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Creating a startup at a University by using Shane’s theory and the entrepreneural learning model: a narrative method

Creating a startup at a University by using Shane’s theory and the entrepreneural learning model:... com Universitas Podomoro, Central Park The novelty of this research is in applying the construction of the Shane Theory and Mall Lt 3 - Unit 112, Podomoro City, Entrepeneurial Learning Model in applying Entrepreneurship Education at a higher Jl. Let Jend S. Parman Kav 28, Jakarta, Barat 11470, Indonesia education institution. This study used action research by utilizing a narrative method. Full list of author information is The business field which matched with the academic discipline as well as business available at the end of the article interest and hobby was more successful than that which had a different prospect as a startup. Leadership, entrepreneurship, and managerial ability are the determining factors in the success of a startup company. It can delve more into the entrepreneurship process of startups to recognize opportunities to create ideas, start businesses, and develop businesses. Keywords: Entrepreneurial learning model, Startup, Shane theory, Narrative method Introduction One of the causes of the failure to achieve economic growth and economic develop- ment of a country is because there is no entrepreneurship, whether at the individual level, organizational level, or societal level. Previous researchers have stated that entre- preneurship plays a great role in economy building (Kirzner, 1999), and entrepreneur- ship is a vital component of productivity and growth (Baumol, 1993). Szirmai et al. (2011) stated that various literature have neglected the potential role of entrepreneurs as innovators in developing countries. Joseph Schumpeter (1934) showed that one cen- tury ago, entrepreneurs were often innovators, who brought goods and new technology to the market; opened new markets, processes, and ideas; and commercialized new knowledge. However, it was often misinformed that the innovations done by entrepre- neurs were not important for the growth of developing countries with low revenue compared with more advanced countries. Related with this, to improve the number of entrepreneurs, education and training are needed. Unfortunately, there is not a standard format and structure for Entrepre- neurship Education. Moreover, higher education institutions do not have any set standards in developing Entrepreneurship Education. For non-formal, informal, and © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 2 of 25 vocational education, even though there is Entrepreneurship Education, the form is still in skilled education, whereas entrepreneurship does not have any skills incorporated in it (Aadland & Aaboen, 2020). Based on the explanation above, it shows that entrepreneurship education is very im- portant, but related with education and its learning, it is still not clear (Ahmed et al., 2020; Sánchez, 2013). From here, theoretical testing about this is very open, keeping in mind that the Entrepreneurship Education Model, and its relationship with entrepre- neurial performance is still ambiguous and various and usually related with the distinct- iveness of each country (Ratten & Usmanij, 2020; Weaver et al., 2006). Furthermore, the current curriculum is not yet suitable to become Entrepreneurship Education cur- riculum, such as what was stated by Kourilsky (1995) in that “Most of today’s school curricula do not even address Entrepreneurship Education for the initiator level of the pyramid” and to address the cognitive factor (Johannisson, 2018). Business and management education generally focuses on preparing students to be- come good employees in organizations as their only career option. In some entrepre- neurship courses, most students are not taught the many skills that entrepreneurs need including thinking outside the box; knowing how to acquire and utilize resources; being able to build organizations, networks, and sales; and working effectively in teams (Ride- out & Gray, 2013). According to Van Vuuren and Nieman (1999), professors and edu- cators often work in a non-real condition rather than deal with important issues so that a transformation is needed to the direction of the Entrepreneurial Learning Model (ELM). Meanwhile, Schulte (2004) said that education in higher education should pro- duce job creators, not just jobseekers. Therefore, learning in higher education should contain entrepreneurial management and business practices, especially in how they feel and overcome difficulties that may arise during the growth period of a new company, so that it can become a source of innovation in the economy and society and become a starting point for developing business ideas for a new company. This learning model has an impact on the attitudes of students who are still jobsee- kers rather than entrepreneurs (Hastin, 2019). Pursuing models such as in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Nigeria still dominate the mindsets of jobseekers, not job creators (Kamaruddin et al., 2017; Kusmintarti et al., 2017; Maina, 2013). As an illustration of the conditions in Indonesia, in 2020, the number of jobseekers was 496,915, while the number of job vacancies per year was only 265,577. Of these vacancies, only 53,033 workers could be absorbed. The rest were unemployed. Among the unemployed, higher education accounts for around 6.24% (https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/05/ 05/1672/february-2020). The entrepreneurship index in Indonesia is still low. Based on 2018 Global Entrepre- neurship Index data, Indonesia is in the 94th place out of 137 countries. It is below Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam (https://thegedi.org/global-entrepreneurship-and-development-index/). This is because the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is only 3.1%. Based on research from Univer- sitas Indonesia in 2013, university graduates who become entrepreneurs are still very small, only 3% (https://news.okezone.com/read/2013/09/12/373/865107). If this figure is increased, it is hoped that it can overcome university-educated unemployment (https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50213). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 3 of 25 In Singapore, 7% of the population are entrepreneurs. Malaysia is at 5%. In other wealthy countries, such as Japan and the USA, more than 10% of the population are en- trepreneurs. Abroad, many entrepreneurs are derived from campuses. In fact, there are many students who have graduated from college and immediately delve into entrepre- neurship. For example, at Babson College, USA, according to a Financial Times report (2015), as many as 46% of Babson College’s Master of Business Administration program graduates immediately opened their own businesses. Then, as many as 34% of Stan- ford’s Graduate School of Business graduates also immediately opened their own busi- nesses. At Harvard Business School, 28% of graduates are directly self-employed. Meanwhile, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sloan, the figure was 26%. In the UK, 27% of Oxford University graduates are entrepreneurs. At another campus, London Business School, 25% of the graduates choose entrepreneurship (https://www. jpnn.com/news/). Based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, “established business ownership” (i.e., the proportion of adults owning and managing existing companies) is relatively common in Indonesia at 10.4%, higher than the median value of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (6.7%) and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRICS) econ- omies, the most used benchmarks. In the same way, business density (i.e., the number of firms per 1000 people who are economically active), an indicator showing the distri- bution of business ownership in the workforce, is very high in Indonesia, at 174 firms for every 1000 people who are economically active, compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development median value of 106. Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics also calculates its own “entrepreneurial ratio” as the number of em- ployer business owners to the total population: the ratio was 1.7% in 2017, up from 1.64% in 2014. Overall, the available data shows that business ownership is widespread in Indonesia which is contributed by Small and Medium Enterprises. This is an indication that entrepreneurial growth in Indonesia continues to increase. With the addition of a population factor of 270 million and a population growth rate of 1.1% per year by 2020, this is an opportunity for startups to develop their businesses. To deal with this problem and opportunity, Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali (Undhira) has changed the curriculum by including an Entrepreneurship course. There is entre- preneurship practice, but usually, it stops after the grades are released, whereas actually, there is great business potential that students can do when they are still students, espe- cially for hotel, tour, restaurant, and café businesses, as well as provide and manage new tourism locations in Bali. After a learning evaluation is done, it seems there are still mismatches in applying the entrepreneurship learning method, which is not much different with the learning methods of other courses, which emphasize more on face- to-face structured activities in the classroom. Related with this, in 2019, Universitas Dhyana Pura conducted Entrepreneurship Education for its students through an Entrepreneurship Development Program from the Ministry of Research and Technology of Higher Education. Undhira designed and built entrepreneurship learning through an elaboration of Shane’s Theory and the ELM. From this elaboration, we formulated a new ELM, as seen in Table 1, which is then applied in creating startups. The learning is then in the form of a business project Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 4 of 25 Table 1 Framework of research Shane Theory ELM stages Training & education Experience Mentoring Entrepreneurial Self-introduction, improving business Actualizing one’s desires, Sublimate the ways to motivation motivation test stage, reach success through what Instilling a life vision & leadership independence, creativity, has been done by the effort innovation mentor Cognitive Understand about the life vision and Company visits, doing Understanding what has factor company, the kind of company, and experiments been done by the mentor expertise in running the company Entrepreneurial Understanding about business Determine prospective Learn about the mentor’s opportunity opportunities business plans business to determine the company’s plan Environmental Understand about the macro and Provide a business Provide a mentor business condition microenvironments environment which is environment for tenants conducive for the business Opportunity Recognize business opportunities Arrange business Describe the factors of recognition alternatives business success that are done by the mentor Idea Understand the business plan Arrange business plans Learn from the mentor’s development business plans Execution Understand about assembling Run a business Receive assistance from the resources, organizational design, mentor market making, and product development for students by taking advantage of the available technology (technopreneurship) at higher education institutions. In their learning, students must make business projects directly, with assistance from company mentors who have already been a success, but first they must do internships at the mentors’ workplaces. The work solution framework uses a concept from Priyanto (2012), which consists of changes to the mindsets, entrepreneurial skills, business skills, and ready skills, and the Shane Theory (Shane et al., 2003), which consists of entrepreneurial motivation, cogni- tive factors, job opportunities, and a supporting business environment (Table 1). From this program, research is conducted about the dynamics of Entrepreneurship Education at higher education institutions and their effects on the growth of students’ entrepre- neurship spirit. We chose Shane’s Theory because it contains a framework of thought that success- fully bridges the gap between theory and application, resulting from synthesizing find- ings from various empirical studies to test predictions derived from the theory. This framework contains five key features of entrepreneurship—which are absent in other approaches—namely, a process that generates opportunities; personality factors; risk assessment and risk sharing; an exploitative organization in a positive sense; and the nature of innovation (Casson, 2005). This approach also has power in the process of forming an entrepreneurship, from the environment to how a person assembles resources for one’s business. But unfortunately, this theory does not cover how it is applied in entrepreneurship learning, whether through training and education, experience, and mentoring, where this approach is contained in the ELM (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). We then formulate and construct a new approach by combining the Shane Theory and ELM, as shown in Table 1. This model is then applied in learning entrepreneurship in sev- eral universities, including at Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali, Indonesia. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 5 of 25 The questions are related to the results of the learning and what the impacts are on students who take the program. To answer these questions, action research will be con- ducted to explain how to create a startup for university students by using Shane’s the- oretical framework and ELM in conducting Entrepreneurship Education at Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali, Indonesia. The study will also examine what factors affect the suc- cess of the program and the effects of applying the entrepreneurship learning model to- wards entrepreneurial spirit and creating startups at higher education institutions. Literature review Cognition, motivation, and innovation Knowledge from outside and within an organization that forms one’s cognition is very important in creating innovation. A person who is able to explore knowledge will be able to create inventive and absorption capacities. Those who are capable of knowledge retention will increase their transformative and connective capacities. Having the ability to exploit knowledge will increase innovative and desorptive capacities (Caputo et al., 2019; 2020). In entrepreneurship education, knowledge from within comes from the campus, lecturers, friends, experience (R&D), and ICT (Di Fatta et al., 2018). Know- ledge from outside comes from mentors, the business world, foreign markets, R&D (Caputo et al., 2020), and technology (Di Fatta et al., 2018). That knowledge can be an entrepreneurial capital (Purwanto et al, 2017). More, knowledge will increase creativity, which will improve innovation (Caputo et al., 2020). Therefore, the implementation of entrepreneurship education, which increases student knowledge, will also increase creativity and innovation in developing businesses, so that they can create startups. A person who understands one’s business environment at a more granular level due to exploration and exploitation of knowledge will be able to create new products and services and respond more quickly when changes occur. Reflecting on the previous managerial literature, there is a strong relationship between innovation management and entrepreneurial development (Caputo et al., 2020). Apart from knowledge, another important aspect in creating startups is entrepreneur- ial motivation (Shane et al., 2003). Increasing knowledge and developing motivation are necessary in the implementation of entrepreneurship education, including in higher education. Cognition and motivation will further develop if supported by the environ- ment and business opportunities, which can be institutionalized through campus entre- preneurship education, using training and education, experience, and mentoring methods (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). The institutionalization of entrepreneurship edu- cation can be done regulatively, normatively, and culturally–cognitively (Pinho, 2017). Regulative is in the form of business legislation, procedures, and venture capital (Urbano & Alvarez, 2014). Normative is through increasing participants’ perceptions of entrepreneurship as a career and the status and respect given to those engaged in entrepreneurship. Cultural–cognitive is through increasing participants’ perceived knowledge, skills, and experience required to start a business, and the role of the fear of failure in starting a business (Valdez & Richardson, 2013; Pinho, 2017). To foster innovation that results in startups on campus, an entrepreneurial ecosystem is needed. Researchers in recent years have considered several entities such as incuba- tors, financial suppliers, accelerators, universities, and companies related to startup Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 6 of 25 innovation as the main actors. The study of the relationships between these actors leads to the identification of interactional needs, including structure, infrastructure, and net- works (Ojaghi et al., 2019; Di Fatta et al., 2018). To develop a startup innovation eco- system, there are three main dimensions that need to be considered, namely, the actors, interactions, and mechanisms. The entrepreneurial ecosystem contains internal and external environmental interactions that exchange inputs and outputs, provide feedback, and collaboratively design innovative solutions. In business, ecosystems can be formed around products, services, processes, customers, industries, and platforms (Kumar et al., 2015; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Ecosystems can be built on a hub basis. In such an ecosystem, the founding or focus core company plays a decisive role in setting the goals, leadership, and platform. As a consequence, startups must operate in the form of a vision, purpose, and structure created by a leader or hub, while the values given by them must be sufficiently inde- pendent, different, and new to justify their existence (Nambisan & Baron, 2013; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Innovation ecosystems are loosely coupled networks but with interdependent actors who help develop their innovative capabilities (Haines, 2016; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial cognition, and spirit From the various definitions that have been proposed, there is some expertise which must be learned in Entrepreneurship Education, such as according to Morris, N. M., Kuratko, D. F., & Pryor, C. G. (2013) and Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. (2011), who stated that entrepreneurship aims to identify and evaluate an opportunity, define a business concept, dentify the needed resources, acquire the necessary resources, the last is implement, operate, and harvest the venture. Meanwhile, there are several things which must be possessed by an entrepreneur, so that they should be included in the Entrepreneurship Education curriculum, including