoke model was chosen for this trial, where hub practices act and oral) to support the management of allergies, including demonstration as the host for the nurse-led allergy clinic and spokes are the practices that of medical devices (e.g. adrenaline auto-injectors, inhalers) and, if required, can refer patients to these hubs. Eight general practices in the Edinburgh recommend medication(s). A letter summarising the consultation is then Health and Social Care Partnership newly formed south-east area cluster sent to the referring HCP including details of the medication to prescribe and the rationale for prescribing these items. The participants are then were approached by email to be hubs. This newly established cluster discharged back to the care of their referring HCP once they have seen the group has 20 general practices serving an estimated population of 134,000 allergy nurse and have a diagnosis confirmed or refuted (see Fig. 1). patients, with a range of patient demographics. Two practices expressed If, on examination, the allergy nurse feels the participant has multiple an interest and were visited by the allergy nurse to explain the severe allergies or requires specialist hospital-based assessment, the requirements for hosting the clinics. One practice agreed to operate as a participant will be advised that they will require referral onto secondary hub practice, accepting referrals from spoke practices in the cluster, and care (Fig. 2). Where appropriate, the allergy nurse will refer participants the other agreed to host the clinics, but accepting only internal referrals. directly to specialists within secondary care. Where the local policy will not Subsequently, a third hub practice was recruited in the south-west area of support nurse-led referrals, the nurse practitioner will make recommenda- Edinburgh with 17 practices acting as spokes serving an estimated tions to the GP for the referral of the participant to the appropriate population of 135,000 patients. Locality managers distributed study specialist services. Participants who have been seen in secondary care will information packs to all practices in their cluster, and this was then be referred back to their usual HCP for long-term management. Long-term followed up with an email to individual clinicians detailing the inclusion clinical follow-up will not be offered; some short-term follow-up may, criteria for referrals, and a referral proforma. Regular emails are sent out however, be offered if deemed appropriate. All participants will return to reminding clinicians of the nurse-led allergy service. their usual HCP for follow-up and long-term management. Adverse events Recruitment of participants All adults, young people and children who fit the eligibility criteria from the The allergy nurses will ensure that when performing skin prick testing, rescue medications are available at the time of the clinic in the unlikely spoke practices can be referred to the nurse-led allergy clinic. Referrals are event of a medical emergency. In the case of an adverse event, the allergy accepted from all HCPs who manage patients with allergies, including GPs, nurse has a responsibility to attend to the safety of the participant and practice nurses and health visitors. The HCP will select the appropriate report the incident as soon as is practicable to the on-call GP and practice patients for referral, using an inclusion criteria checklist, and ask if they manager and follow local reporting procedures within the practice. The wish to attend the allergy clinic, advising patients and their carers that the allergy nurse will also keep a log of any adverse event or adverse reactions. nurse-led allergy clinic is part of a research study. On attendance at the Any serious adverse event or reactions will be reported immediately to the clinic, patients/patient’s guardian are advised that they will need to provide Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development written consent to take part in the study. If the patient does not wish to following the standard operating procedure. take part in the research project, they will be seen by their HCP as usual. Outcome measures Eligibility criteria This feasibility trial focuses on the ability to set up a new service in primary The inclusion criteria are: care, with a novel ‘hub and spoke’ referral model for patients with allergic disease. Prior to a pilot randomised controlled trial, it is important to assess Children aged <36 months with suspected food allergy. the ability to recruit patients via this new service, and establish recruitment Children aged <36 months with moderate-to-severe atopic eczema and retention rates and questionnaire response rates for future sample size not responding to standard treatment. estimates. The primary outcomes are: Children and young people up to 16 years of age with suspected allergic rhinitis symptoms are not responsive to a combination of oral Recruitment of practices to facilitate establishing the new service and antihistamines and nasal steroids. make referrals. Young people and adults (from 16 years of age) with a history of Referral and consultation rates for nurse-led allergy clinic and anaphylaxis or suspected anaphylaxis. retention rates. Able to give informed consent. The change in disease-specific quality of life questionnaires between baseline and 6–12 weeks post intervention. The exclusion criteria are: npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK 1234567890():,; M. Kelman et al. Paent aends usual health care professional (HCP) with: � History of allergic symptoms requiring specific diagnosis