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Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients

Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of... Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 383-409 ARTICLE December 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients 1,2,4 1,2 3 Vagner Cavarzere , Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa , Giulyana Althmann Benedicto , 1,2 2 Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101, CEP 05508- 900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Seção de Aves, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Nazaré, 481, CEP 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Rua Tiro Onze, 04, CEP 11013-040, Santos, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: cavarzere@usp.br Received on 15 January 2014. Accepted on 18 November 2014. ABSTRACT: Although the Atlantic forest is the best-studied Brazilian phytogeographic domain, few coastal municipalities of the state of São Paulo can count on published and critically revised bird species list, which are important initial steps to organize conservation inniciatives. Here we present historical records from Bertioga, a northern coastline municipality of the state of São Paulo, as well as recent records obtained in surveys during the past years within the municipality. Surveying methods, carried out between 2008-2011, included point counts, 10-species lists, transect counts and mist nets. This compendium resulted in 330 documented species, 90 of which still await documentation. Of these 420 bird species, 85 (20.4%) are Atlantic forest endemic species and as many as eight, six and 23 are threatened at the global, national and state levels, respectively. Seventeen species are reported from Bertioga for the first time. Some records based exclusively on sightings must be carefully considered, whereas the species richness reflects the diversity of the habitats we visited, which varied from lowland and montane forests, to slopes and fluvial and tidal-influenced environments. We highlight that every habitat of the region should be continuously inventoried and that the absence of legal protection of lowland forests (which are not considered under the elevational threshold of the Serra do Mar State Park) must be reevaluated, as they harbor a greater number of endemic and threatened species than do other elevational bands. KEYWORDS: Bird species richness, Bertioga, restingas, species lists, survey methods. INTRODUCTION phytogeographic domain), 199 birds (16%), 71 mammals (27%), 94 reptiles (31%), and 286 amphibians (60%, The Brazilian Atlantic forest occupies a vast heterogeneous Mittermeier et al. [2005]). Despite this biological richness, region (1,481,946 km , approximately 17.4% of the the Atlantic forest is probably one of the most threatened tropical forests, within the hottest of hotspots (Laurance Brazilian territory). It includes a large variety of forest physiognomies and compositions distributed throughout 2009). Almost 90% of the original Atlantic forest has been > 3,300 km along the Brazilian Atlantic coast, within lost, and less than 12% of the original vegetation remains. latitudes from 3º S to 30º S, and elevations from sea level The best preserved biogeographical sub-region of this up to 2,700 m. These forests are distributed in different phytogeographic domain is the Serra do Mar Mountain Range, which runs in parallell with the Atlantic Ocean topographical and climatic conditions, encompassing lowlands and coastal mountains with high levels of and encompasses 36.5% of its original vegetation (Ribeiro rainfall, as well as interior high plateaus with seasonally et al. 2009). This mountainous complex also holds the dry seasons (Câmara 2003). highest levels of bird endemism in the Atlantic forest The Atlantic forest is recognized worldwide for its (Haffer 1985). In the state of São Paulo, lowland forests, which lie in narrow bands at the base of coastal mountains, high diversity (1-8% of the world’s total species, Silva & Casteleti 2003) and high rates of endemism (Myers et al. are unprotected throughout most of their extension 2000). A recent assessment highlighted the large number because the Serra do Mar State Park rarely includes forests of endemic species in several groups, such as 8,000 tree below a 100 m elevational threshold. Due to the absence species (40% of the total species richness within the of protection as well as real-state speculation, lowland Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira forests are probably the most threatened Atlantic forest such as Bertioga, São Sebastião and Caraguatatuba. habitats in the state (Câmara 1991). As a consequence These lists represent an important means of gathering of a long history of deforestation, more than 80% of the data that will initially organize and eventually lead to 199 endemic bird species are threatened or endangered conservation inniciatives. Here we present a birdlist (Goerck 1997, IUCN 2012). for the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, based on Although the Serra do Mar has a stunning diversity, museum specimens, published literature and recent field we still know little about its birds. Since the first expeditions, highlighting noteworthy records, endemic investigations carried out at the Serra do Mar at the and endangered species and the importance of continued turn of the 20th century by Helmuth Pinder in Alto de surveys in order to document and produce the most Paranapiacaba (Camargo 1998), as well as Luederwaldts’s updated and reliable bird checklist for this municipality. (1925) scientific expeditions to Ilhabela (both localities in We further discuss about the need of extending São Paulo), and later Davis’ (1946) in Teresópolis, state of conservation priority to lowland forests, which remain Rio de Janeiro, several bird inventories conducted along mostly unprotected although harboring extremely high this region have been published (e.g. Willis & Oniki bird richness and endemism. 1981, Olmos 1996, Goerck 1999, Naka & Rodrigues 2000, Willis & Oniki 2003, Develey 2004, Nores et al. 2005, Straube & Urben-Filho 2005, Cunha & Rajão MATERIAL AND METHODS 2007, Alves & Vecchi 2009, Lima 2010, Cavarzere et Study site al. 2010, Mallet-Rodrigues et al. 2010), especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Recently a paper gathered all documented records of bird species We carried out bird censuses and observations in Bertioga from the municipality of Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012), (centered at 23°51' S / 46°08' W), a northern coastline but entire municipalities of São Paulo’s northern shore, municipality in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Figure 1). Bertioga has about 480 km of evergreen which primarily constitute the Serra do Mar, remain without published and critically revised checklists, Atlantic forest, 85% of which constitutes areas under FIGURE 1: Map showing the remaining Atlantic forest (green) in the municipality of Bertioga, southeastern Brazil, where recent bird surveys have been carried out (numbered black circles, cross-referenced with Table 1). Locations where records of birds have been made within Bertioga by several other sources are depicted as un-numbered black circles with white dots. A black square shows the city of Bertioga. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira protection (Maia et al. 2008). According to Köppen’s palm tree Euterpe edulis) and hunter trails, while elevations classification, the climate of the region is Af, humid or above 300 m constituted of mature secondary forests (≥ super humid tropical, with rains distributed throughout 20 m canopy) and seemed slightly disturbed, with scarce the year (Nascimento & Pereira 1988). Climatologic understory. We surveyed sites at several latitudes along data monitored between 1941 and 1970, indicates mean elevational transects: (1) habitats around the Guaratuba annual temperatures of 24.8°C, with lowest and highest River (hitherto Guaratuba), which included 15 point monthly means of 20.7°C in July and 28.3°C in February, counts distributed along five elevational bands between respectively. Bertioga is one of the most humid regions 0 and 400 m; (2) habitats around the Itatinga River in Brazil, with mean annual rainfall of more than 3,200 (hitherto Itatinga) between 0 and 500 m, surveyed with mm, with lowest mean rainfalls in July (111 mm) and 10-species lists; and (3) restingas between da Prata River highest, in February (410 mm, Martins et al. 2008). (hitherto Prata), one of the tributaries of the Itapanhaú We cleared up existing (sometimes quite steep) River, as well as the adjacent Bertioga beach, between 0 narrow (< 1 m wide) trails in distinct zones within the and 50 m. These latter locations were surveyed with point municipality. At lower elevations they presented signs of counts and mist nets. For coordinates and locations refer human disturbance, such as selective logging (especially the to Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively. TABLE 1: List of locations where recent bird surveys have been carried out within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Dates of surveys (detailed in methods) are indicated for each site, to which decimal latitude and longitude are given. The main vegetation types are shown, including mean elevations and type of surveying method and effort. Total sampling effort for mist nets are represented in h.m , while the effort for other methods are indicated in hours. Ad = ad libitum, L = 10-species lists, MN = mist nets, PC = point counts, T = transect counts. Total Location Sampling Location name Habitat Latitude Longitude Altitude Method sampling number period effort 1 2008-2009 Boraceia beach Beach -23.751 -45.860 4 Ad 32 2 2008-2009 Condomínio Lowland -23.732 -45.866 20 PC 30 Morada da Praia I forest 3 2008-2009 Condomínio Submontane -23.705 -45.869 98 PC 20 Morada da Praia II forest 4 2008-2009 Condomínio Submontane -23.702 -45.891 290 PC 10 Morada da Praia III forest 5 2010 Segunda Estrada Lowland -23.875 -46.194 31 L 5 forest 6 2010 Alambique road Lowland -23.854 -46.176 35 L 5 forest 7 2010 Vicente’s road Lowland -23.832 -46.167 9 L 5 forest 8 2010 Mangue road Mangrove -23.817 -46.154 4 L 5 9 2010 K3 trail Lowland -23.801 -46.126 10 L 5 forest 10 2010 Restinga trail Restinga -23.779 -46.124 109 L 5 11 2010 Rio trail Lowland -23.764 -46.112 46 L 5 forest 12 2010 Pedra trail Submontane -23.773 -46.115 189 L 5 forest 13 2010 Represa trail Submontane -23.745 -46.115 491 L 5 forest 14 2010-2011 Prata river Lowland -23.8 -46.1 5 MN,T 2,304/5 forest 15 2010-2011 Bertioga beach Restinga -23.82 -46.08 12 MN,T 2,304/5 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Bird counts multiplied by width), h is the time of exposure and n is the number of mist nets (Roos 2010). Free observations We surveyed birds with auditory-visual methods summed up 87 h and another 110 h were spent walking in and mist nets. VC conducted unlimited-distance 10-min nearby marshes and restingas, for a total of 197 hours and point counts (Bibby et al. 2000, Vielliard & Silva 1990). ca. 190 km of quantitative and ad libitum observations. There were three points 200 m apart in each of the four For a complete compendidium we searched elevational bands, which were separated vertically by ca. for Bertioga bird records in the literature in Web of 100 m. Each point was visited for six non-continuous days knowledge (http://wokinfo.com/) and Google Scholar and the observer managed to intersperse the sequence of (http://www.scholar.google.com/), and for “Santos” conducting points so that each point was the first to be (which encompassed this municipality in past decades), sampled. Complementarily, TVVC used 10-species lists, “Bertioga”, and “Varjão do Rio Guaratuba” specimens in which case 10 species were noted in a list, without in the MZUSP bird collection. Santos specimens were repeating the same species in the same list; it was possible critically examined individually regarding their precise to mark a repeated species again only in a subsequent one. location, and only those unequivocally collected within The observer took descriptions or sound recordings of any the current Bertioga municipality were considered. In bird not immediately identified but that was seen or heard addition, skins deposited at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz sufficiently well for identification. These individuals were (IAL) and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual later identified using standard reference works (Herzog de Campinas (ZUEC) and recordings available at the et al. 2002, MacKinnon & Phillips 1993). GAB and Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV) were LML surveyed birds with unlimited-distance transect accessed in http://www.splink.org.br/. Specialized World counts during mornings and afternoons. All observations Wide Web sites were consulted for additional documented began 15 min before sunrise, while afternoon counts records within the municipality (http://www.xeno-canto. usually took place after 15h00. Bird records consisted of org and http://www.wikiaves.com.br), bearing in mind individuals heard and/or seen with the help of 8 x 20 some questionable identifications. Therefore, all records and 8 x 40 binoculars. We avoided surveying birds on based on these websites were critically examined . We rainy or windy days. Individuals were recorded with tape are aware that many species recorded from the literature (Panasonic RQ-L31) and digital (Zoom H4n) recorders and that we considered as undocumented may have with a Sennheiser ME-66 directional microphone. documentation. However, because we had no access to Recordings were deposited at the Seção de Aves do Museu these vouchers (photographs and recordings), we treated de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). them as such. Taxonomic arrangements follow the Comitê Mist nets were also used to complement our Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO 2014) and inventories. Eight mist nets (12 x 3 m x 30 mm) were Atlantic forest endemic species are according to Moreira- placed in six 100 m trails, one trail for each of the six sites Lima (2013). Threatened species are reported for global located at the Prata restingas. Nets touched bottom and (IUCN 2012), national (Silveira & Straube 2008) and were kept open from 05h00-12h00 for two consecutive state (Silveira et al. 2009) levels. mornings and one afternoon (15h00-17h00). We also conducted pre-dawn observations (03h00-05h00) and walked randomly in different elevations around our study RESULTS areas and distinct habitats such as restingas and nearby marshes and reed beds, while including stops at flowering Over a total of 71 non-continuous days of surveys and and fruiting trees to observe hummingbirds and canopy- random observations we documented 217 bird species dwelling frugivores, many of which are difficult to detect, of 22 orders and 61 families. Another 30 species were especially during point counts (Robinson 1999). On recorded aurally and/or seen only, lacking further documentation. The use of mist nets resulted in 215 many occasions we conducted afternoon counts ca. 2 h before sunset until nightfall. We surveyed sites during individuals captured. These corresponded to 21 species, four reproductive seasons: 31 August-1 September which were also detected with other surveying methods, 2008; 24 October-8 November 2008; 25-28 November belonging,to three orders and 14 families. 2008; 14-29 November 2009 (Guaratuba), 11, 15-22 The first published account on Bertioga birds was Camargo’s (1946) who mentioned six species from Varjão December 2010 (Itatinga) and 8-12 September 2010, 31 March, 2 and 5 April 2011 (Prata), accumulating a total do Guaratuba, which consists of mangroves and marshes of 90 point counts (15 h), 42 10-species lists (~ 12 km), adjacent to that river. Lopes et al. (1980) mist netted 18 58 h of transect counts (~ 10 km) and a net effort (E) of species in lowland forests around the Guaratuba River 4,608 h.m . The net effort was calculated according to E and later, Bennett & Lopes (1980) mist netted birds at Varjão do Rio Guaratuba, as well as other municipalities = area.h.n, where area is the area of each mist net (height Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira in the state (Itapetininga and Salesópolis) without teasing of the following: Myiarchus tyrannulus is a poor-quality apart species recorded by individual locality. The Bertioga photograph of a ferrugineous-tailed Myiarchus. As no Polygon avifauna inventory yielded 87 species, for none of comments by the photographer reffered to its vocalization, which Beyer (2008) mentioned the type of documentation but rather to its ferrugineous wing and tail feathers, we obtained. The SESC Bertioga bird project recorded 135 decided to exclude this record because this genus is not species, most of them documented with photographs easily recognizable by plumage alone. In addition, VC (Sanfilippo & Demétrio 2004). Willis & Oniki (2003), photographed a ferrugineous-tailed singing M. ferox at in which Stotz & Willis’ (1992) records in Guaratuba Emas National Park on 27 November 2013, rendering are included, mentioned 233 species from Bertioga. The the feature used to identify this M. tyrannulus from most recent published avifaunal inventory conducted in Bertioga unreliable. Sula leucogaster were photographed Bertioga surveyed birds with point counts in montane during a boat crossing from Bertioga to Guarujá, so their Atlantic forests at the Parque das Neblinas, lying on 700- precise locality (municipality) cannot be assumed. 