leadership, communication (oral/written), human relations/ hiring, management, deal- making/ negotiating, logical/analytical thinking, decision-making and goal-setting, and business plan preparation (D. L. Bolton & Lane, 2012; P. Bolton et al., 2010; Hood & Young, 1993; Siedel, 2014). In Entrepreneurship Education, many models and concepts have been developed. In general, an Entrepreneurship Education model contains various goals like changing one’s viewpoint or mindset, changing the entrepreneurship expertise, being able to make a business plan, and having the ability to communicate. The main purpose of all of this is to be able to prepare students to be able to capture opportunities and be able to implement these opportunities to become more valuable business activities. In the last decade, Entrepreneurship Education has grown in stature and num- bers as a popular and innovative part of the business curriculum. Entrepreneurship Education seems to be one of the most important fields of development for the fact that entrepreneurs are seen as the people who are driving the economies of countries, and entrepreneurship is seen as the engine of a growing economy in the millennium we are in (Noyes & Deligiannidis, 2013;Thom, 2017; Van Vuuren & Nieman, 1999;Welsch, 1993). Business and Management Education is too full of theories and quantitative analyses and does not emphasize qualitative factors; is too focused on instruments, concepts, Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 7 of 25 and models; is too bureaucratic in applying management; and does not apply enough entrepreneurial activities. Professors and students often work in unreal conditions com- pared with dealing with important problems (Pretorius et al., 2005). Education which leads to students’ self-mastery in preparing them to enter the real world can improve their entrepreneurial cognition and spirit. In detail, Entrepreneurship Education consists of a change in mindset. This is a basic and primary activity in Entrepreneurship Education. Changing one’s mindset is the key to success in forming strong entrepreneurial characteristics. Entrepreneurial skills in- clude attitudes, behaviors, and unique processes that are different from workers and managers. Ready skills are expertise and knowledge that are ready to be used like IT ex- pertise. Business functions are the ability to run a business like planning until controlling. Successful Entrepreneurship Education is education that is able to increase the entre- preneurial cognition and spirit. Entrepreneurial cognition is concerned with the “know- ledge structures” by which people make judgments, evaluations, or decisions that involve evaluating opportunities, creation, and growth. The current entrepreneurial cognition literature states that there is a relationship between individual cognitive traits and their ability to identify, develop, and take advantage of opportunities (Cacciolatti & Lee, 2015). The entrepreneurial spirit can be described not only in terms of personality characteristics, but also in terms of motivational factors (Ang & Hong, 2000). The con- cept of an entrepreneurial spirit is related to entrepreneurial actors, their original char- acteristics, goals and ambitions, as well as a “vision” that encourages them to take new paths (Habisch & Loza Adaui, 2012). An entrepreneurial spirit is a characteristic of someone who has a desire to take advantage of opportunities, create wealth and added value (Ang & Hong, 2000; Verzat & Bachelet, 2006), create new businesses (Kaijun & Sholihah, 2015), have entrepreneurial abilities such as an entrepreneurial attitude, belief, and competence (Verzat & Bachelet, 2006); and the creation of high-growth in- novative entrepreneurial firms (Dahlstrand & Stevenson, 2010). Education for entrepre- neurship is the main factor in the formation of entrepreneurial cognition and spirit (Malach & Kristová, 2017). This means that Entrepreneurship Education can improve entrepreneurial cognition and spirit formatively by increasing entrepreneurial motiv- ation (vision, risk taking, drive, need for achievement, locus of control, passion, and de- sire for independence) and cognitive factors (vision, knowledge, skills, and abilities), improving the ability to recognize opportunities and develop ideas, as well as reflect- ively being able to actualize ideas to become a business (Shane et al., 2003). Applying the Shane theory and ELM in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions The primary factor which influences entrepreneurship is one’s individual environment. In this individual environment, the role of an individual’s personality greatly determines one’s entrepreneurship ability. In this factor, entrepreneurial motivation is an aspect which has a significant effect on many things. According to Shane et al. (2003), this entrepreneurial motivation consists of the need of achievement, a locus of control, a vi- sion, a desire for independence, a passion, a drive, goal setting, and self-efficacy. These motivational factors are combined with cognitive factors like knowledge to influence a Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 8 of 25 person’s entrepreneurship ability. Entrepreneurial opportunities and environmental conditions along with entrepreneurship motivation and cognitive factors will also be- come the backbone of entrepreneurship. Motivation greatly influences entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship starts from recogniz- ing entrepreneurial opportunities and is then followed by developing ideas in how to reach these opportunities, evaluate their suitability, develop products and services to fulfill consumer needs, intertwine financial and human resources, design the organization, and hunt for consumers. Shane et al. (2003) suggested that some or all of this motivation will influence the transition of the individual entrepreneurship formation process from one stage to the next one. What is certain is that this motivational aspect is one of the ways to shape entrepreneurship. Another important variable is the cognitive factor, which in- cludes the vision, knowledge, skills, and abilities. All of these actions are a combination of interaction results, the integration of motivation and cognition (Locke, 2000). The importance of the cognition aspect being in the form of knowledge is that it makes the vision capable to influence someone’s entrepreneurial ability. An individual who understands the importance and role of a vision will strive to make and record one’s life vision. When the person makes the vision, it will result in an aware desire that the person will reach the vision. Second, knowledge becomes an important resource for entrepreneurship. A person who knows something will be better able to piece together a structure, a system, and new ideas than someone who does not have much know- ledge. A person who is full of knowledge will easily look for another path when the per- son experiences a particular difficulty. Or the individual will be able to see opportunities or have new ideas with the knowledge one possesses. Third, a person who has expertise will also be able to create ideas and innovations that are based on the skills that one has. With the skills that one possesses, a person will be better able to create to add, perfect, and even replace the ideas. A person who has expertise in mak- ing organic fertilizer will find it easier to adjust oneself if there is a change in the avail- ability of raw materials compared with someone who is not an expert. This signifies that it is important for us to become experts in the fields that we undertake, so that it allows us to be more creative and innovative than before. Shane’s Theory contains five main features of entrepreneurship, namely the process that generates opportunities, which operate throughout the economy and are not lim- ited to the well-known “growth sectors”; personality factors that explain why one per- son will respond to one opportunity and another not; risk assessment, and sharing of risks between those involved in exploiting opportunities; exploitation organizations, whether through a company, or through a license or franchise agreement, or other means; and the nature of innovation that is influenced by entrepreneurs, however small or seemingly trivial (Casson, 2005). This approach also contains how the process of forming an entrepreneurship is done, starting from the environment to how a person assembles resources for one’s business. This framework does not include how to apply it in entrepreneurship learning with the dimensions of learning methods, be it through training and education, experience, and mentoring, where this approach is contained in ELM (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). In ELM, there is an entrepreneurial learning process which is seen as a synthesis of experiments by finding and creating opportunities and managing knowledge and com- petencies through reflective practice and decision-making processes (Hytti et al., 2015). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 9 of 25 To get it, it can be done through forms of learning such as training and education (Schneider et al., 2017)), experience (Cope & Watts, 2000), and mentoring (El Hallam & St-Jean, 2016; Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). We then combine the two approaches above into a new ELM. If looked at closely, Shane’s Theory contains 7 components, namely entrepreneurial motivation, cognitive fac- tors, entrepreneurial opportunity, environmental conditions, opportunity recognition, idea development, and execution. Meanwhile, ELM consists of training and education, experi- ence, and mentoring. The results of the construction can be seen in Table 1. In the entrepreneurial motivation component, when the form of learning is training and education, the material that can be given is self-introduction, improving business motivation, instilling a life vision, and leadership effort. In experience learning, students will get material actualizing one’s desires, test stage, independence, creativity, innovation. In learning mentoring, students will get sublimate material in the ways to reach success through what has been done by the mentor. Likewise for the next com- ponent, it can be seen in Table 1. Research methodology This research applied the construction results of the Shane Theory and ELM in con- ducting Entrepreneurship Education at a higher education institution, in order to create startups with a mixed framework (a blended entrepreneurial model framework) as in Table 1. This research used the narrative-action research approach by Chase (2005), which re- sembles the definition of a narrative analysis by Polkinghorne (1995, 2007), who sug- gested that a researcher should use a paradigmatic reason for a narrative study, such as how students in a campus entrepreneurship development program are given education and training to attempt to make a business directly and receive mentoring in a social situation within an entrepreneurship interactive appearance, and how the researcher can build interpretations from the entrepreneurship social situation. This research also used a biography study, where the researcher wrote and recorded about individual life experiences. An autobiography is written and recorded by an indi- vidual as a test subject about the life history and experiences of someone (De Fina & Georgakopoulou, 2019; Floyd, 2012) who is related with the entrepreneurship. The stages in carrying out this activity can be explained as follows: 1. Determine the best research problems or questions which are appropriate for narrative research, in order that it can capture the story details or life experiences towards a person’s life or several individuals’ lives. 2. Choose 8 individuals who have entrepreneurship life experiences or stories to be told, and conduct an entrepreneurship development program with them to collect their stories through a diverse information method. 3. Collect stories about the entrepreneurship context. 4. Analyze the participants’ stories and then retell their stories in a work framework which makes sense. Retelling is an organizational process of sharing a story again in several general types of a work framework. This work framework involves collecting information, analyzing information for the key elements of a story (such Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 10 of 25 as the time, place, flow, and scene), and rewriting a story to place themselves in a chronological series of events. 5. Collaborate with the participants through their active involvement in research. Keep in mind that researchers collect the stories. Then they negotiate the relationships, use smooth transitions, and provide a useful method for the participants. The research activities began by first applying ELM, starting from the program socialization stage, an entrepreneurship seminar that ended with an entrepreneurship potential test, a selection of business ideas, a proposal selection process, grant provi- sions, business implementation, mentoring by an entrepreneur, an internship, monev,a business exhibition, and participation in an entrepreneur community. This model was applied for all 8 participants. In the seminar stage, 100 individuals were involved. From this total, 16 business proposals were selected that had to have their business ideas pre- sented. From this total, 10 students were chosen and given an entrepreneurship stimu- lus grant and business mentoring. There were 8 startup businesses that were successful in running their operations, whether individually or in groups, where two of the busi- nesses were able to significantly show their performance. Data were retrieved by using direct observations of their activities, starting from an entrepreneurship potential test until running their businesses on a daily basis. When they were doing their businesses, there was a mentor who also collected data. The data were gathered through a data processing process like reduction, grouping, and arran- ging the themes and patterns. The analysis method used a descriptive qualitative ana- lysis in the form of a narrative method. Results and discussion Research results This research used a descriptive qualitative approach by providing an Entrepreneurship Education program (Table 2). The results of the research which are related with the tenant company profiles can be explained narratively related with the participants’ ex- posure to the entrepreneurship development program as follows: Mobile-based physiotherapy home care application The individuals who developed a mobile-based physiotherapy home care application are students from Universitas Dhyana Pura, including I Wayan Agus Surasa, Kadek Adi Kusumadana, and Ni Luh Putu Munia Anggreni. These students were advised by a lec- turer named Ir. I Gede Arya Sena M. Kes. The development of this application was based on improving disruptions in society’s health, especially related to bone issues or strokes. The purpose of this business is to provide a quick service to society by taking advantage of technological developments. Health is an important issue that is yearned for by all people. However, various people experience poor health, as a result of an unhealthy lifestyle and overdoing phys- ical activities. Then new problems arise in society like distance limitations, time, com- fort level, as well as slow service. By having a mobile-based physiotherapy homecare application, it is expected to be able to help the general public, in order to facilitate Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 11 of 25 Table 2 Description of tenant No. Tenant Major study Product item Product Impact Note output 1 Group Physiotherapy Mobile-based Prototype Improving skill The mobile based physiotherapy home care business is not ready application yet 2 Group Physiotherapy Natural, healthy, and Model Improving skill The product has not clean cosmetic innovation been marketed jackfruit leaf body scrub 3 Group Physiotherapy “Mask Damba” neem leaf Model Improving skill The product has not mask been marketed 4 Group Physiotherapy Mayusi cloth Model Improving skill The product has not been marketed 5 Group. Physiotherapy “Physio Care” Product Initial product Start Up; difficult to aromatherapy rubbing oil create new market business plan 6 Group Physiotherapy “AnRe” ankle Product Initial product Start Up; developing rehabilitation shoes the market 7 Individual Psychology Banana Pizzat (Pizzang) Business Profit; market Start up; he has been & product serving consumers development through online media 8 Individual Management Technology-based duck Business Profit; market Start up; he is trying egg hatching & technology to meet the high development demand them in making their time and distance more efficient, as well as make the patients more comfortable, because they will be in an environment they recognize. The home- care application making process consists of identifying the problem, gathering data, analyzing the needs, designing an application, implementing it, and evaluating it. This business has a great opportunity to be developed in the market, because it has several advantages that pay attention to the market target and business planning in running the mobile-based business. This homecare application is still a prototype; the business model has not been cre- ated yet. It seems the team has an obstacle that cannot be overcome to develop it, which has made the business stagnant. The startup team comes from the Physiotherapy Study Program, which in the learning process gets health materials and then combines them with their passion in Information Technology. Natural, healthy, and clean cosmetic innovation jackfruit leaf body scrub This business was developed by students from Universitas Dhyana Pura named Ni Putu Ari Meiyani Suriatha Putri, Luh Putu Anggun Ema Pratiwi, and Putu Edo Prananta. A lifestyle is something which must be fulfilled by all individuals today. By having an ap- pearance that is physically appealing, it can make individuals have more confidence in socializing. Having an interesting appearance while keeping the skin clean is important for women or men to have more confidence in doing their daily activities. One of the skincare products that is usually used to clean dirt from the skin is a body scrub. They did a creative innovation by utilizing dried jackfruit leaves with a mixture of dried jas- mine flowers to make the aroma more fragrant and rose water as well as coconut oil as a dissolvent, so that it produced the UNANG body scrub product. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 12 of 25 The UNANG body scrub product is a business innovation which is made with nat- ural ingredients, so that it is appropriate for various kinds of skin and supported with a modern appearance. The product made from this business is not a new product being marketed, but the uniqueness of this product is that they are certain that this business has a great opportunity to be developed in the market. In developing the UNANG body scrub business, there are factors which must be given attention, in order to expand this business, such as by choosing the right market target, having an appropriate marketing strategy, and determining a price which is af- fordable by all societal levels. If all of these factors have been fulfilled and are well planned, then the product that they are offering, the UNANG body scrub, will be very capable to compete in the market. Therefore, a business plan needs to be made as a ref- erence in running the UNANG body scrub business. This business has already produced a product which is complete with a composition sticker, but it has not developed rapidly because it has not been marketed on a massive scale and the product has not had laboratory tests to find out its benefits and side effects. “Mask Damba” neem leaf mask This business was developed by students named Ni Luh Putu Munia Anggreni, Kadek Adi Kusumadana, and I Wayan Agus Surasa. These four students were guided by Ir. I Gede Arya Sena M. Kes. This idea arose in response to a problem that is experienced by society, and especially for teenagers. Looking interesting while protecting the skin, so that it seems clean and free of acne, can help make someone more self-confident. Keeping one’s face clean and interesting is very costly. Using a traditional mask can be one alternative to take care of one’s face. Therefore, they tried to make a neem leaf mask, which is expected to be used to medicate and eliminate acne. They are certain this business can be developed in the market because of several unique product aspects. One of them is that it has natural basic ingredients, so that it will not have any side ef- fects if used for a long-term period. In making this face product, several factors need to be given attention, such as in choosing the target market, deciding the market strategy, and determining the product price. Besides that, the sustainability of the business must also be considered, in order that this facial product can last for a long time in the mar- ket by giving new innovations for this product. They are interested in developing a business besides because of the existence of natural resources and market needs, but also because they are motivated by the lecturers and in accordance with the subject of the course being studied. They come from the Physiotherapy Study Program. “Physio-care” aromatherapy rubbing oil business plan This business was developed by Ni Kadek Virnanda Candra Dewi, Ni Putu Suryaning- sih Dewi, and I Made Rai Putra Adnyana. This idea surfaced to meet society’s needs for aromatherapy oil. There is a great need for rubbing oil, but the pungent aroma of the oil and the old-fashioned bottle make the image of rubbing oil unappealing for teen- agers. They made a creative business innovation with a combination of fragrant essen- tial oils and a mixture of rubbing oils like gandapura oil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, and olive oil to become a fragrant rubbing oil. Besides that, with an innovation of a roll-on Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 13 of 25 bottle, it will beautify one’s appearance from the rubbing oil, so that one’s appearance will look more interesting and match with today’s developments. This is not a new business, but with the unique product that they are offering, they are certain that this business has a great opportunity to develop well in the market. Many factors need to be considered to advance the Physio-Care aromatherapy rub- bing oil business. The most significant factor that needs to be considered to expand this company is by choosing appropriate marketing targets, having good marketing strat- egies, and setting affordable prices for society. In addition, this business has not developed much since it is still in the laboratory stage and has not been marketed. It seems there are obstacles in the team with a lack of enthusiasm to develop the business to become a success. They are still limited in the production area. They are able to produce but unable to create a new market and value from the product. They are interested in developing a business because it is motivated by the lecturer and in accordance with the subject being studied. They come from the Physiotherapy Study Program. “AnRe” ankle rehabilitation shoes This business was derived from the idea of Universitas Dhyana Pura students, including Ni Made Krisna Danayanti, Luh Made Sonia Indriany Savitri, and Ni Putu Ari Meiyani Suriatha Putri. This concept is a solution for sufferers of leg injuries. Ankle injuries are a problem that is often experienced by athletes or common people while exercising. The ankles must be protected to avoid the possibility of an injury. If an injury occurs, then the injured part should be given immediate treatment on the ankle joints. Making an innovative health equipment business like “AnRe Shoes” will facilitate someone to treat an injury without using a lot of equipment. “AnRe Shoes” are very easy to use and simple to bring anywhere. Besides that, “AnRe Shoes” also have a fashionable design and are light to use, so that the users will still feel comfortable to wear these shoes. This is not a new business, but with the uniqueness of the “AnRe Shoes” product, they are certain that this business has great potential to de- velop well in the market. Some of the factors which need to be given attention to de- velop this business include choosing the right market target, having good marketing strategies, and setting a price that is affordable for all levels of society, so that the “AnRe Shoes” product can compete in the market. If these factors are arranged well, then it will become a business with good development. Consequently, a business plan needs to be made as a reference in running this health equipment business. While this business has been in operation, it has produced 5 pairs of shoes with 3 already sold and 2 as testimonies (were given for free), and there are still 3 more pairs in the making process, of which 1 pair will be displayed in a fitness center (gym). The obstacle is to find a shoemaker who can work together. Therefore, in the future, they will coordinate with the Amaranee Foundation to market the product and make a so- cial media account to be more well-known. Banana Pizzat (Pizzang) Pizzang is a healthy snack with natural ingredients from a banana. To make the taste more enjoyable and appealing for teenagers, they added 8 flavor variants and 8 toppings Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 14 of 25 that are popular with youths. The product will be sold in coordination with Ojek On- line (Ojol), in order that it reaches a wider market. It has a mini outlet that is located on Jl. Diponegoro No. 704 and operates from 12:00 PM to 9:00 PM. Pizzang was established on 25 February 2018 with a focus as a company that provides a snack made from natural ingredients from bananas and is packaged with a modern concept that is different from its competitor, which is Pisang Nugget, but it is packaged differently. This can be seen from the shape which resembles a pizza and has unique packaging. The package uses a pizza box, in order that it really resembles an ordinary pizza. In addition, Pizzang creates its own spices that are different from its competitor. They do this because the buyer target is millennial kids, especially females between 12 and 30 years old. In today’s era where people like to take pictures of their food before eating it, they see this as an opportunity to enter the millennial market by making Instagramable packaging by using a pizza carton box and in a pizza shape that is differ- ent from their competitor. This business is fully managed by Januarta. The uniqueness of this product from its competitor is that it is the first banana nugget innovation in the form of a pizza, the packaging is very different from Pisang Nugget by using a pizza box, and it still has a banana texture, so that brings out the banana taste. The Pizzang product has a price range of IDR 24,000–IDR 40,000 and the additional toppings have a price range of IDR 5000–IDR 6000. This business has successfully added a new menu variant (drink) to develop the company. It is ready to open a new branch. The constraints that are faced are it is difficult to find workers to look after the food stand, and there is a lack of freezers. Freezers are very useful for keeping more of the Pizzang stock and to make ice for their drinks. In the future, they would like to sep- arate their net profit to develop a new menu item. They have already saved enough to make a few new menu items to be tested and add to Pizzang, and at the end of 2020, they want to make a wider franchise in Bali. For the business promotion strategies, they use a photo sharing service, like Insta- gram and Facebook, as well as join the applications Ojek Online (Ojol) Gojek and Grab, in order to expand their market reach. They have made a Line Official account and WhatsApp for Business, in order that the customers can place orders or ask about the product availability. Another thing that can be done with the two applications is that they can broadcast to the customers, so that they will all know if there is an interesting promotion at the same time. In general, they target females between 12 and 30 years old, or what can be called the millennial group. They also target males with the branding that the product is a good choice to be given to a loved one. With various considerations, they estimated that on a daily basis, they can sell 10 pans, where each pan costs IDR 26,000. So, in 1 day, they can receive a profit of IDR 260,000 or an equivalent of IDR 6,760,000 per month (26 days). The net profit per month is IDR 3,900,000 with the following details: The production cost of one tray is IDR 13,000. If the daily target produces 10 trays, then it will become IDR 130,000. In a month, they can obtain a net profit of IDR 3,900,000. The development plan of this business does not only depend on one outlet. In the fu- ture, they want to open a partnership or franchise. They also want to open several mini stands in front of an Indomaret or Alfamart. In 2 years, they want to target whether they can open branches outside of Bali, such as outlets in Yogyakarta and Malang. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 15 of 25 Besides that, they plan to add fresh fruit juice drinks and Thai Tea drinks. Besides that, they want to add Milo as a menu item. Adding various menu and drink varieties is im- portant to provide new options for customers. It is predicted that the profit in the future after the development is done will be ap- proximately IDR 19,500,000. The details are as follows: The production cost of one tray is IDR 13,000. If the daily target sold is 50 trays, then it will become IDR 650,000. In a month, a net profit can be obtained of IDR 19,500,000. The parents’ backgrounds are as lecturers, but they have a hobby of doing business. It seems that the activities of parents in business are contagious to these students. This startup began as a hobby of cooking and has an interest in business. Mayusi cloth The ever increasing fashion developments have resulted in various innovative works, such as by combining clothing designs which can be used by nursing mothers. Fashion- able clothing models will add to nursing mothers’ confidence to do their motherly roles. The uniqueness of this product, which is designed with a Sabrina model, a long dress, and jumpsuit, is so that it provides special access for mothers to nurse their ba- bies. Besides that, there is also a bust holder in the clothing design which adds to the practical value of this product. This product’s market target is nursing mothers. The competitor of this product is nursing bras, because nursing mothers still tend to wear bras to nurse their infants rather than nursing clothing. The business location for making this product will be in a strategic location that is advantageous with an empty space where there is a house as the production place. They will choose a home industry location. The financial plan will be divided into four parts, which are the business early capital of IDR 12,475,000, a cash flow statement of IDR 81,378,000, a rate of return analysis of 6.5%, and a break-even point analysis of 1500 pieces for 15 months. The making of this product starts with a survey of the material, a survey of the seam- stresses who can be contracted to make the clothing, as well as a survey of the market- ing place. The materials that are needed are rayon fabric, thread, zippers, and bust holders. Then it is continued by making the clothing designs which are then taken to the seamstresses to be sewn. The Strenth, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat analysis of this product consists of the strength of this product, which is it is able to become an innovation by introducing nursing clothing, because nursing mothers still do not know about nursing clothing. In addition, it is practical because the clothing is designed with an additional bust holder. The weakness of this product is that only a few mothers are familiar with nursing clothing, and not enough mothers do nursing exclusively. The op- portunity of this product is a fashionable and innovative clothing design which is able to attract the attention of nursing mothers. There are no companies which produce clothing with an additional bust holder design, and the price is relatively affordable. The threat of this product is that there is a new competitor which offers a simpler and fashionable design, and there is a new clothing innovation made from quality material as well as more interesting color choices. The business plan in developing this product is seen from the consumer target that strays from nursing mothers. The potentials of this market segmentation are seen in the field from the market condition that still does Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 16 of 25 not produce a sufficient amount of nursing clothing that has fashionable styles. This product is marketed through online media in the form of Facebook social networking, an online buying and selling website, and Instagram. The price for one nursing clothing is IDR 160,000. The competition and opportunities in producing this kind of clothing depends on nursing mothers’ higher interest towards nursing bras than nursing cloth- ing. The business sustainability of producing Baju Mayusi will be produced intermit- tently every month and marketed to the general public with various fashionable and trendy designs. Technology-based duck egg hatching Egg hatching machines are one of the instruments that are often used in fowl breeding. These machines are used to improve the quantity of eggs hatched. Even though there are already many egg hatching machines that are produced manually, semi- automatically, and automatically, the level of success or percentage of egg hatchability is still low. One of the reasons that have a great influence is the uneven temperature distribution. The ideal temperature and humidity needed for eggs during the incubation process is between 360 and 400 °C, and the humidity is between 55 and 65%. The purpose of this development is to implement a temperature and humidity con- troller for the duck egg incubation location, in order that it can increase the percentage of hatched eggs. This controller is made so that the manual hatching becomes auto- matic. This system will maintain the ideal temperature and humidity according to what is needed. The testing of this development includes calibrating the temperature and hu- midity, which uses a temperature measurement and a standard humidity measurement with the temperature and humidity that are received by the sensor used. It can be con- cluded that by using an automatic controller, the percentage of success in egg hatching is better compared with another controller. While this egg hatching business has been operating, they have experienced several constraints, such as the unstable humidity level in the incubator. Therefore, they hope to design a second incubator and develop a technology method so that the results will be more maximal. The students who run this business have an interest in business activities and have a hobby of raising livestock. These interests and hobbies are inseparable from the influ- ence of their parents, who are farmers and breeders. Discussion Determinant factors of entrepreneurship education Entrepreneurship Education is an important course for higher education institutions to develop students’ enthusiasm through their abilities to produce technological innova- tions as well as change them to become social and economic innovations. Entrepre- neurship Education is expected to be able to motivate students to become entrepreneurs when they have finished their studies. Entrepreneurship Education is also expected to become a means to instill the values of hard work, diligence, perseverance, the need for achievement, the willingness to try, independence, creativity, and innovation. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 17 of 25 To achieve education which can fulfill the expectations as listed above, there are many factors which can influence them, which are the determinants of Entrepreneur- ship Education. These factors need to be known, in order that when implementing Entrepreneurship Education, efforts can be made to produce quality Entrepreneurship Education. As what was explained in the Literature Review, the components of the de- terminant factors are educators, students, the curriculum and syllabi, and the education infrastructure. Each of these factors can be explained as detailed below. In an education and learning context, educators are a vital and significant factor. Educators can function as motivators to build and increase enthusiasm, optimism, hard work, diligence, and resilience. Educators can also function as facilitators where educa- tors play a role to assist students in fostering their entrepreneurial spirit. This facility can be provided by educators themselves or they can open access to other parties. Educators also function by providing examples to provide inspiration to students. Educators also need to have qualifications and competence to carry out their roles as Entrepreneurship Education instructors. From the research that was done by Undhira, it seems that educators influence the knowledge of Entrepreneurship Education. Thus, educators are a determinant factor. There are several possible reasons for this. First, nowadays, educators have started to realize that lecturers must provide examples first. To produce successful Entrepreneur- ship Education, lecturers should have their own businesses first, so that they can share their experiences to provide inspiration and motivation for their students. If considering the empirical data, in general, educators have qualifications that rela- tively support Entrepreneurship Education. They have business experience, so that it makes the students want to start their own businesses and become consultants for them. They have high spirit and motivation to produce new entrepreneurs from their graduates. Based on this fact, it is important to know that educators who successfully develop Entrepreneurship Education that produces graduates who are entrepreneurs are educa- tors who have already had enterprises or have competence in their fields, have enthusi- asm and motivation, and are actively involved as good mentors for their students to produce new entrepreneurs from higher education institutions. Students are an important group who react because there are actions from educators who respond with improving their knowledge, attitudes, and expertise. The presence of students is very important to have a quality learning process. The characteristics, abil- ities, desires, and capacities of students will influence their responses in the actions that occur within themselves. The values, perceptions, mindsets, habits, hobbies, norms, be- liefs, expectations, and business interests which are the actualization of their culture, will greatly influence the learning absorption process which occurs. When they are asked about what strengths and weaknesses they have, students who are successful in running their businesses usually have strengths like a feeling of self- confidence and readiness to work hard and do not look at their weaknesses. Their interest in business is supported by their hobbies, enabling them to learn more deeply from students who want to work and have no hobbies. Milanesi (2018) revealed that there is a link between hobbies and success in entrepreneurship. Hobbies can be a source of entrepreneurial activity and the creation of startups according to their inter- ests (Kwapisz, 2019). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 18 of 25 Based on the research results, it was discovered that in general, they enjoy looking for jobs when they graduate. At this time, they cannot yet imagine what it will be like to become an entrepreneur. When they enter a higher education institution, they certainly think about where they want to work. Not too many of them enter a higher education institution to become an entrepreneur. They do not yet understand and convey their intentions actively. Their mindsets, perceptions, habits, norms, beliefs, and expectations do not yet support them in the entrepreneurship teaching and learning process. Those who respond are usually in a hurry or forced to do it because there is no other choice. They usually have financial difficulties, so that they want to overcome it by running a business. In the Entrepreneurship Theory, this kind of a condition makes them become an accident entrepreneur, someone who becomes an entrepreneur because it is un- planned and maybe because there is no other option. Entrepreneurship education and student performance Entrepreneurship Education is expected by many parties to be able to produce gradu- ates who become capable entrepreneurs. Many theories have mentioned that a quality Entrepreneurship Education program will be able to produce new entrepreneurs. Based on this fact, the implementation of Entrepreneurship Education is still various. Due to this variation, its components are also various, so that there are numerous components involved in Entrepreneurship Education. In the past, Entrepreneurship Education was only related with sales expertise. However, nowadays the components of Entrepreneurship Education should at least consist of a change of mindset, an increase in motivation, entrepreneurial skills, and business skills. According to the theory that has been mentioned previously, a quality Entrepreneur- ship Education program will also produce quality graduate performance. After doing an examination and analysis, it was found that the Entrepreneurship Education variable has a positive and significant influence towards student performance. This shows that the empirical test results support the hypothesis that was proposed previously. A mindset or way of thinking or way to evaluate something greatly influences entre- preneurial behavior. An individual’s mindset will lead that person to what will be done or made. In other words, failure in a business is often caused by having a fixed mindset. Therefore, Entrepreneurship Education must contain how to change a mindset from being a fixed mindset to a growth mindset. This change in mindset will become a basis for other Entrepreneurship Education components (Priyanto, 2012). In this research, it was revealed that when Entrepreneurship Education changes stu- dents’ mindsets, it will produce quality graduates. In contrast, if Entrepreneurship Edu- cation does not have a change of mindset, usually the program cannot produce quality graduates. Many articles have shown the important role of motivation. If an individual does not have motivation, then the person will not have high performance. Motivation will drive various aspects which are related with effort and its ability to run, control, and reach goals. In his theory, David McClelland stated that an entrepreneur becomes successful if he/she has strong and high motivation. A person who has a high need for achieve- ment, a high entrepreneurial spirit, and good work performance will be better than someone who has a low need for achievement (McClelland, 1961, 1965, 1987). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 19 of 25 In this research, it was found that motivation is related with student performance. Motivation has a positive influence towards student performance. Students who have strong motivation to get ahead and strive will have good business performance. As mentioned previously, an individual’s personal values like strong motivation to advance, skills, and abilities greatly affect the individual in one’s decision-making process, so that the person can make the right decision. Personality, intelligence, and motivation are important factors in molding individual behavior which will influence someone in responding to any environmental changes that may occur, including producing high performance. This means that these research results support the previous finding that motivation influences someone’s performance. An entrepreneurial skill is the expertise owned by someone who is able to utilize one’s inner creative desires in business. This need consists of being brave to try some- thing, independent, creative, innovative, able to construct one’s business inspirations, and ultimately able to assemble the resources owned and the resources in the environment. These research results demonstrate that business skills are strongly connected with student performance. Besides that, business skills have a positive influence towards stu- dent performance. This means that if someone’s business skills are high, then the busi- ness performance will also be high. If students are asked about what they want to be in the future, the majority of them will answer they want to become entrepreneurs. If they are asked what obstacles they face in running their businesses, they will certainly answer financial capital. Is that really the situation? The ethnomethodological research that was done by the authors along with teaching Entrepreneurship Education at a campus seems to have several things which must be given attention and prepared for students who want to become entrepreneurs. In borrowing the ideas of Shane et al. (2003), the first aspect which needs to be done is entrepreneurial motivation which consists of a need for achievement, risk taking, in- novative, a desire for independence, goal setting, and self-efficacy. To be successful in running a startup, students need to have these characteristics. The second aspect is re- garding the cognition factor, which is in the form of knowledge and its importance in making a life vision to influence someone’s entrepreneurship. Students who understand the importance and role of a vision will strive to make and record their life visions. When they make their life visions, an unconscious desire will surface that they can reach these visions. Knowledge becomes an important source for entrepreneurship. Students who know something will be better able to put together a structure, system, and new ideas than students who do not have much knowledge. Students who are full of knowledge will easily look for a path when they experience difficulties. Or they will be able to see opportunities or have new ideas through the knowledge that they pos- sess. Students who have expertise will also be able to create ideas and innovations by basing them on the skills they own. With the skills that they possess, they will be better able to create something to add, perfect, or even replace ideas. Students who have ex- pertise in making a web-based application will find it is easier to adjust themselves if there are changes in technology and the business environment compared with students who are not experts. This signifies that it is important for us to be experts in the fields we work in, so that it facilitates us to be more creative and innovative than before. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 20 of 25 When students have entrepreneurial motivation and have followed and been edu- cated to become entrepreneurs cognitively, it is not enough for them to become entre- preneurs instantly. To improve that acceleration, they have to be given or receive entrepreneurship opportunities from their campus or environment. Related to this, Entrepreneurship Education at campus should not only focus on structured teaching in the classroom with its cognition aspect, but it also needs to be enriched by giving them the opportunity to try for themselves to make a startup, so that in this stage, there will be a connection between cognitive knowledge and behavioral knowledge. Learning about entrepreneurship is actually effective when they feel directly what it is like to be- come an entrepreneur. To achieve this, the Entrepreneurship course at President Uni- versity applies an ELM with three main learning foundations, which are training and education, experience, and mentoring. The next aspect which needs to be given to students who will begin a startup is their ability to see an opportunity. People’s mental abilities are all different. In the same en- vironment, it is not certain that they will be able to capture the same things. As a re- sult, in the Entrepreneurship course, students need to repeatedly be given material in the form of business concepts that are proper to be implemented, so that in the end, students will obtain a pattern about how to recognize opportunities. People who recognize opportunities will not necessarily have business ideas. To pos- sess an entrepreneurship ability like this, students or society need to be trained or guided about particular ideas which can become businesses. This ends in the economic business feasibility like profit, turnover, market, and sustainability. After that, what needs to be given to students or society, in order that they can become entrepreneurs is to assemble resources. An online batik business idea or a fintech application business idea must be continued with expertise about how to recognize a market, who wants to buy, how to get them to buy our goods and ser- vices, how to understand where funds come from, how big they are, what it will cost to get it, how many years it will take if a loan is taken out, and how to de- velop the funding. After everything is ready, the product design needs to be made, starting from the volume, type, and characteristics of the good or service. The lo- cation aspect, whether it is online or offline, also needs to be understood and car- ried out to obtain it. When all of this is given to students or society, in the end, what determines whether a startup is successful or not is the student or individual oneself. In principle, becoming an entrepreneur is an ongoing learning process. Whoever wants to learn from a busi- ness that is being run and actualize it, this is the person who will become an entrepre- neur. Becoming an entrepreneur is an internal and individual process, which is very subjective. Based on this kind of subjective reality, an entrepreneur can only be born into this world. Students who have the desire to take advantage of opportunities by doing activities that create wealth and added value (Ang & Hong, 2000); the desire to create a new business (Kaijun & Sholihah, 2015), prior to the intention to set up a business; entre- preneurial abilities such as an entrepreneurial attitude, belief, and competence (Verzat & Bachelet, 2006); and the creation of high-growth innovative entrepreneurial firms (Dahlstrand & Stevenson, 2010) is a depiction that these students have an entrepre- neurial spirit. Students who participate in the program—whose businesses are Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 21 of 25 successful—can be considered as having a positive entrepreneurial attitude, owning confidence and optimism that the businesses they are running will be successful, having competence in assembling resources and being able to run their business, and posses- sing a strong impetus to create innovation in order to develop their businesses. They really want their businesses to be successful. This means that the application of the elaboration framework of the Shane Theory and ELM in learning entrepreneurship has been able to improve the entrepreneurial spirit of students participating in the pro- gram. It is also seen that students participating in the program who are successful in their businesses have high interests and hobbies in the businesses they are engaged in. Their interest in business is supported by their hobbies, enabling them to learn more deeply from students who want to work and do not have hobbies (Milanesi, 2018). Their hobbies can support the creation of an entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial ac- tivities, and the creation of startups according to their interests (Kwapisz, 2019). Even though they were able to create startups, there were some participants who still had difficulty in finding innovations and developing their businesses. An obstacle they faced is in how to manage their business group members. In 2021, this program will be changed by not forming a business group but only for individual businesses. This is to avoid the problem of division of responsibilities and duties. Group busi- nesses expect other members to carry out business tasks, while individual businesses do not. The second obstacle is in managing schedules with other courses. The pro- gram participants have difficulty managing their time for business and college activ- ities. In the next program, the program participants will be required to have employees so that the program participants can still manage their classes and busi- nesses together. The next obstacle is that the program participants do not have a strong marketing vision and are still production oriented. They can make products but are not yet able to market the goods. For this reason, the aspects that the program participants need to be improved are by adding marketing materials, changing the production orientation to a marketing orientation, and requiring a marketing orienta- tion in the recruitment process for the Entrepreneurship Education participants. In addition, marketing communication skills, including how to make content viral, are very supportive of success in business and are important to be included in entrepre- neurial learning plans (Satrio et al, 2020). Conclusion The dynamic of applying the ELM in higher education by emphasizing three aspects: training and education, experience, and mentoring, as well as applying the Shane Theory in recognizing ideas, developing ideas, and assembling resources, shows that students’ entrepreneurial performance is greatly related with students, educators, and the learning methods applied. Through action research, starting from the program socialization stage, entrepreneurship seminars, and ending with an entrepreneurship potential test, business idea selection, proposal selection, grant provisions, business im- plementation, mentoring by entrepreneurs, internships, gatherings, monev, business ex- hibitions, as well as in entrepreneur communities, it shows that the program can improve entrepreneurial vision and motivation. With the support of a learning environ- ment and business opportunities, they are able to recognize opportunities, develop, and turn their ideas into businesses. The ability to assemble resources into a business Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 22 of 25 increases. This can be proven by the creation of a business startup. This means that the learning model can improve one’s entrepreneurial spirit and create startup businesses. Besides that, this program is also successful because it is supported by several factors. Students who have quality business visions, have a strong motivation for success (Habisch & Loza Adaui, 2012; Shane et al., 2003), are hard workers, have a background with parents as entrepreneurs (Palmer et al., 2019; Sahinidis et al., 2019), have a high intensity to do a startup, and are in an appropriate field with their subject disciplines, will be more successful than those who are different. Also, businesses which match with one’s hobbies and business interests also have the prospect to become a startup. Leadership ability, entrepreneurial capability, managerial skills (especially marketing and organization), personality, as well as the ability to assemble resources are determin- ant factors in the success of a startup. This research used Shane’s idea framework in developing an enterprise. However, this research has not subjectively and individually gone in-depth into how the entrepreneur- ship process in a startup can recognize opportunities to create ideas, start a business, and develop a business. It has not gone in-depth to explain the influence of the pro- gram towards developing students’ entrepreneurial competence and spirit, especially in how it affects their academic ability. Consequently, future research needs to be con- ducted in this scope. The construction of the blended entrepreneurial learning framework still needs to be refined in its concept and implementation related with the effectiveness in its applica- tion. Therefore, future research can be directed to this aspect. Dickfos et al. (2014) stated that a blended learning approach that integrates theory and practice through a simulation aligns well with the needs of learners undertaking professional development. It is different from the blended entrepreneurial learning that we have proposed. This can be a further study to look for differences and the meeting point of these two things. Abbreviations ELM: Entrepreneurial Learning Model; SMEs: Small and Medium Enterprises; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development; ASEAN: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations; BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, and China; MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia, who provided funding for our research project in 2019–2020. Authors’ contributions Each author has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; the creation of new software used in the work; and the drafting and revision of the work. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This research includes the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia, who provided funding for our research project in 2019–2020. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on upon reasonable request. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests. Santoso et al. 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In The small business economy: A report to the president,(pp. 113–156). Welsch, P. H. (1993). Entrepreneurship education and training infrastructure: External interventions in the classroom. Paper presented at the 4th Internationalisation Entrepreneurship Conference, Vienna. Publisher’sNote Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Springer Journals