or � Unsasfactory response to inial therapy Paent agrees to be referred into allergy clinic Paent does not agree to take part HCP completes agreed referral proforma and checklist Connues to be seen by own HCP as usual and sends though secure email Referrals are forwarded directly to nurse-led allergy clinic – To be triaged Referral is eligible for allergy clinic Referral is not eligible for allergy clinic Referral doesn’t fulfil criteria Appointment allocated for nurse- Refer back to referring HCP led allergy clinic by allergy nurse with explanaon Paent aends nurse-led allergy clinic Diagnosis to confirm or refute allergic condion, treatment/advice iniated Advice/ treatment given no Paent requires Paent is complex and requires further management ongoing management to be seen in secondary care required/resoluon of symptoms Review appointments Refer to secondary care specialists arranged for nurse-led Paent discharged back to Secondary care specialists allergy clinic unl referring health care discharge back to HCP professional with a leer � Paediatric allergy team (Consultant/Nurse/Dietician) documenng the � Ear, Nose and Throat consultaon � Ophthalmology � Dermatology � Respiratory Fig. 1 Referral process into the nurse-led allergy clinic. The following disease-specific quality of life questionnaires will be expectations and experiences of attending the nurse-led primary care completed at baseline prior to the clinical intervention and at 6–12 weeks allergy clinic. post intervention by telephone or email, and face to face for those patients who require a follow-up clinic appointment. Sample size Dermatology The sample size for this feasibility trial was informed by an English pilot study, which over a 9-month period recruited 141 patients to a primary ○ Infants’ Dermatitis Quality Of Life Index care allergy clinic. We estimate that, taking account of the available time and resources for this study, ~250 patients with completed study follow-up Allergic rhinitis will provide data to inform deliberations to proceed to a pilot randomised controlled trial. ○ Mini Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire We will interview up to ten HCPs/professional stakeholders, and 20 Food allergy and anaphylaxis patients/carers who attend the nurse-led allergy clinic, to cover the experiences of patients and carers with a range of ages and allergic ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Parent Form (children conditions. aged 0–12) ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Teenager Form (13–17 years) Descriptive analysis ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Adult form We will describe the number of practices approached to act as hubs and spokes and the number recruited. The characteristics of referring practices The secondary outcomes are: in terms of number of patients referred, practice list size and deprivation Patient satisfaction, measured immediately post intervention and score will be reported. For patients we will describe the number 6–12 weeks post intervention by questionnaire. approached and recruited, age, sex and referring condition. We will report Referring HCP satisfaction measured after 1 year of the start of the the retention rate for follow-up. For disease-specific quality of life, the nurse-led allergy clinics by questionnaire. difference in the disease-specific quality of life score at baseline and post Costs incurred by patients/carers. intervention will be descriptively compared without any formal statistical testing. Patient and professional satisfaction with the service will be A subset of referring HCPs, practice managers and patients/carers will be invited to take part in a semi-structured interview to gain in-depth insight reported. Costs (such as travel and time off work) incurred by the patients/ into the feasibility of setting up and referring to the clinic, and to explore carers will be reported. Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 M. Kelman et al. Paent visits health care professional (HCP) � HCP checks paent is suitable for nurse-led allergy clinic (checked against eligibility criteria). � HCP advises paent of allergy clinical intervenon - research project and need for consent to aend Paent does not agree to take part Paent agrees Connues to be seen by own HCP Paent referred to nurse-led allergy clinic Allergy nurse receives referral – phones paent to book clinic appointment Health care professional Paent/carer At 12 weeks aer start of clinic Baseline - Inial visit to nurse-led allergy clinic Health care professional completes Paent/carer to complete consent process � Consent form � Baseline quesonnaires including disease Qualitave researcher contacts health specific QOL and paent cost care professional to arrange interview to � Post-consultaon sasfacon survey gather feedback 6–12 weeks later – or aer paent has been discharged back to care of health care professional Paent to complete � Sasfacon survey � Disease-specific QOL quesonnaire � Paent Cost quesonnaire Interview - If appropriate researcher will contact paent to parcipate in interview to gather feedback Fig. 2 Data collection. Qualitative analysis 8. House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Allergy. In Sixth Report of Session 2006–07 (The Stationery Office Limited, London, 2007). Interviews will be digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and anonymised 9. Scottish Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee (SMASAC). Review of Allergy and transferred to NVivo (version 11) for coding. The thematic analysis Services in Scotland (Scottish Government, Edinburgh, 2009). will be iterative and ongoing, in that insights gained from the early 10. Jutel, M. et al. Improving allergy management in the primary care network–a interviews will be used to guide data generation in later interviews. The holistic approach. Allergy 68, 1362–1369 (2013). formal thematic coding will be framed around both the research questions 11. CYANS Children and Young People’s Allergy Service Scotland. Shaping the future and themes arising from the data. Ma.K. will code all the transcripts and of allergy care for children and young people in Scotland. Available from: https:// the evolving analysis will be reviewed by the study group at their quarterly www.cyans.