1,200 m terrains (Donatelli et al. 2011). This list included All documented records (including literature, 221 species. The authors, however, did not specify the museum specimens, recordings and photographs) from types of documentation for each species, except for the Bertioga accounted for 330 species of 25 orders and 73 Hangnest Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus nidipendulus, the families. Of these, 55 are endemic to the Atlantic forest identification of which consisted of its diagnosable nest. (including another 11 “almost endemic” species, Moreira- The MZUSP collection accounted for 116 specimens Lima 2013), and six are considered globally endangered of 64 species whereas the IAL and ZUEC collections or vulnerable, whereas six are endangered in Brazil and accounted for 20 species each, although the IAL specimen another 23 in the state, including the critically endangered of an Elaenia sp. was omitted here since its identification Aburria jacutinga (Appendix I). Seventeen species are was not provided and could not be personally examined. reported from Bertioga for the first time (Appendix I Recordings from xeno-canto included 17 species, and and II). Should we consider elevational bands separetly, from the 2,806 photographs and 51 recordings as of 22 the lowest band (0-99 m) accounts for three times (or October 2014 on the Wiki Aves database (261 species), even more) the number of species recorded in any other we excluded two single photographed individuals because elevational band (Table 2). TABLE 2: Number of species recorded per elevational band within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Elevation Documented species Undocumented species Total 0-99 177 21 198 100-199 60 6 66 200-299 60 9 69 300-399 41 5 46 400-499 47 3 50 DISCUSSION counterpart Scalloped Woodcreeper L. falcinellus should occur in montane forests) there are many other Novel species added to the municipality of Bertioga are sightings that must be fully documented either due to mostly represented by conspicuous, yet vagrant species, their unlikely range within the Serra do Mar or discrete plumage to be identified only by sight. Species such as or those, which have recently colonized the area due to habitat alterations. Some common forest species should the Planalto Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus pelzelni, Pale- be recorded and documented with continued surveys. breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens, Southern Antpipit Some 90 undocumented records (of which 28 are Corythopis delalandi and Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet Atlantic forest endemics) include many species found Phaeomyias murina (Donatelli et al. 2011) are not found along the coast or in highland evergreen Atlantic forests at higher elevations of the Serra do Mar, not surveyed by us. Among these there are three vulnerable and two in the state (Willis & Oniki 2003). They may have been critically endangered species in the state, as well as misidentified since these records relied on sightings only 30 species, which can be found at the nearby Boraceia (Donatelli et al. 2011). Biological Station (Appendix II, Cavarzere et al. 2010). VC saw on two consecutive days (25 and 26 October 2008) one lone, quite striated Tigrisoma standing on While the Scaled Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus represents a misidentification (in Bertioga its southern large rocks in the middle of the river while crossing the Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Guaratuba River deep in lowland forest in a point where it where a bird in young plumage was seen besides an adult bears characteristc features (fast-flowing small- to medium- individual. This elevational gradient may be a promising sized clear water rivers surrounded by undisturbed location for studying A. jacutinga at the Serra do Mar. vegetation) of the habitat of the Fasciated Tiger-Heron Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus. Near T. fasciatum, a critically endangered species in São Paulo. threatened in São Paulo. An uncommon hawk in the There was no time to observe the diagnosable characters state, especially in coastal areas (Willis & Oniki 2003). At that dintinguish it from its congenier’s youngsters as the least nine individuals were reported from three different bird flew away to the forest on both occasions at the localities at the Baixada Santista, a southern coastal moment it was sighted. However, we strongly believe it locality in São Paulo (Silva & Olmos 2007), suggesting was not a young Rufescent Tiger-Heron T. lineatum, for a resident population which commonly form conspecific this latter species was commonly and only observed, in groups. Here it is reported for Bertioga (Itatinga) for the adult and juvenile plumage, in marshes bordering, or even first time, but we saw no indications of social aggregations. completely isolated from, forest edges. VC also heard the Mantled Hawk Pseudastur polionotus. Vulnerable Rusty-barred Owl Strix hylophila on 3 November 2008 in São Paulo. This species is typically found at higher at ca. 200 m at a steep slope at Guaratuba. This owl is altitudes at the Serra do Mar, but we saw one bird soaring more common at higher elevations at the Serra do Mar over the 200 m elevational band at Itatinga, just 100 and especially at the Serra da Mantiqueira (Antunes et al. m higher than our record of the White-necked Hawk 2006). This undocumented record illustrates how some Amadonastur lacernulatus, a coastal lowland species in the typical high-elevation species move along elevational state. gradients as long as the vegetation is continuous between Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus lowland and montane forests (Simpson et al. 2012). melanoleucus. Critically endangered in São Paulo. A rare species in the state, it depends on large areas to hunt. Noteworthy records We saw one bird soaring over a small fragment, which was not far from continuous lowland forests, near the Our compilation resulted in 420 bird species (93, or city of Bertioga. 22.6%, Atlantic forest endemics), 324 of which are American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus. documented in the form of skins, photographs or Vulnerable in São Paulo. New for the municipality, this recordings. Some of these records are quite interesting species has no historical records in São Paulo northern and we briefly comment on them below. coastlines. Because dogs are a menace to the nidification of Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius. Vulnerable the species, it would be important to control the entrance in São Paulo and sought after by poachers. The species of such pets in protected environments (F. Olmos, pers. was perhaps less common in the lowlands, but regularly com.). In addition, the deforestation of restingas, as well found along the entire elevational gradient at Guaratuba, as uncontrolled turism and pollution constitute a severe even in the steepest terrains, indicating low hunting threat to this species (Barbieri 2009). Hopefully, recently pressure in that area (Sick 1997). Its vocalization was protected restingas (see below) will warrant its constant heard on every survey, apparently with no temporal or presence in Bertioga. seasonal correlation. On few occasions when birds were Mearly Parrot Amazona farinosa. Critically seen, only one individual was sighted. endangered in São Paulo. This represents one of the few Black-fronted Piping-Guan Aburria jacutinga. populations in the state’s northern coasts. The species is Critically endangered in São Paulo and globally much more abundant in São Sebastião and Ilha Bela, endangered. This species is extremely rare outside immediately northeast of Bertioga (Olmos 1992), but protected areas, especially in the Serra do Mar, due to can reach both Caraguatatuba (E. Pacífico pers. obs.) and hunting and palm harvesting (Galetti et al. 1997). We Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012) to the north. The species saw two individuals around the 100 m elevational band is typically seen in small flocks of ca. six individuals, at Guaratuba, which is the limit threshold of the Serra do which fly from lower slopes to lowland forests during the Mar State Park boundaries. One individual flew away the mornings and to the opposite direction on late afternoons moment it was sighted, but the other remained calm on (São Sebastião, R. S. Marconde pers. obs.). Although a canopy branch for several minutes. Residents reported common in lowlands, it can be also spotted above 700 m, the species as somewhat regularly seen in the area, and in preserved montane forests at Ilha Bela, in the highest although it is not common at all at the Boraceia Biological part of the dirt road to the Castelhanos beach (pers. obs.). Station (contiguous higher elevation forests on the same Salvadori’s Antwren Myrmotherula minor. elevational gradient), the species has also been recently Vulnerable in São Paulo and globally vulnerable. We saw recorded there at 830 m (Cavarzere et al. 2010). There is one adult male in mature and tall forest at sea level at a record of breeding activity in Bertioga (Casadei 2013), Guaratuba. Much less common than its congener M. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira unicolor, this species may be easily overlooked because making this area one of the last large protected restingas of its cryptic plumage and behavior. There is also a male remaining in the country. Despite these initiatives, we collected at Varjão do Rio Guaratuba by E. Dente in 30 caution about the conservation of lowland forests along June 1971 (MZUSP 43457). other coastline municipalities within São Paulo. As Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus macconnelli. the Serra do Mar State Park does not protect lowland Vulnerable in São Paulo. The only record of the species habitats, we strongly believe these forests will be destined for Bertioga is a mist netted male (MZUSP 62446) on for real-state speculation and, as already seen in Bertioga 24 October 1972 around Varjão do Rio Guaratuba. and elsewhere, occupation by slums in the near future. Uncommon at the northward coastal municipality of Although some species seem restricted to lowlands, Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012), no other records have such as the Yellow-legged Tinamou C. noctivagus, been made for this species in Bertioga since then, nor Glittering throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata, Tawny- has the species been recorded in Caraguatatuba (between throated Leaftosser S. macconnelli, Whiskered Flycatcher Bertioga and Ubatuba), where we suspect the species Myiobius barbatus, Black-headed Berryeater Carpornis will be found with increasing surveying efforts. There melanocephala, the conservation of complete elevational is also a record from Saibadela/Sete Barras, within the gradients are just as important. As fully documented, Serra de Paranapiacaba (Aleixo & Galetti 1997), which there are cases of elevational replacements and migrations is supposedly the southernmost range of this species in at both the Serra do Mar and Serra de Paranapiacaba eastern Brazil. (e.g. Rajão & Cerqueira 2006, Simpson et al. 2012). Wren-like Rushbird Phleocryptes melanops. Migrations exist in some high elevation species which can Vulnerable in São Paulo. One of three records for the descend to sea level, or species that have been suggested state. There is a female specimen in MZUSP (61066) to depend on the palm heart E. edulis, which fruits at from Rio Guaratuba. Like S. macconnelli, no other record different times and elevations, during periods of general of the species has been made in Bertioga, although it has fruit scarcity (Laps 1996, but see Galetti & Aleixo 1998). been recorded in Cubatão (Olmos & Silva 2001). Therefore, such communities can only thrive in entire Shrike-like Cotinga Laniisoma elegans. Vulnerable Atlantic forest elevational gradients, from lowlands to in São Paulo. A species hard to detect, with only a few montane forests. records in the state, most of them at higher elevations Recently, the polytypic species Sclerurus mexicanus (Boraceia Biological Station, Cavarzere et al. [2010]). was proven paraphyletic (d’Horta et al. 2012), meaning A previous undocumented sighting at the Varjão do that the subspecies S. m. maconelli should eventually be Rio Guaratuba lowlands by Camargo (1946) is now regarded as a full species ranging from the Guiana Shield confirmed by a recent photograph (Balieiro 2012). to the Atlantic forest in eastern Brazil (CBRO 2014). The Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch Sporophila angolensis. Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus n. noctivagus may Vulnerable in São Paulo. A sought-after cage bird found also prove to be a separate species (endemic of the Atlantic especially in Coco-grass Cyperus rotundus and Cattail forest) from its northern counterpart, C. n. zabele, of Typha ssp. dominated marshes in the interior of the state drier caatinga and semideciduous forests (B. Tamotami (Willis & Oniki 2003). Apparently its populations are pers. com.). For harboring a greater species richnes than recovering in some parts of São Paulo, becoming more other elevational band, exclusive and threatened species common even in disturbed areas. We saw and heard a as well as several Atlantic forest endemics, we highlight singing adult male at Itatinga. the importance of continuous efforts to study and survey low elevation forest and restinga habitats, suggesting their Correlates of species richness immediate inclusion within the Serra do Mar State Park, a Category II protected area (see IUCN protected area The high species richness detected at Bertioga clearly categories). reflects the environmental diversity in our study areas, such as lowland and montane forests, and riverine and marine habitats. There are other species that will ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS eventually be encountered within the municipality as additional surveys and observations are carried out. G. P. Moraes helped on a few field expeditions. IdeaWild supported us with field equipment. VC benefitted from Recently, the successful implementation of a 9,264 ha restinga protected area (Restinga de Bertioga State Park) a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível has been achieved, although this excluded Itaguaré beach, Superior (CAPES) scholarship. We extend many thanks an important resting area for sea and shorebirds. The to Andrés Calonge-Méndez for inviting TVVC to adjoining Hércules Florence Private Natural Reserve survey these forests. F. K. Ubaid is thanked for inviting VC to collaborate with his research at Emas National adds another 1,440 ha to this large restinga continuum, Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira d’Horta, F. M.; Cuervo, A. M.; Ribas, C.C.; Brumfield, R. T. & Park. 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Associate Editor: Marco Aurélio Pizo Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 APPENDIX I List of 330 bird species documented within the municipality of Bertioga, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Evidence: A = aural, N = nest, P = photograph, R = recording, Sk = skin, V = visual. Sources: Skins - Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC) and Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); Recordings - Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV), xeno-canto database (XC) and Wiki Aves (Wk*, exclusively registered on Wiki Aves as recordings); Literature - A = this study, C = Camargo (1946), D = Donatelli et al. (2011), L = Lopes et al. (1980), P = Beyer (2008), S = Sanfilippo & Demétrio (2004), W = Willis & Oniki (2003); on line photographs - Wk = Wiki Aves. Elevation: B = 0-99 m, 1 = 100-199 m, 2 = 200-299 m, 3 = 300-399 m, 4 = 400-499 m. Threats: GL = global (IUCN 2012), BR = Brazil (Silveira & Straube 2008), SP = state of São Paulo (Silveira et al. 2009). AE = species almost endemic to the Atlantic forest (Moreira-Lima 2013). Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Tinamiformes Tinamidae (3) Tinamus solitarius Solitary Tinamou A,P,Sk,V 1234 A,D,P,W,Wk VU E Crypturellus obsoletus Brown Tinamou A,R B A,D,P,Wk Crypturellus noctivagus Yellow-legged Tinamou A,R,Sk B A,MZUSP,W,Wk* EN EN Anseriformes Anatidae (5) Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling-Duck P S,Wk Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck P,V B A Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck P,V B A,W,Wk Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian Teal V,P B A,S,Wk Nomonyx dominica Masked Duck V,P B A,Wk NT Galliformes Cracidae (2) Penelope obscura Dusky-legged Guan A,P,R,Sk,V B A,C,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk NT Aburria jacutinga Black-fronted Piping-Guan P,V 13 A,Wk EN EN CR E Podicipediformes Podicipedidae (1) Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe V,P B A,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae (1) Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic Penguin Sk W Procellariiformes Procellariidae (3) Pachyptila belcheri Slender-billed Prion Sk W Procellaria aequinoctialis White-chinned Petrel Sk W VU EN VU Calonectris borealis Cory’s Shearwater Sk W Suliformes Fregatidae (1) Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Phalacrocoracidae (1) Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Pelecaniformes Ardeidae (13) Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed Heron P S Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern P Wk Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron P,V B A,S,W,Wk Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-Heron P W,Wk Butorides striata Striated Heron P,V B A,S,W,Wk Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret P,V B A,S,Wk Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron P,V B A,D,W,Wk Ardea alba Great Egret P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron P,V B A,S,Wk Pilherodius pileatus Capped Heron V,P B A,Wk VU Egretta thula Snowy Egret P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron P P,W,Wk Threskiornithidae (2) Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis P S Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Platalea ajaja Roseate Spoonbill P Wk Cathartiformes Cathartidae (3) Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture P,Sk,V B A,D,C,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Cathartes burrovianus Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture P Wk Coragyps atratus Black Vulture P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Accipitriformes Pandionidae (1) Pandion haliaetus Osprey P W,Wk Accipiridae (12) Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite A,P,V B A,W,Wk Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite P,V B A,Wk NT Harpagus diodon Rufous-thighed Kite P,Sk,V B A,W,Wk Accipiter superciliosus Tiny Hawk P Wk Accipiter bicolor Bicolored Hawk P W,Wk Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite A,P,R,V B A,Wk Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk P,V B A,Wk Heterospizias meridionalis Savanna Hawk P S Amadonastur lacernulatus White-necked Hawk P,V 1 A,Wk VU EN VU E Urubitinga urubitinga Great Black-Hawk Sk B MZUSP,W Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk P,V D,Wk Gruiformes Aramidae (1) Aramus guarauna Limpkin A,P,R,V B A,Wk Rallidae (8) Aramides cajaneus Gray-necked Wood-Rail P W,Wk Aramides saracura Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail A,P,R,V B A,D,P E Laterallus melanophaius Rufous-sided Crake A,P,R B A,W,Wk Pardirallus maculatus Spotted Rail R XC Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Pardirallus nigricans Blackish Rail A,P,R,V B A,D,P,Wk Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule A,P,R,V B A,Wk Porphyrio martinicus Purple Gallinule P,V B A,Wk Fulica armillata Red-gartered Coot P Wk NT Charadriiformes Charadriidae (4) Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing A,P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover P Wk Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover P,V B A,W,Wk Charadrius collaris Collared Plover P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Charadriiformes Haematopodidae (1) Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher P Wk VU Recurvirostridae (1) Himantopus melanurus White-backed Stilt P Wk Scolopacidae (6) Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper P P,W,Wk Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper P Wk Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs P W,Wk Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs P Wk Calidris alba Sanderling P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper P,V B A,W,Wk Jacanidae (1) Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana A,P,R,V B A,S,Wk Stercorariidae (1) Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger P Wk Laridae (1) Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull A,P,V B A,P,S,Wk Sternidae (5) Sterna hirundo Common Tern P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sterna hirundinacea South American Tern P W,Wk Thalasseus acuflavidus Cabot’s Tern P W,Wk Thalasseus maximus Royal Tern P Wk EN VU Rynchopidae (1) Rynchops niger Black Skimmer P Wk Columbiformes Columbidae (9) Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground-Dove Sk S,W Columba livia Rock Dove P,V B A,S,Wk Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon P,V 1 A,P,S,W,Wk Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove A,P,V B A,S Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove A,R B A,D,P,W Leptotila rufaxilla Gray-fronted Dove A,P,Sk B A,D,MZUSP,Wk Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove A,P,R,Sk 234 A,D,W,Wk Cuculiformes Cuculidae (5) Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo A,P,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk Coccyzus melacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo Sk W Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Guira guira Guira Cuckoo A,P,V B A,P,S,Wk Tapera naevia Striped Cuckoo A,R,Sk,V B A,D,W Strigiformes Tytonidae (1) Tyto furcata Barn Owl P S Strigidae (4) Megascops choliba Tropical Screech-Owl A,P D,S Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana Tawny-browed Owl A,P 123 A,Wk E Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Asio stygius Stygian Owl P S,Wk Nyctibiiformes Nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae (4) Lurocalis semitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk A,R,Sk,V 12 A,W Hydropsalis albicollis Pauraque A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Hydropsalis forcipata Long-trained Nightjar Sk,V D,W E Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk P B S,W Apodiformes Apodidae (4) Cypseloides fumigatus Sooty Swift P,V B A,W Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift P,V 1 A,D,S,W,Wk Chaetura cinereiventris Gray-rumped Swift A,P,Sk,V 123 A,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC Chaetura meridionalis Sick’s Swift A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Trochilidae (16) Ramphodon naevius Saw-billed Hermit A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,C,D,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC E Phaethornis ruber Reddish Hermit A,P,R,Sk,V B4 A,P,XC,W,Wk Eupetomena macroura Swallow-tailed Hummingbird P,V B A,D,P,S,Wk Aphantochroa cirrochloris Sombre Hummingbird P S,Wk AE Florisuga fusca Black Jacobin A,P,Sk,V B12 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango P,V B A,S,Wk Lophornis chalybeus Festive Coquette P,Sk,V W,Wk,ZUEC Chlorostilbon lucidus Glittering-bellied Emerald P,V B A,D,S,Wk Thalurania glaucopis Violet-capped Woodnymph A,P,Sk,V B1 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Hylocharis cyanus White-chinned Sapphire A,P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Leucochloris albicollis White-throated Hummingbird P B D,S Amazilia versicolor Versicolored Emerald P,V B A,D,S,Wk Amazilia fimbriata Glittering-throated Emerald P,Sk,V B A,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Amazilia lactea Sapphire-spangled Emerald P,R,Sk FNJV,S,W,Wk Clytolaema rubricauda Brazilian Ruby V,Sk D,W E Trogoniformes Trogonidae (2) Trogon viridis White-tailed Trogon A,P,R,Sk,V 134 A,MZUSP,P,W,Wk Trogon surrucura White-tailed Trogon A,P,V D,W,Wk Coraciiformes Alcedinidae (5) Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher P,Sk,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher P,Sk B MZUSP,W,Wk Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher P,Sk,V D,W,Wk Chloroceryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Sk W,ZUEC Momotidae (1) Baryphthengus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Motmot A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,MZUSP,W AE Galbuliformes Bucconidae (2) Notharchus swainsoni Buff-bellied Puffbird P,Sk W,Wk NT E Malacoptila striata Crescent-chested Puffbird Sk L,MZUSP,W Piciformes Ramphastidae (4) Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan P Wk Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan A,P,R,Sk,V 12 A,D,P,W,Wk Ramphastos dicolorus Red-breasted Toucan P,V D,S,Wk E Selenidera maculirostris Spot-billed Toucanet A,P,Sk,V 