Creating a startup at a University by using Shane’s theory and the entrepreneural learning model: a narrative method

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Abstract

com Universitas Podomoro, Central Park The novelty of this research is in applying the construction of the Shane Theory and Mall Lt 3 - Unit 112, Podomoro City, Entrepeneurial Learning Model in applying Entrepreneurship Education at a higher Jl. Let Jend S. Parman Kav 28, Jakarta, Barat 11470, Indonesia education institution. This study used action research by utilizing a narrative method. Full list of author information is The business field which matched with the academic discipline as well as business available at the end of the article interest and hobby was more successful than that which had a different prospect as a startup. Leadership, entrepreneurship, and managerial ability are the determining factors in the success of a startup company. It can delve more into the entrepreneurship process of startups to recognize opportunities to create ideas, start businesses, and develop businesses. Keywords: Entrepreneurial learning model, Startup, Shane theory, Narrative method Introduction One of the causes of the failure to achieve economic growth and economic develop- ment of a country is because there is no entrepreneurship, whether at the individual level, organizational level, or societal level. Previous researchers have stated that entre- preneurship plays a great role in economy building (Kirzner, 1999), and entrepreneur- ship is a vital component of productivity and growth (Baumol, 1993). Szirmai et al. (2011) stated that various literature have neglected the potential role of entrepreneurs as innovators in developing countries. Joseph Schumpeter (1934) showed that one cen- tury ago, entrepreneurs were often innovators, who brought goods and new technology to the market; opened new markets, processes, and ideas; and commercialized new knowledge. However, it was often misinformed that the innovations done by entrepre- neurs were not important for the growth of developing countries with low revenue compared with more advanced countries. Related with this, to improve the number of entrepreneurs, education and training are needed. Unfortunately, there is not a standard format and structure for Entrepre- neurship Education. Moreover, higher education institutions do not have any set standards in developing Entrepreneurship Education. For non-formal, informal, and © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 2 of 25 vocational education, even though there is Entrepreneurship Education, the form is still in skilled education, whereas entrepreneurship does not have any skills incorporated in it (Aadland & Aaboen, 2020). Based on the explanation above, it shows that entrepreneurship education is very im- portant, but related with education and its learning, it is still not clear (Ahmed et al., 2020; Sánchez, 2013). From here, theoretical testing about this is very open, keeping in mind that the Entrepreneurship Education Model, and its relationship with entrepre- neurial performance is still ambiguous and various and usually related with the distinct- iveness of each country (Ratten & Usmanij, 2020; Weaver et al., 2006). Furthermore, the current curriculum is not yet suitable to become Entrepreneurship Education cur- riculum, such as what was stated by Kourilsky (1995) in that “Most of today’s school curricula do not even address Entrepreneurship Education for the initiator level of the pyramid” and to address the cognitive factor (Johannisson, 2018). Business and management education generally focuses on preparing students to be- come good employees in organizations as their only career option. In some entrepre- neurship courses, most students are not taught the many skills that entrepreneurs need including thinking outside the box; knowing how to acquire and utilize resources; being able to build organizations, networks, and sales; and working effectively in teams (Ride- out & Gray, 2013). According to Van Vuuren and Nieman (1999), professors and edu- cators often work in a non-real condition rather than deal with important issues so that a transformation is needed to the direction of the Entrepreneurial Learning Model (ELM). Meanwhile, Schulte (2004) said that education in higher education should pro- duce job creators, not just jobseekers. Therefore, learning in higher education should contain entrepreneurial management and business practices, especially in how they feel and overcome difficulties that may arise during the growth period of a new company, so that it can become a source of innovation in the economy and society and become a starting point for developing business ideas for a new company. This learning model has an impact on the attitudes of students who are still jobsee- kers rather than entrepreneurs (Hastin, 2019). Pursuing models such as in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Nigeria still dominate the mindsets of jobseekers, not job creators (Kamaruddin et al., 2017; Kusmintarti et al., 2017; Maina, 2013). As an illustration of the conditions in Indonesia, in 2020, the number of jobseekers was 496,915, while the number of job vacancies per year was only 265,577. Of these vacancies, only 53,033 workers could be absorbed. The rest were unemployed. Among the unemployed, higher education accounts for around 6.24% (https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/05/ 05/1672/february-2020). The entrepreneurship index in Indonesia is still low. Based on 2018 Global Entrepre- neurship Index data, Indonesia is in the 94th place out of 137 countries. It is below Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam (https://thegedi.org/global-entrepreneurship-and-development-index/). This is because the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is only 3.1%. Based on research from Univer- sitas Indonesia in 2013, university graduates who become entrepreneurs are still very small, only 3% (https://news.okezone.com/read/2013/09/12/373/865107). If this figure is increased, it is hoped that it can overcome university-educated unemployment (https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50213). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 3 of 25 In Singapore, 7% of the population are entrepreneurs. Malaysia is at 5%. In other wealthy countries, such as Japan and the USA, more than 10% of the population are en- trepreneurs. Abroad, many entrepreneurs are derived from campuses. In fact, there are many students who have graduated from college and immediately delve into entrepre- neurship. For example, at Babson College, USA, according to a Financial Times report (2015), as many as 46% of Babson College’s Master of Business Administration program graduates immediately opened their own businesses. Then, as many as 34% of Stan- ford’s Graduate School of Business graduates also immediately opened their own busi- nesses. At Harvard Business School, 28% of graduates are directly self-employed. Meanwhile, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sloan, the figure was 26%. In the UK, 27% of Oxford University graduates are entrepreneurs. At another campus, London Business School, 25% of the graduates choose entrepreneurship (https://www. jpnn.com/news/). Based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, “established business ownership” (i.e., the proportion of adults owning and managing existing companies) is relatively common in Indonesia at 10.4%, higher than the median value of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (6.7%) and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRICS) econ- omies, the most used benchmarks. In the same way, business density (i.e., the number of firms per 1000 people who are economically active), an indicator showing the distri- bution of business ownership in the workforce, is very high in Indonesia, at 174 firms for every 1000 people who are economically active, compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development median value of 106. Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics also calculates its own “entrepreneurial ratio” as the number of em- ployer business owners to the total population: the ratio was 1.7% in 2017, up from 1.64% in 2014. Overall, the available data shows that business ownership is widespread in Indonesia which is contributed by Small and Medium Enterprises. This is an indication that entrepreneurial growth in Indonesia continues to increase. With the addition of a population factor of 270 million and a population growth rate of 1.1% per year by 2020, this is an opportunity for startups to develop their businesses. To deal with this problem and opportunity, Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali (Undhira) has changed the curriculum by including an Entrepreneurship course. There is entre- preneurship practice, but usually, it stops after the grades are released, whereas actually, there is great business potential that students can do when they are still students, espe- cially for hotel, tour, restaurant, and café businesses, as well as provide and manage new tourism locations in Bali. After a learning evaluation is done, it seems there are still mismatches in applying the entrepreneurship learning method, which is not much different with the learning methods of other courses, which emphasize more on face- to-face structured activities in the classroom. Related with this, in 2019, Universitas Dhyana Pura conducted Entrepreneurship Education for its students through an Entrepreneurship Development Program from the Ministry of Research and Technology of Higher Education. Undhira designed and built entrepreneurship learning through an elaboration of Shane’s Theory and the ELM. From this elaboration, we formulated a new ELM, as seen in Table 1, which is then applied in creating startups. The learning is then in the form of a business project Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 4 of 25 Table 1 Framework of research Shane Theory ELM stages Training & education Experience Mentoring Entrepreneurial Self-introduction, improving business Actualizing one’s desires, Sublimate the ways to motivation motivation test stage, reach success through what Instilling a life vision & leadership independence, creativity, has been done by the effort innovation mentor Cognitive Understand about the life vision and Company visits, doing Understanding what has factor company, the kind of company, and experiments been done by the mentor expertise in running the company Entrepreneurial Understanding about business Determine prospective Learn about the mentor’s opportunity opportunities business plans business to determine the company’s plan Environmental Understand about the macro and Provide a business Provide a mentor business condition microenvironments environment which is environment for tenants conducive for the business Opportunity Recognize business opportunities Arrange business Describe the factors of recognition alternatives business success that are done by the mentor Idea Understand the business plan Arrange business plans Learn from the mentor’s development business plans Execution Understand about assembling Run a business Receive assistance from the resources, organizational design, mentor market making, and product development for students by taking advantage of the available technology (technopreneurship) at higher education institutions. In their learning, students must make business projects directly, with assistance from company mentors who have already been a success, but first they must do internships at the mentors’ workplaces. The work solution framework uses a concept from Priyanto (2012), which consists of changes to the mindsets, entrepreneurial skills, business skills, and ready skills, and the Shane Theory (Shane et al., 2003), which consists of entrepreneurial motivation, cogni- tive factors, job opportunities, and a supporting business environment (Table 1). From this program, research is conducted about the dynamics of Entrepreneurship Education at higher education institutions and their effects on the growth of students’ entrepre- neurship spirit. We chose Shane’s Theory because it contains a framework of thought that success- fully bridges the gap between theory and application, resulting from synthesizing find- ings from various empirical studies to test predictions derived from the theory. This framework contains five key features of entrepreneurship—which are absent in other approaches—namely, a process that generates opportunities; personality factors; risk assessment and risk sharing; an exploitative organization in a positive sense; and the nature of innovation (Casson, 2005). This approach also has power in the process of forming an entrepreneurship, from the environment to how a person assembles resources for one’s business. But unfortunately, this theory does not cover how it is applied in entrepreneurship learning, whether through training and education, experience, and mentoring, where this approach is contained in the ELM (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). We then formulate and construct a new approach by combining the Shane Theory and ELM, as shown in Table 1. This model is then applied in learning entrepreneurship in sev- eral universities, including at Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali, Indonesia. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 5 of 25 The questions are related to the results of the learning and what the impacts are on students who take the program. To answer these questions, action research will be con- ducted to explain how to create a startup for university students by using Shane’s the- oretical framework and ELM in conducting Entrepreneurship Education at Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali, Indonesia. The study will also examine what factors affect the suc- cess of the program and the effects of applying the entrepreneurship learning model to- wards entrepreneurial spirit and creating startups at higher education institutions. Literature review Cognition, motivation, and innovation Knowledge from outside and within an organization that forms one’s cognition is very important in creating innovation. A person who is able to explore knowledge will be able to create inventive and absorption capacities. Those who are capable of knowledge retention will increase their transformative and connective capacities. Having the ability to exploit knowledge will increase innovative and desorptive capacities (Caputo et al., 2019; 2020). In entrepreneurship education, knowledge from within comes from the campus, lecturers, friends, experience (R&D), and ICT (Di Fatta et al., 2018). Know- ledge from outside comes from mentors, the business world, foreign markets, R&D (Caputo et al., 2020), and technology (Di Fatta et al., 2018). That knowledge can be an entrepreneurial capital (Purwanto et al, 2017). More, knowledge will increase creativity, which will improve innovation (Caputo et al., 2020). Therefore, the implementation of entrepreneurship education, which increases student knowledge, will also increase creativity and innovation in developing businesses, so that they can create startups. A person who understands one’s business environment at a more granular level due to exploration and exploitation of knowledge will be able to create new products and services and respond more quickly when changes occur. Reflecting on the previous managerial literature, there is a strong relationship between innovation management and entrepreneurial development (Caputo et al., 2020). Apart from knowledge, another important aspect in creating startups is entrepreneur- ial motivation (Shane et al., 2003). Increasing knowledge and developing motivation are necessary in the implementation of entrepreneurship education, including in higher education. Cognition and motivation will further develop if supported by the environ- ment and business opportunities, which can be institutionalized through campus entre- preneurship education, using training and education, experience, and mentoring methods (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). The institutionalization of entrepreneurship edu- cation can be done regulatively, normatively, and culturally–cognitively (Pinho, 2017). Regulative is in the form of business legislation, procedures, and venture capital (Urbano & Alvarez, 2014). Normative is through increasing participants’ perceptions of entrepreneurship as a career and the status and respect given to those engaged in entrepreneurship. Cultural–cognitive is through increasing participants’ perceived knowledge, skills, and experience required to start a business, and the role of the fear of failure in starting a business (Valdez & Richardson, 2013; Pinho, 2017). To foster innovation that results in startups on campus, an entrepreneurial ecosystem is needed. Researchers in recent years have considered several entities such as incuba- tors, financial suppliers, accelerators, universities, and companies related to startup Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 6 of 25 innovation as the main actors. The study of the relationships between these actors leads to the identification of interactional needs, including structure, infrastructure, and net- works (Ojaghi et al., 2019; Di Fatta et al., 2018). To develop a startup innovation eco- system, there are three main dimensions that need to be considered, namely, the actors, interactions, and mechanisms. The entrepreneurial ecosystem contains internal and external environmental interactions that exchange inputs and outputs, provide feedback, and collaboratively design innovative solutions. In business, ecosystems can be formed around products, services, processes, customers, industries, and platforms (Kumar et al., 2015; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Ecosystems can be built on a hub basis. In such an ecosystem, the founding or focus core company plays a decisive role in setting the goals, leadership, and platform. As a consequence, startups must operate in the form of a vision, purpose, and structure created by a leader or hub, while the values given by them must be sufficiently inde- pendent, different, and new to justify their existence (Nambisan & Baron, 2013; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Innovation ecosystems are loosely coupled networks but with interdependent actors who help develop their innovative capabilities (Haines, 2016; Ojaghi et al., 2019). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial cognition, and spirit From the various definitions that have been proposed, there is some expertise which must be learned in Entrepreneurship Education, such as according to Morris, N. M., Kuratko, D. F., & Pryor, C. G. (2013) and Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. (2011), who stated that entrepreneurship aims to identify and evaluate an opportunity, define a business concept, dentify the needed resources, acquire the necessary resources, the last is implement, operate, and harvest the venture. Meanwhile, there are several things which must be possessed by an entrepreneur, so that they should be included in the Entrepreneurship Education curriculum, including leadership, communication (oral/written), human relations/ hiring, management, deal- making/ negotiating, logical/analytical thinking, decision-making and goal-setting, and business plan preparation (D. L. Bolton & Lane, 2012; P. Bolton et al., 2010; Hood & Young, 1993; Siedel, 2014). In Entrepreneurship Education, many models and concepts have been developed. In general, an Entrepreneurship Education model contains various goals like changing one’s viewpoint or mindset, changing the entrepreneurship expertise, being able to make a business plan, and having the ability to communicate. The main purpose of all of this is to be able to prepare students to be able to capture opportunities and be able to implement these opportunities to become more valuable business activities. In the last decade, Entrepreneurship Education has grown in stature and num- bers as a popular and innovative part of the business curriculum. Entrepreneurship Education seems to be one of the most important fields of development for the fact that entrepreneurs are seen as the people who are driving the economies of countries, and entrepreneurship is seen as the engine of a growing economy in the millennium we are in (Noyes & Deligiannidis, 2013;Thom, 2017; Van Vuuren & Nieman, 1999;Welsch, 1993). Business and Management Education is too full of theories and quantitative analyses and does not emphasize qualitative factors; is too focused on instruments, concepts, Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 7 of 25 and models; is too bureaucratic in applying management; and does not apply enough entrepreneurial activities. Professors and students often work in unreal conditions com- pared with dealing with important problems (Pretorius et al., 2005). Education which leads to students’ self-mastery in preparing them to enter the real world can improve their entrepreneurial cognition and spirit. In detail, Entrepreneurship Education consists of a change in mindset. This is a basic and primary activity in Entrepreneurship Education. Changing one’s mindset is the key to success in forming strong entrepreneurial characteristics. Entrepreneurial skills in- clude attitudes, behaviors, and unique processes that are different from workers and managers. Ready skills are expertise and knowledge that are ready to be used like IT ex- pertise. Business functions are the ability to run a business like planning until controlling. Successful Entrepreneurship Education is education that is able to increase the entre- preneurial cognition and spirit. Entrepreneurial cognition is concerned with the “know- ledge structures” by which people make judgments, evaluations, or decisions that involve evaluating opportunities, creation, and growth. The current entrepreneurial cognition literature states that there is a relationship between individual cognitive traits and their ability to identify, develop, and take advantage of opportunities (Cacciolatti & Lee, 2015). The entrepreneurial spirit can be described not only in terms of personality characteristics, but also in terms of motivational factors (Ang & Hong, 2000). The con- cept of an entrepreneurial spirit is related to entrepreneurial actors, their original char- acteristics, goals and ambitions, as well as a “vision” that encourages them to take new paths (Habisch & Loza Adaui, 2012). An entrepreneurial spirit is a characteristic of someone who has a desire to take advantage of opportunities, create wealth and added value (Ang & Hong, 2000; Verzat & Bachelet, 2006), create new businesses (Kaijun & Sholihah, 2015), have entrepreneurial abilities such as an entrepreneurial attitude, belief, and competence (Verzat & Bachelet, 2006); and the creation of high-growth in- novative entrepreneurial firms (Dahlstrand & Stevenson, 2010). Education for entrepre- neurship is the main factor in the formation of entrepreneurial cognition and spirit (Malach & Kristová, 2017). This means that Entrepreneurship Education can improve entrepreneurial cognition and spirit formatively by increasing entrepreneurial motiv- ation (vision, risk taking, drive, need for achievement, locus of control, passion, and de- sire for independence) and cognitive factors (vision, knowledge, skills, and abilities), improving the ability to recognize opportunities and develop ideas, as well as reflect- ively being able to actualize ideas to become a business (Shane et al., 2003). Applying the Shane theory and ELM in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions The primary factor which influences entrepreneurship is one’s individual environment. In this individual environment, the role of an individual’s personality greatly determines one’s entrepreneurship ability. In this factor, entrepreneurial motivation is an aspect which has a significant effect on many things. According to Shane et al. (2003), this entrepreneurial motivation consists of the need of achievement, a locus of control, a vi- sion, a desire for independence, a passion, a drive, goal setting, and self-efficacy. These motivational factors are combined with cognitive factors like knowledge to influence a Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 8 of 25 person’s entrepreneurship ability. Entrepreneurial opportunities and environmental conditions along with entrepreneurship motivation and cognitive factors will also be- come the backbone of entrepreneurship. Motivation greatly influences entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship starts from recogniz- ing entrepreneurial opportunities and is then followed by developing ideas in how to reach these opportunities, evaluate their suitability, develop products and services to fulfill consumer needs, intertwine financial and human resources, design the organization, and hunt for consumers. Shane et al. (2003) suggested that some or all of this motivation will influence the transition of the individual entrepreneurship formation process from one stage to the next one. What is certain is that this motivational aspect is one of the ways to shape entrepreneurship. Another important variable is the cognitive factor, which in- cludes the vision, knowledge, skills, and abilities. All of these actions are a combination of interaction results, the integration of motivation and cognition (Locke, 2000). The importance of the cognition aspect being in the form of knowledge is that it makes the vision capable to influence someone’s entrepreneurial ability. An individual who understands the importance and role of a vision will strive to make and record one’s life vision. When the person makes the vision, it will result in an aware desire that the person will reach the vision. Second, knowledge becomes an important resource for entrepreneurship. A person who knows something will be better able to piece together a structure, a system, and new ideas than someone who does not have much know- ledge. A person who is full of knowledge will easily look for another path when the per- son experiences a particular difficulty. Or the individual will be able to see opportunities or have new ideas with the knowledge one possesses. Third, a person who has expertise will also be able to create ideas and innovations that are based on the skills that one has. With the skills that one possesses, a person will be better able to create to add, perfect, and even replace the ideas. A person who has expertise in mak- ing organic fertilizer will find it easier to adjust oneself if there is a change in the avail- ability of raw materials compared with someone who is not an expert. This signifies that it is important for us to become experts in the fields that we undertake, so that it allows us to be more creative and innovative than before. Shane’s Theory contains five main features of entrepreneurship, namely the process that generates opportunities, which operate throughout the economy and are not lim- ited to the well-known “growth sectors”; personality factors that explain why one per- son will respond to one opportunity and another not; risk assessment, and sharing of risks between those involved in exploiting opportunities; exploitation organizations, whether through a company, or through a license or franchise agreement, or other means; and the nature of innovation that is influenced by entrepreneurs, however small or seemingly trivial (Casson, 2005). This approach also contains how the process of forming an entrepreneurship is done, starting from the environment to how a person assembles resources for one’s business. This framework does not include how to apply it in entrepreneurship learning with the dimensions of learning methods, be it through training and education, experience, and mentoring, where this approach is contained in ELM (Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). In ELM, there is an entrepreneurial learning process which is seen as a synthesis of experiments by finding and creating opportunities and managing knowledge and com- petencies through reflective practice and decision-making processes (Hytti et al., 2015). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 9 of 25 To get it, it can be done through forms of learning such as training and education (Schneider et al., 2017)), experience (Cope & Watts, 2000), and mentoring (El Hallam & St-Jean, 2016; Priyanto & Sandjojo, 2005). We then combine the two approaches above into a new ELM. If looked at closely, Shane’s Theory contains 7 components, namely entrepreneurial motivation, cognitive fac- tors, entrepreneurial opportunity, environmental conditions, opportunity recognition, idea development, and execution. Meanwhile, ELM consists of training and education, experi- ence, and mentoring. The results of the construction can be seen in Table 1. In the entrepreneurial motivation component, when the form of learning is training and education, the material that can be given is self-introduction, improving business motivation, instilling a life vision, and leadership effort. In experience learning, students will get material actualizing one’s desires, test stage, independence, creativity, innovation. In learning mentoring, students will get sublimate material in the ways to reach success through what has been done by the mentor. Likewise for the next com- ponent, it can be seen in Table 1. Research methodology This research applied the construction results of the Shane Theory and ELM in con- ducting Entrepreneurship Education at a higher education institution, in order to create startups with a mixed framework (a blended entrepreneurial model framework) as in Table 1. This research used the narrative-action research approach by Chase (2005), which re- sembles the definition of a narrative analysis by Polkinghorne (1995, 2007), who sug- gested that a researcher should use a paradigmatic reason for a narrative study, such as how students in a campus entrepreneurship development program are given education and training to attempt to make a business directly and receive mentoring in a social situation within an entrepreneurship interactive appearance, and how the researcher can build interpretations from the entrepreneurship social situation. This research also used a biography study, where the researcher wrote and recorded about individual life experiences. An autobiography is written and recorded by an indi- vidual as a test subject about the life history and experiences of someone (De Fina & Georgakopoulou, 2019; Floyd, 2012) who is related with the entrepreneurship. The stages in carrying out this activity can be explained as follows: 1. Determine the best research problems or questions which are appropriate for narrative research, in order that it can capture the story details or life experiences towards a person’s life or several individuals’ lives. 2. Choose 8 individuals who have entrepreneurship life experiences or stories to be told, and conduct an entrepreneurship development program with them to collect their stories through a diverse information method. 3. Collect stories about the entrepreneurship context. 4. Analyze the participants’ stories and then retell their stories in a work framework which makes sense. Retelling is an organizational process of sharing a story again in several general types of a work framework. This work framework involves collecting information, analyzing information for the key elements of a story (such Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 10 of 25 as the time, place, flow, and scene), and rewriting a story to place themselves in a chronological series of events. 5. Collaborate with the participants through their active involvement in research. Keep in mind that researchers collect the stories. Then they negotiate the relationships, use smooth transitions, and provide a useful method for the participants. The research activities began by first applying ELM, starting from the program socialization stage, an entrepreneurship seminar that ended with an entrepreneurship potential test, a selection of business ideas, a proposal selection process, grant provi- sions, business implementation, mentoring by an entrepreneur, an internship, monev,a business exhibition, and participation in an entrepreneur community. This model was applied for all 8 participants. In the seminar stage, 100 individuals were involved. From this total, 16 business proposals were selected that had to have their business ideas pre- sented. From this total, 10 students were chosen and given an entrepreneurship stimu- lus grant and business mentoring. There were 8 startup businesses that were successful in running their operations, whether individually or in groups, where two of the busi- nesses were able to significantly show their performance. Data were retrieved by using direct observations of their activities, starting from an entrepreneurship potential test until running their businesses on a daily basis. When they were doing their businesses, there was a mentor who also collected data. The data were gathered through a data processing process like reduction, grouping, and arran- ging the themes and patterns. The analysis method used a descriptive qualitative ana- lysis in the form of a narrative method. Results and discussion Research results This research used a descriptive qualitative approach by providing an Entrepreneurship Education program (Table 2). The results of the research which are related with the tenant company profiles can be explained narratively related with the participants’ ex- posure to the entrepreneurship development program as follows: Mobile-based physiotherapy home care application The individuals who developed a mobile-based physiotherapy home care application are students from Universitas Dhyana Pura, including I Wayan Agus Surasa, Kadek Adi Kusumadana, and Ni Luh Putu Munia Anggreni. These students were advised by a lec- turer named Ir. I Gede Arya Sena M. Kes. The development of this application was based on improving disruptions in society’s health, especially related to bone issues or strokes. The purpose of this business is to provide a quick service to society by taking advantage of technological developments. Health is an important issue that is yearned for by all people. However, various people experience poor health, as a result of an unhealthy lifestyle and overdoing phys- ical activities. Then new problems arise in society like distance limitations, time, com- fort level, as well as slow service. By having a mobile-based physiotherapy homecare application, it is expected to be able to help the general public, in order to facilitate Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 11 of 25 Table 2 Description of tenant No. Tenant Major study Product item Product Impact Note output 1 Group Physiotherapy Mobile-based Prototype Improving skill The mobile based physiotherapy home care business is not ready application yet 2 Group Physiotherapy Natural, healthy, and Model Improving skill The product has not clean cosmetic innovation been marketed jackfruit leaf body scrub 3 Group Physiotherapy “Mask Damba” neem leaf Model Improving skill The product has not mask been marketed 4 Group Physiotherapy Mayusi cloth Model Improving skill The product has not been marketed 5 Group. Physiotherapy “Physio Care” Product Initial product Start Up; difficult to aromatherapy rubbing oil create new market business plan 6 Group Physiotherapy “AnRe” ankle Product Initial product Start Up; developing rehabilitation shoes the market 7 Individual Psychology Banana Pizzat (Pizzang) Business Profit; market Start up; he has been & product serving consumers development through online media 8 Individual Management Technology-based duck Business Profit; market Start up; he is trying egg hatching & technology to meet the high development demand them in making their time and distance more efficient, as well as make the patients more comfortable, because they will be in an environment they recognize. The home- care application making process consists of identifying the problem, gathering data, analyzing the needs, designing an application, implementing it, and evaluating it. This business has a great opportunity to be developed in the market, because it has several advantages that pay attention to the market target and business planning in running the mobile-based business. This homecare application is still a prototype; the business model has not been cre- ated yet. It seems the team has an obstacle that cannot be overcome to develop it, which has made the business stagnant. The startup team comes from the Physiotherapy Study Program, which in the learning process gets health materials and then combines them with their passion in Information Technology. Natural, healthy, and clean cosmetic innovation jackfruit leaf body scrub This business was developed by students from Universitas Dhyana Pura named Ni Putu Ari Meiyani Suriatha Putri, Luh Putu Anggun Ema Pratiwi, and Putu Edo Prananta. A lifestyle is something which must be fulfilled by all individuals today. By having an ap- pearance that is physically appealing, it can make individuals have more confidence in socializing. Having an interesting appearance while keeping the skin clean is important for women or men to have more confidence in doing their daily activities. One of the skincare products that is usually used to clean dirt from the skin is a body scrub. They did a creative innovation by utilizing dried jackfruit leaves with a mixture of dried jas- mine flowers to make the aroma more fragrant and rose water as well as coconut oil as a dissolvent, so that it produced the UNANG body scrub product. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 12 of 25 The UNANG body scrub product is a business innovation which is made with nat- ural ingredients, so that it is appropriate for various kinds of skin and supported with a modern appearance. The product made from this business is not a new product being marketed, but the uniqueness of this product is that they are certain that this business has a great opportunity to be developed in the market. In developing the UNANG body scrub business, there are factors which must be given attention, in order to expand this business, such as by choosing the right market target, having an appropriate marketing strategy, and determining a price which is af- fordable by all societal levels. If all of these factors have been fulfilled and are well planned, then the product that they are offering, the UNANG body scrub, will be very capable to compete in the market. Therefore, a business plan needs to be made as a ref- erence in running the UNANG body scrub business. This business has already produced a product which is complete with a composition sticker, but it has not developed rapidly because it has not been marketed on a massive scale and the product has not had laboratory tests to find out its benefits and side effects. “Mask Damba” neem leaf mask This business was developed by students named Ni Luh Putu Munia Anggreni, Kadek Adi Kusumadana, and I Wayan Agus Surasa. These four students were guided by Ir. I Gede Arya Sena M. Kes. This idea arose in response to a problem that is experienced by society, and especially for teenagers. Looking interesting while protecting the skin, so that it seems clean and free of acne, can help make someone more self-confident. Keeping one’s face clean and interesting is very costly. Using a traditional mask can be one alternative to take care of one’s face. Therefore, they tried to make a neem leaf mask, which is expected to be used to medicate and eliminate acne. They are certain this business can be developed in the market because of several unique product aspects. One of them is that it has natural basic ingredients, so that it will not have any side ef- fects if used for a long-term period. In making this face product, several factors need to be given attention, such as in choosing the target market, deciding the market strategy, and determining the product price. Besides that, the sustainability of the business must also be considered, in order that this facial product can last for a long time in the mar- ket by giving new innovations for this product. They are interested in developing a business besides because of the existence of natural resources and market needs, but also because they are motivated by the lecturers and in accordance with the subject of the course being studied. They come from the Physiotherapy Study Program. “Physio-care” aromatherapy rubbing oil business plan This business was developed by Ni Kadek Virnanda Candra Dewi, Ni Putu Suryaning- sih Dewi, and I Made Rai Putra Adnyana. This idea surfaced to meet society’s needs for aromatherapy oil. There is a great need for rubbing oil, but the pungent aroma of the oil and the old-fashioned bottle make the image of rubbing oil unappealing for teen- agers. They made a creative business innovation with a combination of fragrant essen- tial oils and a mixture of rubbing oils like gandapura oil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, and olive oil to become a fragrant rubbing oil. Besides that, with an innovation of a roll-on Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 13 of 25 bottle, it will beautify one’s appearance from the rubbing oil, so that one’s appearance will look more interesting and match with today’s developments. This is not a new business, but with the unique product that they are offering, they are certain that this business has a great opportunity to develop well in the market. Many factors need to be considered to advance the Physio-Care aromatherapy rub- bing oil business. The most significant factor that needs to be considered to expand this company is by choosing appropriate marketing targets, having good marketing strat- egies, and setting affordable prices for society. In addition, this business has not developed much since it is still in the laboratory stage and has not been marketed. It seems there are obstacles in the team with a lack of enthusiasm to develop the business to become a success. They are still limited in the production area. They are able to produce but unable to create a new market and value from the product. They are interested in developing a business because it is motivated by the lecturer and in accordance with the subject being studied. They come from the Physiotherapy Study Program. “AnRe” ankle rehabilitation shoes This business was derived from the idea of Universitas Dhyana Pura students, including Ni Made Krisna Danayanti, Luh Made Sonia Indriany Savitri, and Ni Putu Ari Meiyani Suriatha Putri. This concept is a solution for sufferers of leg injuries. Ankle injuries are a problem that is often experienced by athletes or common people while exercising. The ankles must be protected to avoid the possibility of an injury. If an injury occurs, then the injured part should be given immediate treatment on the ankle joints. Making an innovative health equipment business like “AnRe Shoes” will facilitate someone to treat an injury without using a lot of equipment. “AnRe Shoes” are very easy to use and simple to bring anywhere. Besides that, “AnRe Shoes” also have a fashionable design and are light to use, so that the users will still feel comfortable to wear these shoes. This is not a new business, but with the uniqueness of the “AnRe Shoes” product, they are certain that this business has great potential to de- velop well in the market. Some of the factors which need to be given attention to de- velop this business include choosing the right market target, having good marketing strategies, and setting a price that is affordable for all levels of society, so that the “AnRe Shoes” product can compete in the market. If these factors are arranged well, then it will become a business with good development. Consequently, a business plan needs to be made as a reference in running this health equipment business. While this business has been in operation, it has produced 5 pairs of shoes with 3 already sold and 2 as testimonies (were given for free), and there are still 3 more pairs in the making process, of which 1 pair will be displayed in a fitness center (gym). The obstacle is to find a shoemaker who can work together. Therefore, in the future, they will coordinate with the Amaranee Foundation to market the product and make a so- cial media account to be more well-known. Banana Pizzat (Pizzang) Pizzang is a healthy snack with natural ingredients from a banana. To make the taste more enjoyable and appealing for teenagers, they added 8 flavor variants and 8 toppings Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 14 of 25 that are popular with youths. The product will be sold in coordination with Ojek On- line (Ojol), in order that it reaches a wider market. It has a mini outlet that is located on Jl. Diponegoro No. 704 and operates from 12:00 PM to 9:00 PM. Pizzang was established on 25 February 2018 with a focus as a company that provides a snack made from natural ingredients from bananas and is packaged with a modern concept that is different from its competitor, which is Pisang Nugget, but it is packaged differently. This can be seen from the shape which resembles a pizza and has unique packaging. The package uses a pizza box, in order that it really resembles an ordinary pizza. In addition, Pizzang creates its own spices that are different from its competitor. They do this because the buyer target is millennial kids, especially females between 12 and 30 years old. In today’s era where people like to take pictures of their food before eating it, they see this as an opportunity to enter the millennial market by making Instagramable packaging by using a pizza carton box and in a pizza shape that is differ- ent from their competitor. This business is fully managed by Januarta. The uniqueness of this product from its competitor is that it is the first banana nugget innovation in the form of a pizza, the packaging is very different from Pisang Nugget by using a pizza box, and it still has a banana texture, so that brings out the banana taste. The Pizzang product has a price range of IDR 24,000–IDR 40,000 and the additional toppings have a price range of IDR 5000–IDR 6000. This business has successfully added a new menu variant (drink) to develop the company. It is ready to open a new branch. The constraints that are faced are it is difficult to find workers to look after the food stand, and there is a lack of freezers. Freezers are very useful for keeping more of the Pizzang stock and to make ice for their drinks. In the future, they would like to sep- arate their net profit to develop a new menu item. They have already saved enough to make a few new menu items to be tested and add to Pizzang, and at the end of 2020, they want to make a wider franchise in Bali. For the business promotion strategies, they use a photo sharing service, like Insta- gram and Facebook, as well as join the applications Ojek Online (Ojol) Gojek and Grab, in order to expand their market reach. They have made a Line Official account and WhatsApp for Business, in order that the customers can place orders or ask about the product availability. Another thing that can be done with the two applications is that they can broadcast to the customers, so that they will all know if there is an interesting promotion at the same time. In general, they target females between 12 and 30 years old, or what can be called the millennial group. They also target males with the branding that the product is a good choice to be given to a loved one. With various considerations, they estimated that on a daily basis, they can sell 10 pans, where each pan costs IDR 26,000. So, in 1 day, they can receive a profit of IDR 260,000 or an equivalent of IDR 6,760,000 per month (26 days). The net profit per month is IDR 3,900,000 with the following details: The production cost of one tray is IDR 13,000. If the daily target produces 10 trays, then it will become IDR 130,000. In a month, they can obtain a net profit of IDR 3,900,000. The development plan of this business does not only depend on one outlet. In the fu- ture, they want to open a partnership or franchise. They also want to open several mini stands in front of an Indomaret or Alfamart. In 2 years, they want to target whether they can open branches outside of Bali, such as outlets in Yogyakarta and Malang. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 15 of 25 Besides that, they plan to add fresh fruit juice drinks and Thai Tea drinks. Besides that, they want to add Milo as a menu item. Adding various menu and drink varieties is im- portant to provide new options for customers. It is predicted that the profit in the future after the development is done will be ap- proximately IDR 19,500,000. The details are as follows: The production cost of one tray is IDR 13,000. If the daily target sold is 50 trays, then it will become IDR 650,000. In a month, a net profit can be obtained of IDR 19,500,000. The parents’ backgrounds are as lecturers, but they have a hobby of doing business. It seems that the activities of parents in business are contagious to these students. This startup began as a hobby of cooking and has an interest in business. Mayusi cloth The ever increasing fashion developments have resulted in various innovative works, such as by combining clothing designs which can be used by nursing mothers. Fashion- able clothing models will add to nursing mothers’ confidence to do their motherly roles. The uniqueness of this product, which is designed with a Sabrina model, a long dress, and jumpsuit, is so that it provides special access for mothers to nurse their ba- bies. Besides that, there is also a bust holder in the clothing design which adds to the practical value of this product. This product’s market target is nursing mothers. The competitor of this product is nursing bras, because nursing mothers still tend to wear bras to nurse their infants rather than nursing clothing. The business location for making this product will be in a strategic location that is advantageous with an empty space where there is a house as the production place. They will choose a home industry location. The financial plan will be divided into four parts, which are the business early capital of IDR 12,475,000, a cash flow statement of IDR 81,378,000, a rate of return analysis of 6.5%, and a break-even point analysis of 1500 pieces for 15 months. The making of this product starts with a survey of the material, a survey of the seam- stresses who can be contracted to make the clothing, as well as a survey of the market- ing place. The materials that are needed are rayon fabric, thread, zippers, and bust holders. Then it is continued by making the clothing designs which are then taken to the seamstresses to be sewn. The Strenth, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat analysis of this product consists of the strength of this product, which is it is able to become an innovation by introducing nursing clothing, because nursing mothers still do not know about nursing clothing. In addition, it is practical because the clothing is designed with an additional bust holder. The weakness of this product is that only a few mothers are familiar with nursing clothing, and not enough mothers do nursing exclusively. The op- portunity of this product is a fashionable and innovative clothing design which is able to attract the attention of nursing mothers. There are no companies which produce clothing with an additional bust holder design, and the price is relatively affordable. The threat of this product is that there is a new competitor which offers a simpler and fashionable design, and there is a new clothing innovation made from quality material as well as more interesting color choices. The business plan in developing this product is seen from the consumer target that strays from nursing mothers. The potentials of this market segmentation are seen in the field from the market condition that still does Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 16 of 25 not produce a sufficient amount of nursing clothing that has fashionable styles. This product is marketed through online media in the form of Facebook social networking, an online buying and selling website, and Instagram. The price for one nursing clothing is IDR 160,000. The competition and opportunities in producing this kind of clothing depends on nursing mothers’ higher interest towards nursing bras than nursing cloth- ing. The business sustainability of producing Baju Mayusi will be produced intermit- tently every month and marketed to the general public with various fashionable and trendy designs. Technology-based duck egg hatching Egg hatching machines are one of the instruments that are often used in fowl breeding. These machines are used to improve the quantity of eggs hatched. Even though there are already many egg hatching machines that are produced manually, semi- automatically, and automatically, the level of success or percentage of egg hatchability is still low. One of the reasons that have a great influence is the uneven temperature distribution. The ideal temperature and humidity needed for eggs during the incubation process is between 360 and 400 °C, and the humidity is between 55 and 65%. The purpose of this development is to implement a temperature and humidity con- troller for the duck egg incubation location, in order that it can increase the percentage of hatched eggs. This controller is made so that the manual hatching becomes auto- matic. This system will maintain the ideal temperature and humidity according to what is needed. The testing of this development includes calibrating the temperature and hu- midity, which uses a temperature measurement and a standard humidity measurement with the temperature and humidity that are received by the sensor used. It can be con- cluded that by using an automatic controller, the percentage of success in egg hatching is better compared with another controller. While this egg hatching business has been operating, they have experienced several constraints, such as the unstable humidity level in the incubator. Therefore, they hope to design a second incubator and develop a technology method so that the results will be more maximal. The students who run this business have an interest in business activities and have a hobby of raising livestock. These interests and hobbies are inseparable from the influ- ence of their parents, who are farmers and breeders. Discussion Determinant factors of entrepreneurship education Entrepreneurship Education is an important course for higher education institutions to develop students’ enthusiasm through their abilities to produce technological innova- tions as well as change them to become social and economic innovations. Entrepre- neurship Education is expected to be able to motivate students to become entrepreneurs when they have finished their studies. Entrepreneurship Education is also expected to become a means to instill the values of hard work, diligence, perseverance, the need for achievement, the willingness to try, independence, creativity, and innovation. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 17 of 25 To achieve education which can fulfill the expectations as listed above, there are many factors which can influence them, which are the determinants of Entrepreneur- ship Education. These factors need to be known, in order that when implementing Entrepreneurship Education, efforts can be made to produce quality Entrepreneurship Education. As what was explained in the Literature Review, the components of the de- terminant factors are educators, students, the curriculum and syllabi, and the education infrastructure. Each of these factors can be explained as detailed below. In an education and learning context, educators are a vital and significant factor. Educators can function as motivators to build and increase enthusiasm, optimism, hard work, diligence, and resilience. Educators can also function as facilitators where educa- tors play a role to assist students in fostering their entrepreneurial spirit. This facility can be provided by educators themselves or they can open access to other parties. Educators also function by providing examples to provide inspiration to students. Educators also need to have qualifications and competence to carry out their roles as Entrepreneurship Education instructors. From the research that was done by Undhira, it seems that educators influence the knowledge of Entrepreneurship Education. Thus, educators are a determinant factor. There are several possible reasons for this. First, nowadays, educators have started to realize that lecturers must provide examples first. To produce successful Entrepreneur- ship Education, lecturers should have their own businesses first, so that they can share their experiences to provide inspiration and motivation for their students. If considering the empirical data, in general, educators have qualifications that rela- tively support Entrepreneurship Education. They have business experience, so that it makes the students want to start their own businesses and become consultants for them. They have high spirit and motivation to produce new entrepreneurs from their graduates. Based on this fact, it is important to know that educators who successfully develop Entrepreneurship Education that produces graduates who are entrepreneurs are educa- tors who have already had enterprises or have competence in their fields, have enthusi- asm and motivation, and are actively involved as good mentors for their students to produce new entrepreneurs from higher education institutions. Students are an important group who react because there are actions from educators who respond with improving their knowledge, attitudes, and expertise. The presence of students is very important to have a quality learning process. The characteristics, abil- ities, desires, and capacities of students will influence their responses in the actions that occur within themselves. The values, perceptions, mindsets, habits, hobbies, norms, be- liefs, expectations, and business interests which are the actualization of their culture, will greatly influence the learning absorption process which occurs. When they are asked about what strengths and weaknesses they have, students who are successful in running their businesses usually have strengths like a feeling of self- confidence and readiness to work hard and do not look at their weaknesses. Their interest in business is supported by their hobbies, enabling them to learn more deeply from students who want to work and have no hobbies. Milanesi (2018) revealed that there is a link between hobbies and success in entrepreneurship. Hobbies can be a source of entrepreneurial activity and the creation of startups according to their inter- ests (Kwapisz, 2019). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 18 of 25 Based on the research results, it was discovered that in general, they enjoy looking for jobs when they graduate. At this time, they cannot yet imagine what it will be like to become an entrepreneur. When they enter a higher education institution, they certainly think about where they want to work. Not too many of them enter a higher education institution to become an entrepreneur. They do not yet understand and convey their intentions actively. Their mindsets, perceptions, habits, norms, beliefs, and expectations do not yet support them in the entrepreneurship teaching and learning process. Those who respond are usually in a hurry or forced to do it because there is no other choice. They usually have financial difficulties, so that they want to overcome it by running a business. In the Entrepreneurship Theory, this kind of a condition makes them become an accident entrepreneur, someone who becomes an entrepreneur because it is un- planned and maybe because there is no other option. Entrepreneurship education and student performance Entrepreneurship Education is expected by many parties to be able to produce gradu- ates who become capable entrepreneurs. Many theories have mentioned that a quality Entrepreneurship Education program will be able to produce new entrepreneurs. Based on this fact, the implementation of Entrepreneurship Education is still various. Due to this variation, its components are also various, so that there are numerous components involved in Entrepreneurship Education. In the past, Entrepreneurship Education was only related with sales expertise. However, nowadays the components of Entrepreneurship Education should at least consist of a change of mindset, an increase in motivation, entrepreneurial skills, and business skills. According to the theory that has been mentioned previously, a quality Entrepreneur- ship Education program will also produce quality graduate performance. After doing an examination and analysis, it was found that the Entrepreneurship Education variable has a positive and significant influence towards student performance. This shows that the empirical test results support the hypothesis that was proposed previously. A mindset or way of thinking or way to evaluate something greatly influences entre- preneurial behavior. An individual’s mindset will lead that person to what will be done or made. In other words, failure in a business is often caused by having a fixed mindset. Therefore, Entrepreneurship Education must contain how to change a mindset from being a fixed mindset to a growth mindset. This change in mindset will become a basis for other Entrepreneurship Education components (Priyanto, 2012). In this research, it was revealed that when Entrepreneurship Education changes stu- dents’ mindsets, it will produce quality graduates. In contrast, if Entrepreneurship Edu- cation does not have a change of mindset, usually the program cannot produce quality graduates. Many articles have shown the important role of motivation. If an individual does not have motivation, then the person will not have high performance. Motivation will drive various aspects which are related with effort and its ability to run, control, and reach goals. In his theory, David McClelland stated that an entrepreneur becomes successful if he/she has strong and high motivation. A person who has a high need for achieve- ment, a high entrepreneurial spirit, and good work performance will be better than someone who has a low need for achievement (McClelland, 1961, 1965, 1987). Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 19 of 25 In this research, it was found that motivation is related with student performance. Motivation has a positive influence towards student performance. Students who have strong motivation to get ahead and strive will have good business performance. As mentioned previously, an individual’s personal values like strong motivation to advance, skills, and abilities greatly affect the individual in one’s decision-making process, so that the person can make the right decision. Personality, intelligence, and motivation are important factors in molding individual behavior which will influence someone in responding to any environmental changes that may occur, including producing high performance. This means that these research results support the previous finding that motivation influences someone’s performance. An entrepreneurial skill is the expertise owned by someone who is able to utilize one’s inner creative desires in business. This need consists of being brave to try some- thing, independent, creative, innovative, able to construct one’s business inspirations, and ultimately able to assemble the resources owned and the resources in the environment. These research results demonstrate that business skills are strongly connected with student performance. Besides that, business skills have a positive influence towards stu- dent performance. This means that if someone’s business skills are high, then the busi- ness performance will also be high. If students are asked about what they want to be in the future, the majority of them will answer they want to become entrepreneurs. If they are asked what obstacles they face in running their businesses, they will certainly answer financial capital. Is that really the situation? The ethnomethodological research that was done by the authors along with teaching Entrepreneurship Education at a campus seems to have several things which must be given attention and prepared for students who want to become entrepreneurs. In borrowing the ideas of Shane et al. (2003), the first aspect which needs to be done is entrepreneurial motivation which consists of a need for achievement, risk taking, in- novative, a desire for independence, goal setting, and self-efficacy. To be successful in running a startup, students need to have these characteristics. The second aspect is re- garding the cognition factor, which is in the form of knowledge and its importance in making a life vision to influence someone’s entrepreneurship. Students who understand the importance and role of a vision will strive to make and record their life visions. When they make their life visions, an unconscious desire will surface that they can reach these visions. Knowledge becomes an important source for entrepreneurship. Students who know something will be better able to put together a structure, system, and new ideas than students who do not have much knowledge. Students who are full of knowledge will easily look for a path when they experience difficulties. Or they will be able to see opportunities or have new ideas through the knowledge that they pos- sess. Students who have expertise will also be able to create ideas and innovations by basing them on the skills they own. With the skills that they possess, they will be better able to create something to add, perfect, or even replace ideas. Students who have ex- pertise in making a web-based application will find it is easier to adjust themselves if there are changes in technology and the business environment compared with students who are not experts. This signifies that it is important for us to be experts in the fields we work in, so that it facilitates us to be more creative and innovative than before. Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 20 of 25 When students have entrepreneurial motivation and have followed and been edu- cated to become entrepreneurs cognitively, it is not enough for them to become entre- preneurs instantly. To improve that acceleration, they have to be given or receive entrepreneurship opportunities from their campus or environment. Related to this, Entrepreneurship Education at campus should not only focus on structured teaching in the classroom with its cognition aspect, but it also needs to be enriched by giving them the opportunity to try for themselves to make a startup, so that in this stage, there will be a connection between cognitive knowledge and behavioral knowledge. Learning about entrepreneurship is actually effective when they feel directly what it is like to be- come an entrepreneur. To achieve this, the Entrepreneurship course at President Uni- versity applies an ELM with three main learning foundations, which are training and education, experience, and mentoring. The next aspect which needs to be given to students who will begin a startup is their ability to see an opportunity. People’s mental abilities are all different. In the same en- vironment, it is not certain that they will be able to capture the same things. As a re- sult, in the Entrepreneurship course, students need to repeatedly be given material in the form of business concepts that are proper to be implemented, so that in the end, students will obtain a pattern about how to recognize opportunities. People who recognize opportunities will not necessarily have business ideas. To pos- sess an entrepreneurship ability like this, students or society need to be trained or guided about particular ideas which can become businesses. This ends in the economic business feasibility like profit, turnover, market, and sustainability. After that, what needs to be given to students or society, in order that they can become entrepreneurs is to assemble resources. An online batik business idea or a fintech application business idea must be continued with expertise about how to recognize a market, who wants to buy, how to get them to buy our goods and ser- vices, how to understand where funds come from, how big they are, what it will cost to get it, how many years it will take if a loan is taken out, and how to de- velop the funding. After everything is ready, the product design needs to be made, starting from the volume, type, and characteristics of the good or service. The lo- cation aspect, whether it is online or offline, also needs to be understood and car- ried out to obtain it. When all of this is given to students or society, in the end, what determines whether a startup is successful or not is the student or individual oneself. In principle, becoming an entrepreneur is an ongoing learning process. Whoever wants to learn from a busi- ness that is being run and actualize it, this is the person who will become an entrepre- neur. Becoming an entrepreneur is an internal and individual process, which is very subjective. Based on this kind of subjective reality, an entrepreneur can only be born into this world. Students who have the desire to take advantage of opportunities by doing activities that create wealth and added value (Ang & Hong, 2000); the desire to create a new business (Kaijun & Sholihah, 2015), prior to the intention to set up a business; entre- preneurial abilities such as an entrepreneurial attitude, belief, and competence (Verzat & Bachelet, 2006); and the creation of high-growth innovative entrepreneurial firms (Dahlstrand & Stevenson, 2010) is a depiction that these students have an entrepre- neurial spirit. Students who participate in the program—whose businesses are Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 21 of 25 successful—can be considered as having a positive entrepreneurial attitude, owning confidence and optimism that the businesses they are running will be successful, having competence in assembling resources and being able to run their business, and posses- sing a strong impetus to create innovation in order to develop their businesses. They really want their businesses to be successful. This means that the application of the elaboration framework of the Shane Theory and ELM in learning entrepreneurship has been able to improve the entrepreneurial spirit of students participating in the pro- gram. It is also seen that students participating in the program who are successful in their businesses have high interests and hobbies in the businesses they are engaged in. Their interest in business is supported by their hobbies, enabling them to learn more deeply from students who want to work and do not have hobbies (Milanesi, 2018). Their hobbies can support the creation of an entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial ac- tivities, and the creation of startups according to their interests (Kwapisz, 2019). Even though they were able to create startups, there were some participants who still had difficulty in finding innovations and developing their businesses. An obstacle they faced is in how to manage their business group members. In 2021, this program will be changed by not forming a business group but only for individual businesses. This is to avoid the problem of division of responsibilities and duties. Group busi- nesses expect other members to carry out business tasks, while individual businesses do not. The second obstacle is in managing schedules with other courses. The pro- gram participants have difficulty managing their time for business and college activ- ities. In the next program, the program participants will be required to have employees so that the program participants can still manage their classes and busi- nesses together. The next obstacle is that the program participants do not have a strong marketing vision and are still production oriented. They can make products but are not yet able to market the goods. For this reason, the aspects that the program participants need to be improved are by adding marketing materials, changing the production orientation to a marketing orientation, and requiring a marketing orienta- tion in the recruitment process for the Entrepreneurship Education participants. In addition, marketing communication skills, including how to make content viral, are very supportive of success in business and are important to be included in entrepre- neurial learning plans (Satrio et al, 2020). Conclusion The dynamic of applying the ELM in higher education by emphasizing three aspects: training and education, experience, and mentoring, as well as applying the Shane Theory in recognizing ideas, developing ideas, and assembling resources, shows that students’ entrepreneurial performance is greatly related with students, educators, and the learning methods applied. Through action research, starting from the program socialization stage, entrepreneurship seminars, and ending with an entrepreneurship potential test, business idea selection, proposal selection, grant provisions, business im- plementation, mentoring by entrepreneurs, internships, gatherings, monev, business ex- hibitions, as well as in entrepreneur communities, it shows that the program can improve entrepreneurial vision and motivation. With the support of a learning environ- ment and business opportunities, they are able to recognize opportunities, develop, and turn their ideas into businesses. The ability to assemble resources into a business Santoso et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2021) 10:21 Page 22 of 25 increases. This can be proven by the creation of a business startup. This means that the learning model can improve one’s entrepreneurial spirit and create startup businesses. Besides that, this program is also successful because it is supported by several factors. Students who have quality business visions, have a strong motivation for success (Habisch & Loza Adaui, 2012; Shane et al., 2003), are hard workers, have a background with parents as entrepreneurs (Palmer et al., 2019; Sahinidis et al., 2019), have a high intensity to do a startup, and are in an appropriate field with their subject disciplines, will be more successful than those who are different. Also, businesses which match with one’s hobbies and business interests also have the prospect to become a startup. Leadership ability, entrepreneurial capability, managerial skills (especially marketing and organization), personality, as well as the ability to assemble resources are determin- ant factors in the success of a startup. This research used Shane’s idea framework in developing an enterprise. However, this research has not subjectively and individually gone in-depth into how the entrepreneur- ship process in a startup can recognize opportunities to create ideas, start a business, and develop a business. It has not gone in-depth to explain the influence of the pro- gram towards developing students’ entrepreneurial competence and spirit, especially in how it affects their academic ability. Consequently, future research needs to be con- ducted in this scope. The construction of the blended entrepreneurial learning framework still needs to be refined in its concept and implementation related with the effectiveness in its applica- tion. Therefore, future research can be directed to this aspect. Dickfos et al. (2014) stated that a blended learning approach that integrates theory and practice through a simulation aligns well with the needs of learners undertaking professional development. It is different from the blended entrepreneurial learning that we have proposed. This can be a further study to look for differences and the meeting point of these two things. Abbreviations ELM: Entrepreneurial Learning Model; SMEs: Small and Medium Enterprises; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development; ASEAN: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations; BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, and China; MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia, who provided funding for our research project in 2019–2020. Authors’ contributions Each author has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; the creation of new software used in the work; and the drafting and revision of the work. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This research includes the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia, who provided funding for our research project in 2019–2020. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on upon reasonable request. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests. Santoso et al. 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Journal of Innovation and EntrepreneurshipSpringer Journals

Published: Jul 8, 2021

Keywords: Entrepreneurial learning model; Startup; Shane theory; Narrative method

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