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/ meetings in order to include a range of interpretative perspectives. CYANS_Recommendations_Final_Version-1.pdf (2013). 12. Levy, M. L., Walker, S., Woods, A. & Sheikh, A. Service evaluation of a UK primary Received: 14 May 2019; Accepted: 4 November 2019; care-based allergy clinic: quality improvement report. Prim. Care Respir. J. 18, 313–319 (2009). 13. Smith, H. E., Wade, J. & Frew, A. J. What proportion of adult allergy referrals to secondary care could be dealt with in primary care by a GP with special interest? Clin. Transl. Allergy 6, 3 (2015). REFERENCES 14. Diwakar, L., Cummins, C., Lilford, R. & Roberts, T. Systematic review of pathways for the delivery of allergy services. BMJ Open 7, e012647 (2017). 1. Beasley, R. et al. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, 15. Whiteford, C., White, S. & Stephenson, M. Effectiveness of nurse-led clinics on allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet 351, 1225–32 (1998). service delivery and clinical outcomes in adults with chronic ear, nose and throat 2. Anandan, C., Gupta, R., Simpson, C. R., Fischbacher, C. & Sheikh, A. Epidemiology complaints: a systematic review. JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep. 14, and disease burden from allergic disease in Scotland: analyses of national 229–256 (2016). databases. J. R. Soc. Med. 102, 431–442 (2009). 16. Randall, S., Crawford, T., Currie, J., River, J. & Betihavas, V. Impact of community 3. Punekar, Y. S. & Sheikh, A. Establishing the incidence and prevalence of clinician- based nurse-led clinics on patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, patient access diagnosed allergic conditions in children and adolescents using routinely col- and cost effectiveness: a systematic review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 73,24–33 (2017). lected data from general practices. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 1209–16 (2009). 17. Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development. Available 4. Gupta, R., Sheikh, A., Strachan, D. P. & Anderson, H. R. Burden of allergic disease in the from: http://www.accord.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/CR006%20Identifying%2C% UK: secondary analyses of national databases. Clin.Exp.Allergy 34, 520–526 (2004). 20Recording%20and%20Reporting%20AEs%20and%20USMs%20for%20non- 5. Dhami, S. & Sheikh, A. Estimating the prevalence of aero-allergy and/or food CTIMPs%20v5.0.pdf. allergy in infants, children and young people with moderate-to-severe atopic 18. Lewis-Jones, M. S., Finlay, A. Y. & Dykes, P. J. The Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life eczema/dermatitis in primary care: multi-centre, cross-sectional study. J. R. Soc. Index. Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 104–10 (2001). Med. 108, 229–236 (2015). 19. Juniper, E. F., Thompson, A. K., Ferrie, P. J. & Roberts, J. N. Development and 6. Ellis, J., Rafi, I., Smith, H. & Sheikh, A. Identifying current training provision and validation of the mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Clin. Exp. future training needs in allergy available for UK general practice trainees: national Allergy 30, 132–140 (2000). cross-sectional survey of General Practitioner Specialist Training programme 20. DunnGalvin, A., de BlokFlokstra, B. M., Burks, A. W., Dubois, A. E. & Hourihane, J. O. directors. Prim. Care Respir. J. 22,19–22 (2013). Food allergy QoL questionnaire for children aged 0–12 years: content, construct, 7. Department of Health. A Review of Services for Allergy (Department of Health, and cross-cultural validity. Clin. Exp. Allergy 38, 977–86 (2008). 2006). npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK M. Kelman et al. 21. Flokstra-de Blok, B. M. et al. Development and validation of the self-administered ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire for adolescents. J. Allergy Clin. Immu- Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/ nol. 122, 139–144 (2008). 44.e1-2. s41533-019-0155-5. 22. Flokstra-de Blok, B. M. et al. Development and validation of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire—Adult Form. Allergy 64, 1209–1217 (2009). Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.H. 23. Braun, V. & Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 3, 77–101 (2006). Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/ reprints ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We would like to thank the general practices for referrals and the study participants, the Trial Steering Committee for their guidance, and Laura Gonzalez-Rienda for help with data entry and organising meetings. This study was funded by Allergy UK. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, M.K. and V.H. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the design of the adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative study, M.K. and S.H. are employed as allergy nurses seeing patients in the clinics and Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party M.K. set up and manages the allergy clinics. A.S. and J.S. are the principal material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless investigators. M.A.K. is the qualitative researcher who is conducting and analysing the indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the qualitative interviews. M.M. designed and manages the database and analyses data article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory from the clinic and quality of life questionnaires. L.M. is the study research manager. regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication. from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. © The Author(s) 2019 Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine Springer Journals

Development and implementation of a nurse-led allergy clinic model in primary care: feasibility trial protocol

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Medicine & Public Health; Medicine/Public Health, general; Primary Care Medicine; Internal Medicine; Pneumology/Respiratory System; Thoracic Surgery
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www.nature.com/npjpcrm PROTOCOL OPEN Development and implementation of a nurse-led allergy clinic model in primary care: feasibility trial protocol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Margaret Kelman , Victoria Hammersley , Marilyn Kendall , Mome Mukherjee , Lynn Morrice , Susan Harley , 1,2 1 Jürgen Schwarze and Aziz Sheikh In the United Kingdom, there are acknowledged short comings in allergy care provision for patients seen in primary care. There is a lack of allergy training for healthcare professionals and this leads to inappropriate referrals to the limited number of allergy specialists. The primary aims of this study are to assess the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a new nurse-led allergy service in primary care, measured by recruitment, retention and quality of life. This is a single arm feasibility trial in which up to 250 participants referred to the nurse-led allergy clinic will receive the intervention and complete 6–12 weeks follow-up before being referred back to their usual care. Primary outcomes for this study will be establishment of clinics, recruitment and retention rates, and estimates of change in disease-specific quality of life measures. Secondary outcomes will be acceptability of the new service to participants/carers and healthcare professionals. A sample of participants and professional stakeholders will take part in more in- depth semi-structured qualitative interviews. Data from this feasibility trial will be used to inform plans for a pilot randomised controlled trial of nurse-led allergy clinics. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 29:44 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-019-0155-5 INTRODUCTION An earlier pilot primary care-based allergy service in England, run by a specialist allergy nurse and a GP with a special interest in The incidence and prevalence of allergic diseases has increased respiratory disease and allergy, showed that a primary care substantially over recent decades, and the United Kingdom has intervention for allergy could effectively deal with the majority of one of the highest rates of allergy in the western world. Allergic cases of allergy seen in primary care, resulting in a reduction in conditions affect approximately one in three people in Scotland at 2 inappropriate referrals into secondary care, an increase in self- some point in their lives and the prevalence is thought to be supported care for patients and a saving in costs. These data even higher in children and young people, with an estimated 50% however come from an uncontrolled study and therefore need to of the population now affected. Allergic conditions cost the UK’s be interpreted with caution. A more recent study by Smith et al. national health services over £1 billion per annum. found that a large percentage of referrals, which would have The term allergy covers a broad range of clinical conditions that otherwise have been seen in secondary care, could adequately be share a common pathophysiology. The most common conditions dealt with in primary care by a practitioner with a specialist and those responsible for the greatest healthcare utilisation interest in allergy. Findings from a recent systematic review include atopic eczema/dermatitis (henceforth atopic eczema), support the need for alternative models of allergy care provision. food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, Systematic reviews of disease-specific nurse-led clinics have urticaria and anaphylaxis. The majority of cases of allergy in the shown high levels of patient satisfaction; however, there remains United Kingdom are managed within primary care. Specialist a need for experimental trials to improve the level of 15,16 allergy care provision is patchy, but where it exists, evidence evidence. In response to these findings, we are proposing a suggests that there are often unnecessary referrals to secondary novel allergy service intervention that is nurse-led and primary care for conditions that could be dealt with in primary care care-based to improve the patient pathway and access to early settings. This in turn reflects important gaps in undergraduate allergy diagnosis and management. and postgraduate training of general practitioners (GPs). There The primary aims of this trial are to assess the feasibility of have been a number of national calls and initiatives aimed at delivering and evaluating a nurse-led allergy clinic in a primary 7–9 improving allergy care provision in the United Kingdom. care setting in Scotland and to estimate the impact on disease- Jutel et al. have demonstrated that, given the very large specific quality of life in patients referred to the service. The numbers of people now affected by allergic conditions, expansion secondary aim is to measure the acceptability of the service to of allergy services delivered within ‘specialist settings’ is not a patient/carers and healthcare professionals (HCPs). viable proposition. Rather, they suggest that there is a need to develop provision of allergy care within community settings. A DISCUSSION report by the Children’s and Young People’s Allergy Network Scotland in 2013 found that, across Scotland, primary care At the time of submission, we have recruited two hub practices practitioners did not feel they have the skills or knowledge to who are receiving referrals from 21 of the 37 spoke practices, and provide good quality allergy care, especially around diagnostic one practice which is hosting a clinic for their own patients. There testing for allergy, and the ability to interpret the results. have been 265 referrals to the service, and 214 have been seen in 1 2 Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8, 9AG, UK. Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16, 4TJ, UK. *email: vicky.hammersley@ed.ac.uk Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK 1234567890():,; M. Kelman et al. Children aged <36 months with suspected or confirmed non-IgE-mediated the nurse-led clinic. Recruitment started in July 2017 and will food allergy presenting primarily with gastrointestinal symptoms. continue until January 2020, when it is anticipated we will have Single urticarial reactions without obvious triggers. reached our target sample size of 250 patients who have Non-allergic chronic urticaria. completed study follow-up. Drug allergy. Well-controlled allergic rhinitis, asthma or atopic eczema. Mild-to-moderate atopic eczema without any obvious allergic trigger. METHODS Localised insect sting reactions. Design Unable to give informed consent. This is a feasibility trial of a single group assigned to a nurse-led allergy clinic in primary care. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov The intervention reference NCT03826953 on 1 February 2019 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ The intervention is a nurse-led allergy service in primary care. The nurses show/NCT03826953?term=NCT03826953&rank=1). have a postgraduate qualification in allergy and extensive experience of secondary care allergy clinics and are supported when necessary by a team Setting of specialist services, including paediatric and adult allergy, dermatology, Nurse-led allergy clinics are being established in the South West and South ear, nose and throat, respiratory, and ophthalmology. Referring HCPs are asked to complete a referral proforma and a referral sheet for each eligible East localities of the Edinburgh Health and Social Care Partnership, patient, which is sent via secure National Health Service (NHS) email to the Scotland. allergy nurse. Referrals are triaged by the allergy nurse according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and allocated an appointment by phone and Ethical approval letter/email. The ~45-min appointment includes an explanation of the South East Scotland Research Ethics committee approval was obtained study, taking written consent, and completion of baseline questionnaires (REC ref: 17/SS/0057). assessing disease-specific quality of life and costs incurred by the patients/ carers (see outcome measures below). The nurse then completes an allergy-focused history and clinical examination. Following this, the nurse Recruitment of practices will carry out investigations such as skin prick testing, give advice (written A hub and spoke model was chosen for this trial, where hub practices act and oral) to support the management of allergies, including demonstration as the host for the nurse-led allergy clinic and spokes are the practices that of medical devices (e.g. adrenaline auto-injectors, inhalers) and, if required, can refer patients to these hubs. Eight general practices in the Edinburgh recommend medication(s). A letter summarising the consultation is then Health and Social Care Partnership newly formed south-east area cluster sent to the referring HCP including details of the medication to prescribe and the rationale for prescribing these items. The participants are then were approached by email to be hubs. This newly established cluster discharged back to the care of their referring HCP once they have seen the group has 20 general practices serving an estimated population of 134,000 allergy nurse and have a diagnosis confirmed or refuted (see Fig. 1). patients, with a range of patient demographics. Two practices expressed If, on examination, the allergy nurse feels the participant has multiple an interest and were visited by the allergy nurse to explain the severe allergies or requires specialist hospital-based assessment, the requirements for hosting the clinics. One practice agreed to operate as a participant will be advised that they will require referral onto secondary hub practice, accepting referrals from spoke practices in the cluster, and care (Fig. 2). Where appropriate, the allergy nurse will refer participants the other agreed to host the clinics, but accepting only internal referrals. directly to specialists within secondary care. Where the local policy will not Subsequently, a third hub practice was recruited in the south-west area of support nurse-led referrals, the nurse practitioner will make recommenda- Edinburgh with 17 practices acting as spokes serving an estimated tions to the GP for the referral of the participant to the appropriate population of 135,000 patients. Locality managers distributed study specialist services. Participants who have been seen in secondary care will information packs to all practices in their cluster, and this was then be referred back to their usual HCP for long-term management. Long-term followed up with an email to individual clinicians detailing the inclusion clinical follow-up will not be offered; some short-term follow-up may, criteria for referrals, and a referral proforma. Regular emails are sent out however, be offered if deemed appropriate. All participants will return to reminding clinicians of the nurse-led allergy service. their usual HCP for follow-up and long-term management. Adverse events Recruitment of participants All adults, young people and children who fit the eligibility criteria from the The allergy nurses will ensure that when performing skin prick testing, rescue medications are available at the time of the clinic in the unlikely spoke practices can be referred to the nurse-led allergy clinic. Referrals are event of a medical emergency. In the case of an adverse event, the allergy accepted from all HCPs who manage patients with allergies, including GPs, nurse has a responsibility to attend to the safety of the participant and practice nurses and health visitors. The HCP will select the appropriate report the incident as soon as is practicable to the on-call GP and practice patients for referral, using an inclusion criteria checklist, and ask if they manager and follow local reporting procedures within the practice. The wish to attend the allergy clinic, advising patients and their carers that the allergy nurse will also keep a log of any adverse event or adverse reactions. nurse-led allergy clinic is part of a research study. On attendance at the Any serious adverse event or reactions will be reported immediately to the clinic, patients/patient’s guardian are advised that they will need to provide Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development written consent to take part in the study. If the patient does not wish to following the standard operating procedure. take part in the research project, they will be seen by their HCP as usual. Outcome measures Eligibility criteria This feasibility trial focuses on the ability to set up a new service in primary The inclusion criteria are: care, with a novel ‘hub and spoke’ referral model for patients with allergic disease. Prior to a pilot randomised controlled trial, it is important to assess Children aged <36 months with suspected food allergy. the ability to recruit patients via this new service, and establish recruitment Children aged <36 months with moderate-to-severe atopic eczema and retention rates and questionnaire response rates for future sample size not responding to standard treatment. estimates. The primary outcomes are: Children and young people up to 16 years of age with suspected allergic rhinitis symptoms are not responsive to a combination of oral Recruitment of practices to facilitate establishing the new service and antihistamines and nasal steroids. make referrals. Young people and adults (from 16 years of age) with a history of Referral and consultation rates for nurse-led allergy clinic and anaphylaxis or suspected anaphylaxis. retention rates. Able to give informed consent. The change in disease-specific quality of life questionnaires between baseline and 6–12 weeks post intervention. The exclusion criteria are: npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK 1234567890():,; M. Kelman et al. Paent aends usual health care professional (HCP) with: � History of allergic symptoms requiring specific diagnosis or � Unsasfactory response to inial therapy Paent agrees to be referred into allergy clinic Paent does not agree to take part HCP completes agreed referral proforma and checklist Connues to be seen by own HCP as usual and sends though secure email Referrals are forwarded directly to nurse-led allergy clinic – To be triaged Referral is eligible for allergy clinic Referral is not eligible for allergy clinic Referral doesn’t fulfil criteria Appointment allocated for nurse- Refer back to referring HCP led allergy clinic by allergy nurse with explanaon Paent aends nurse-led allergy clinic Diagnosis to confirm or refute allergic condion, treatment/advice iniated Advice/ treatment given no Paent requires Paent is complex and requires further management ongoing management to be seen in secondary care required/resoluon of symptoms Review appointments Refer to secondary care specialists arranged for nurse-led Paent discharged back to Secondary care specialists allergy clinic unl referring health care discharge back to HCP professional with a leer � Paediatric allergy team (Consultant/Nurse/Dietician) documenng the � Ear, Nose and Throat consultaon � Ophthalmology � Dermatology � Respiratory Fig. 1 Referral process into the nurse-led allergy clinic. The following disease-specific quality of life questionnaires will be expectations and experiences of attending the nurse-led primary care completed at baseline prior to the clinical intervention and at 6–12 weeks allergy clinic. post intervention by telephone or email, and face to face for those patients who require a follow-up clinic appointment. Sample size Dermatology The sample size for this feasibility trial was informed by an English pilot study, which over a 9-month period recruited 141 patients to a primary ○ Infants’ Dermatitis Quality Of Life Index care allergy clinic. We estimate that, taking account of the available time and resources for this study, ~250 patients with completed study follow-up Allergic rhinitis will provide data to inform deliberations to proceed to a pilot randomised controlled trial. ○ Mini Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire We will interview up to ten HCPs/professional stakeholders, and 20 Food allergy and anaphylaxis patients/carers who attend the nurse-led allergy clinic, to cover the experiences of patients and carers with a range of ages and allergic ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Parent Form (children conditions. aged 0–12) ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Teenager Form (13–17 years) Descriptive analysis ○ Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Adult form We will describe the number of practices approached to act as hubs and spokes and the number recruited. The characteristics of referring practices The secondary outcomes are: in terms of number of patients referred, practice list size and deprivation Patient satisfaction, measured immediately post intervention and score will be reported. For patients we will describe the number 6–12 weeks post intervention by questionnaire. approached and recruited, age, sex and referring condition. We will report Referring HCP satisfaction measured after 1 year of the start of the the retention rate for follow-up. For disease-specific quality of life, the nurse-led allergy clinics by questionnaire. difference in the disease-specific quality of life score at baseline and post Costs incurred by patients/carers. intervention will be descriptively compared without any formal statistical testing. Patient and professional satisfaction with the service will be A subset of referring HCPs, practice managers and patients/carers will be invited to take part in a semi-structured interview to gain in-depth insight reported. Costs (such as travel and time off work) incurred by the patients/ into the feasibility of setting up and referring to the clinic, and to explore carers will be reported. Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44 M. Kelman et al. Paent visits health care professional (HCP) � HCP checks paent is suitable for nurse-led allergy clinic (checked against eligibility criteria). � HCP advises paent of allergy clinical intervenon - research project and need for consent to aend Paent does not agree to take part Paent agrees Connues to be seen by own HCP Paent referred to nurse-led allergy clinic Allergy nurse receives referral – phones paent to book clinic appointment Health care professional Paent/carer At 12 weeks aer start of clinic Baseline - Inial visit to nurse-led allergy clinic Health care professional completes Paent/carer to complete consent process � Consent form � Baseline quesonnaires including disease Qualitave researcher contacts health specific QOL and paent cost care professional to arrange interview to � Post-consultaon sasfacon survey gather feedback 6–12 weeks later – or aer paent has been discharged back to care of health care professional Paent to complete � Sasfacon survey � Disease-specific QOL quesonnaire � Paent Cost quesonnaire Interview - If appropriate researcher will contact paent to parcipate in interview to gather feedback Fig. 2 Data collection. 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Development and validation of the self-administered ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire for adolescents. J. Allergy Clin. Immu- Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/ nol. 122, 139–144 (2008). 44.e1-2. s41533-019-0155-5. 22. Flokstra-de Blok, B. M. et al. Development and validation of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire—Adult Form. Allergy 64, 1209–1217 (2009). Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.H. 23. Braun, V. & Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 3, 77–101 (2006). Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/ reprints ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We would like to thank the general practices for referrals and the study participants, the Trial Steering Committee for their guidance, and Laura Gonzalez-Rienda for help with data entry and organising meetings. This study was funded by Allergy UK. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, M.K. and V.H. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the design of the adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative study, M.K. and S.H. are employed as allergy nurses seeing patients in the clinics and Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party M.K. set up and manages the allergy clinics. A.S. and J.S. are the principal material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless investigators. M.A.K. is the qualitative researcher who is conducting and analysing the indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the qualitative interviews. M.M. designed and manages the database and analyses data article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory from the clinic and quality of life questionnaires. L.M. is the study research manager. regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication. from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. © The Author(s) 2019 Published in partnership with Primary Care Respiratory Society UK npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2019) 44

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