1 A,MZUSP,W,Wk NT E Picidae (9) Picumnus cirratus White-barred Piculet A,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Picumnus temminckii Ochre-collared Piculet A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,Wk E Melanerpes flavifrons Yellow-fronted Woodpecker A,P,R,V 124 A,W,Wk AE Veniliornis spilogaster White-spotted Woodpecker A,P,R,V B23 A,D,P,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker A,P,Sk,V 1 A,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker P,V B A,D,S,Wk Celeus flavescens Blond-crested Woodpecker A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,XC,W,Wk Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,S,W,Wk Campephilus robustus Robust Woodpecker Sk MZUSP,W NT E Falconiformes Falconidae (8) Caracara plancus Southern Caracara P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara A,P,R,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon A,P,V B A,D,W,Wk Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest-Falcon A,R 1 A,D, FNJV Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon A,R B A,W Falco sparverius American Kestrel P S Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon P S,Wk Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon P Wk Psittaciformes Psittacidae (9) Aratinga auricapillus Golden-capped Parakeet P Wk NT Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Parakeet A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk AE Forpus xanthopterygius Blue-winged Parrotlet A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,S,P,S,XC,W,Wk Brotogeris tirica Plain Parakeet A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Pionopsitta pileata Pileated Parrot A,R,V B A,D,W E Pionus maximiliani Scaly-headed Parrot A,P,R,Sk,V 12 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot A,R,V B A,Wk* CR Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot P,V B A,Wk NT Triclaria malachitacea Blue-bellied Parrot Sk W VU E Passeriformes Thamnophilidae (12) Terenura maculata Streak-capped Antwren A,Sk 2 A,MZUSP,W E Myrmotherula minor Salvadori’s Antwren Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W VU EN VU E Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Myrmotherula unicolor Unicolored Antwren A,P,R,Sk,V B13 A,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk,ZUEC VU E Rhopias gularis Star-throated Antwren A,R,V B123 A,W E Dysithamnus stictothorax Spot-breasted Antvireo A,R,V 1 A,W NT E Dysithamnus mentalis Plain Antvireo A,P,R,V B1234 A,D,Wk Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Rusty-backed Antwren A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,D,FNJV,P,W,Wk Thamnophilus caerulescens Variable Antshrike A,P,R B A,D,W,Wk Hypoedaleus guttatus Spot-backed Antshrike A,R,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk* E Myrmoderus squamosus Squamate Antbird A,P,Sk 4 A,D,W,Wk E Pyriglena leucoptera White-shouldered Fire-eye A,R,Sk,V 234 A,D,FNJV,P,W,Wk* Drymophila squamata Scaled Antbird A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Conopophagidae (2) Conopophaga lineata Rufous Gnateater A,P,Sk,V D,W,Wk Conopophaga melanops Black-cheeked Gnateater A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Rhinocryptidae (2) Merulaxis ater Slaty Bristlefront A,P,R,V 134 A,D,XC,W NT E Eleoscytalopus indigoticus White-breasted Tapaculo A,R,Sk B A,D,XC,W,Wk* E Formicariidae (1) Formicarius colma Rufous-capped Antthrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,C,MZUSP,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Scleruridae (2) Sclerurus macconnelli Tawny-throated Leaftosser A,P,R,Sk,V B MZUSP,W VU Sclerurus scansor Rufous-breasted Leaftosser A,P,R,Sk 23 A,D,MZUSP,S,W,Wk E Dendrocolaptidae (5) Dendrocincla turdina Plain-winged Woodcreeper A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Xiphorhynchus fuscus Lesser Woodcreeper A,P,R,Sk,V B234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk AE Lepidocolaptes angustirostris Narrow-billed Woodcreeper P S,Wk Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Planalto Woodcreeper A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk Xiphocolaptes albicollis White-throated Woodcreeper A,P,Sk 1234 A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk AE Xenopidae (2) Xenops minutus Plain Xenops A,P,R,Sk,V 2 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Xenops rutilans Streaked Xenops P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Furnariidae (13) Furnarius figulus Wing-banded Hornero P,V D,Wk Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Phleocryptes melanops Wren-like Rushbird Sk MZUSP,W VU Automolus leucophthalmus White-eyed Foliage-gleaner A,P,R,Sk,V 24 A,D,FNJV,L,W,Wk AE Anabacerthia lichtensteini White-browed Foliage-gleaner Sk,V 2 A,D,MZUSP,W E Philydor atricapillus Black-capped Foliage-gleaner A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk E Philydor rufum Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner A,Sk,V 12 A,C,D,MZUSP,W Cichlocolaptes leucophrus Pale-browed Treehunter A,R,V 1234 A,W E Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus Red-eyed Thornbird A,N,V D E Phacellodomus ferrugineigula Orange-eyed Thornbird A,P,R,V B A E Certhiaxis cinnamomeus Yellow-chinned Spinetail A,P,R,V B A,Wk Synallaxis ruficapilla Rufous-capped Spinetail A,P,R,V B A,D,S,Wk E Synallaxis spixi Gray-bellied Spinetail A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,W,Wk Pipridae (2) Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk Chiroxiphia caudata Blue Manakin A,P,R,Sk,V B24 A,D,FNJV,L,MZUSP,P,W,Wk E Oxyruncidae (1) Oxyruncus cristatus Sharpbill A,R 234 A,D,W Onychorhynchidae (2) Myiobius barbatus Black-tailed Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk Myiobius atricaudus Black-tailed Flycatcher P Wk Tityridae (7) Schiffornis virescens Greenish Schiffornis A,R,Sk,V B A,D,P,W E Laniisoma elegans Shrike-like Cotinga P,Sk C,W,Wk VU Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra P,V 1 A,D,S,Wk Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra A,P,R,Sk,V 2 W,Wk Pachyramphus polychopterus White-winged Becard A,R,Sk,V 2 A,D,P,W Pachyramphus marginatus Black-capped Becard A,P,R,Sk,V 2 A,FNJV,MZUSP,W,Wk NT Pachyramphus validus Crested Becard A,P,R,Sk,V 1 A,D,FNJV,L,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Cotingidae (2) Procnias nudicollis Bare-throated Bellbird A,P,R,Sk B2 A,D,FNJV,J,P,S,W,WK VU VU E Pyroderus scutatus Red-ruffed Fruitcrow A,P,R,V B A,D,J,W,Wk VU AE Platyrinchidae (1) Platyrinchus mystaceus White-throated Spadebill A,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,P,W Rhynchocyclidae (8) Mionectes rufiventris Gray-hooded Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,L,P,S,W,Wk AE Leptopogon amaurocephalus Sepia-capped Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B4 A,D,FNJV,W,Wk Tolmomyias sulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher A,P,R,V B124 A,D,P,W,Wk Todirostrum poliocephalum Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B A,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC E Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-Flycatcher P S,Wk Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-flycatcher R,V D,FNJV Hemitriccus orbitatus Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant A,P,R 124 A,D,P,XC,W,Wk E Hemitriccus furcatus Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant A,R,V B A,XC,Wk* VU VU E Tyrannidae (33) Hirundinea ferruginea Cliff Flycatcher A,P,R,V B A,P,Wk Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Elaenia chilensis Chilean Elaenia Sk W Elaenia mesoleuca Olivaceous Elaenia Sk ZUEC AE Phyllomyias fasciatus Planalto Tyrannulet Sk L,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Phyllomyias griseocapilla Gray-capped Tyrannulet Sk W E Attila phoenicurus Rufous-tailed Attila A,R,V 1234 A,D,W Attila rufus Gray-hooded Attila A,P,R,Sk,V B124 A,D,P,S,W,Wk E Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,D,S,W,Wk Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson’s Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B A,D,IAL,P,S Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Rhytipterna simplex Grayish Mourner A,P,R,Sk,V B A,P,W,Wk Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee A,P,R,Sk,V B2 A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Philohydor lictor Lesser Kiskadee P,V B A,D Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Machetornis rixosa Cattle Tyrant A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,P,S,W,Wk Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,W,Wk Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird A,P,R,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher P,V B A,D,S,Wk Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B S,W,Wk,ZUEC Conopias trivirgatus Three-striped Flycatcher R FNJV,W Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant A,P,V B A,W,Wk Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,IAL,L,S,W,Wk Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher P,Sk,V B A,IAL,S,W,Wk Fluvicola nengeta Masked Water-Tyrant A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Arundinicola leucocephala White-headed Marsh-Tyrant P,V B A,S,Wk Cnemotriccus fuscatus Fuscous Flycatcher A,P,Sk D,P,W,Wk Lathrotriccus euleri Euler’s Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B1234 A,D,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Contopus cinereus Tropical Peewee A,P,R,Sk,V D,FNJV,MZUSP,W,Wk Hymenops perspicillatus Spectacled Tyrant P Wk Satrapa icterophrys Yellow-browed Tyrant P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Vireonidae (2) Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike A,P,V 234 A,D,W,Wk Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo A,P,V 12 A,D,S,W,Wk Corvidae (2) Cyanocorax caeruleus Azure Jay P,R Wk,XC E Cyanocorax cristatellus Curl-crested Jay P Wk Hirundinidae (5) Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Blue-and-white Swallow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Atticora tibialis White-thighed Swallow Sk MZUSP,W Southern Rough-winged Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Swallow A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Progne chalybea Grey-breasted Martin A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Troglodytidae (2) Troglodytes musculus Southern House-Wren A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Cantorchilus longirostris Long-billed Wren A,P,R,Sk,V B1 A,FNJV,IAL,L,MZUSP,P,S,XC,W,Wk Donacobiidae (1) Donacobius atricapilla Black-capped Donacobius A,P,V B A Polioptilidae (1) Ramphocaenus melanurus Long-billed Gnatwren A,Sk D,W Turdidae (6) Turdus flavipes Yellow-legged Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B24 A,D,MZUSP,S,W,Wk Turdus leucomelas Pale-breasted Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,Wk Turdus rufiventris Rufous-bellied Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B14 A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,W,Wk Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Turdus subalaris Eastern Slaty Thrush A D Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,IAL,L,W,Wk Mimidae (1) Mimus saturninus Chalk-browed Mockingbird P,V B A,D,S,Wk Motacillidae (1) Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit A,P,R,V B A,S,Wk Passerellidae (1) Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-collared Sparrow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Parulidae (5) Setophaga pitiayumi Tropical Parula A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler Sk W Geothlypis aequinoctialis Masked Yellowthroat A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler A,R,V 12 A,D,W,Wk* Myiothlypis rivularis Neotropical River Warbler A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk,ZUEC E Icteridae (7) Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique A,P,R,Sk,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird P,V D,Wk Agelasticus cyanopus Unicolored Blackbird P,V B A,W NT Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird P Wk Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird P,Sk W,Wk Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Sturnella superciliaris White-browed Blackbird P S,W Mitrospingidae (1) Orthogonys chloricterus Olive-green Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 34 A,MZUSP,W,Wk E Thraupidae (30) Coereba flaveola Bananaquit A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,L,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Saltator fuliginosus Thick-billed Saltator A,P,R,V B1234 A,D,W,Wk E Thlypopsis sordida Orange-headed Tanager P,Sk,V D,S,W,Wk Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Chestnut-headed Tanager Sk W AE Tachyphonus coronatus Ruby-crowned Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 124 A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,W,Wk E Ramphocelus bresilius Brazilian Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk E Lanio cristatus Flame-crested Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,L,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Lanio cucullatus Red-crested Finch P Wk Lanio melanops Black-goggled Tanager A,P,Sk,V 2 A,D,W,Wk Tangara seledon Green-headed Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B1 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC E Tangara cyanocephala Red-necked Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk E Tangara sayaca Sayaca Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Tangara cyanoptera Azure-shouldered Tanager P,Sk,V D,MZUSP,W,Wk E Tangara palmarum Palm Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,S,W,Wk Tangara ornata Golden-chevroned Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,P,S,W,Wk E Tangara peruviana Black-backed Tanager P Wk E Tangara cayana Burnished-buff Tanager P,V B D,Wk Pipraeidea melanonota Fawn-breasted Tanager P,V D,S,W Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager P,V D,S,Wk Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis A,P,Sk,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper P,Sk MZUSP,P,W,Wk Hemithraupis ruficapilla Rufous-headed Tanager A,P,Sk,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk E Conirostrum bicolor Bicolored Conebill P P,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch A,P D,S,Wk Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit A,P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Sporophila falcirostris Temminck’s Seedeater P Wk E Sporophila lineola Lined Seedeater P S,Wk Sporophila caerulescens Double-collared Seedeater A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Sporophila angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch P,V B A,Wk VU Tiaris fuliginosus Sooty Grassquit Sk W Cardinalidae (3) Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Glaucous-blue Grosbeak P,Sk,V B W,ZUEC Cyanoloxia brissonii Ultramarine Grosbeak P Wk Fringillidae (5) Sporagra magellanica Hooded Siskin A,Sk D,W Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia A,P D,S Euphonia violacea Violaceous Euphonia A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,D,L,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Euphonia pectoralis Chestnut-bellied Euphonia A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,FNJV,MZSUP,P,S,XC,W,Wk E Chlorophonia cyanea Blue-naped Chlorophonia Sk W Estrildidae (1) Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Passeridae (1) Passer domesticus House Sparrow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 APPENDIX II List of 90 undocumented bird species recorded within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Abbreviations are according to Appendix I. BBS = Boraceia Biological Station, municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil. FO = Fabio Olmos’ personal records. Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Crypturellus tataupa Tataupa Tinamou A B A,D Odontophorus capueira Spot-winged Wood-Quail A,V 1 A,D,P,W E Sula leucogaster Brown Booby V B FO Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis V B FO EN Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite V D Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite V D Pseudastur polionotus Mantled Hawk V 2 A NT VU E x Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle V ? FO Spizaetus melanoleucus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle V B A CR Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs ? W Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern ? W Patagioenas plumbea Plumbeous Pigeon A 123 A,D Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo V B A Megascops atricapilla Black-capped Screech-Owl A B A,W E Strix hylophila Rusty-barred Owl A 1 A NT E Strix virgata Mottled Owl A B A Glaucidium minutissimum Least Pygmy-Owl A B A E Nyctiphrynus ocellatus Ocellated Poorwill A D Antrostomus rufus Rufous Nightjar A D Hydropsalis torquata Scissor-tailed Nightjar V D Panyptila cayennensis Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift V B A DD Glaucis hirsutus Rufous-breasted Hermit V D Phaethornis pretrei Planalto Hermit V D Phaethornis eurynome Scale-throated Hermit V D E x Stephanoxis lalandi Plovercrest V D E x Hylocharis chrysura Gilded Hummingbird V D Polytmus guainumbi White-tailed Goldenthroat V J Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Heliothryx auritus Black-eared Fairy V B A NT Nystalus chacuru White-eared Puffbird A,V D Pteroglossus bailloni Saffron Toucanet V J VU Melanerpes candidus White Woodpecker A,V D Colaptes melanochloros Green-barred Woodpecker A B A Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon A,V B A,D,W Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot A,V B A CR Thamnophilus doliatus Barred Antshrike A,V D Thamnophilus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Antshrike V D x Thamnophilus pelzelni Planalto Slaty Antshrike A,V D Batara cinerea Giant Antshrike A,V D x Mackenziaena leachii Large-tailed Antshrike A,V D E x Mackenziaena severa Tufted Antshrike A D E x Drymophila ferruginea Ferrugineous Antbird A,V D E Drymophila genei Rufous-tailed Antbird V D NT E x Drymophila ochropyga Ochre-rumped Antbird A D NT NT E x Drymophila malura Dusky-tailed Antbird A,V A,D E x Grallaria varia Variegated Antpitta A 1234 A,D Hylopezus nattereri Speckled-breasted Antpitta A,V D E x Chamaeza campanisona Short-tailed Antthrush A D x Chamaeza meruloides Cryptic Antthrush A D E x Sittasomus griseicapillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper A,V B A,D,W Lepidocolaptes squamatus Scaled Woodcreeper A,V D E x Furnarius figulus Wing-banded Hornero P,V D,Wk Lochmias nematura Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper A,V B A,D,P Anabazenops fuscus White-collared Foliage-gleaner A,V D E x Heliobletus contaminatus Sharp-billed Treehunter V D,W E x Syndactyla rufosuperciliata Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner V D Synallaxis albescens Pale-breasted Spinetail V D NT Cranioleuca pallida Pallid Spinetail V D,W E x Neopelma chrysolophum Serra Tyrant-manakin A,V D E x Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Ilicura militaris Pin-tailed Manakin V D Pachyramphus viridis Green-backed Becard A D Pachyramphus castaneus Chestnut-crowned Becard V D,W Corythopis delalandi Southern Antpipit A D Phylloscartes ventralis Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet V D x Phylloscartes paulista Sao Paulo Tyrannulet ? W NT VU E Phylloscartes oustaleti Oustalet’s Tyrannulet A,V 23 A NT E Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-flycatcher V D x Hemitriccus orbitatus Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant A 124 A,D,P,W NT E Hemitriccus nidipendulus Hangnest Tody-Tyrant V D E Tyranniscus burmeisteri Rough-legged Tyrannulet V D x Elaenia obscura Highland Elaenia V D Phaeomyias murina Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet V D Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher V D Sirystes sibilator Sirystes A D Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,Wk Conopias trivirgatus Three-striped Flycatcher ? W Knipolegus nigerrimus Velvety Black-Tyrant V D x Muscipipra vetula Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant A,V D E x Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike A,P,V 234 A,D,W,Wk Hylophilus poicilotis Rufous-crowned Greenlet A B A,D E x Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin V B A Tachycineta leucorrhoa White-rumped Swallow A,V B A,W Myiothlypis leucoblephara White-browed Warbler A,V D x Cacicus chrysopterus Golden-winged Cacique V D x Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird P,V D,Wk NT Saltator similis Green-winged Saltator A 2 A,D,W x Orchesticus abeillei Brown Tanager V D NT NT E x Tangara desmaresti Brassy-breasted Tanager V D E x Tangara cayana Burnished-buff Tanager P,V B A,D,Wk Stephanophorus diadematus Diademed Tanager V D x Emberizoides herbicola Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch V B A http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients

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Springer Journals
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Copyright © Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia 2014
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2178-7875
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10.1007/bf03544275
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Abstract

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 383-409 ARTICLE December 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients 1,2,4 1,2 3 Vagner Cavarzere , Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa , Giulyana Althmann Benedicto , 1,2 2 Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101, CEP 05508- 900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Seção de Aves, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Nazaré, 481, CEP 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Rua Tiro Onze, 04, CEP 11013-040, Santos, SP, Brazil. Corresponding author: cavarzere@usp.br Received on 15 January 2014. Accepted on 18 November 2014. ABSTRACT: Although the Atlantic forest is the best-studied Brazilian phytogeographic domain, few coastal municipalities of the state of São Paulo can count on published and critically revised bird species list, which are important initial steps to organize conservation inniciatives. Here we present historical records from Bertioga, a northern coastline municipality of the state of São Paulo, as well as recent records obtained in surveys during the past years within the municipality. Surveying methods, carried out between 2008-2011, included point counts, 10-species lists, transect counts and mist nets. This compendium resulted in 330 documented species, 90 of which still await documentation. Of these 420 bird species, 85 (20.4%) are Atlantic forest endemic species and as many as eight, six and 23 are threatened at the global, national and state levels, respectively. Seventeen species are reported from Bertioga for the first time. Some records based exclusively on sightings must be carefully considered, whereas the species richness reflects the diversity of the habitats we visited, which varied from lowland and montane forests, to slopes and fluvial and tidal-influenced environments. We highlight that every habitat of the region should be continuously inventoried and that the absence of legal protection of lowland forests (which are not considered under the elevational threshold of the Serra do Mar State Park) must be reevaluated, as they harbor a greater number of endemic and threatened species than do other elevational bands. KEYWORDS: Bird species richness, Bertioga, restingas, species lists, survey methods. INTRODUCTION phytogeographic domain), 199 birds (16%), 71 mammals (27%), 94 reptiles (31%), and 286 amphibians (60%, The Brazilian Atlantic forest occupies a vast heterogeneous Mittermeier et al. [2005]). Despite this biological richness, region (1,481,946 km , approximately 17.4% of the the Atlantic forest is probably one of the most threatened tropical forests, within the hottest of hotspots (Laurance Brazilian territory). It includes a large variety of forest physiognomies and compositions distributed throughout 2009). Almost 90% of the original Atlantic forest has been > 3,300 km along the Brazilian Atlantic coast, within lost, and less than 12% of the original vegetation remains. latitudes from 3º S to 30º S, and elevations from sea level The best preserved biogeographical sub-region of this up to 2,700 m. These forests are distributed in different phytogeographic domain is the Serra do Mar Mountain Range, which runs in parallell with the Atlantic Ocean topographical and climatic conditions, encompassing lowlands and coastal mountains with high levels of and encompasses 36.5% of its original vegetation (Ribeiro rainfall, as well as interior high plateaus with seasonally et al. 2009). This mountainous complex also holds the dry seasons (Câmara 2003). highest levels of bird endemism in the Atlantic forest The Atlantic forest is recognized worldwide for its (Haffer 1985). In the state of São Paulo, lowland forests, which lie in narrow bands at the base of coastal mountains, high diversity (1-8% of the world’s total species, Silva & Casteleti 2003) and high rates of endemism (Myers et al. are unprotected throughout most of their extension 2000). A recent assessment highlighted the large number because the Serra do Mar State Park rarely includes forests of endemic species in several groups, such as 8,000 tree below a 100 m elevational threshold. Due to the absence species (40% of the total species richness within the of protection as well as real-state speculation, lowland Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira forests are probably the most threatened Atlantic forest such as Bertioga, São Sebastião and Caraguatatuba. habitats in the state (Câmara 1991). As a consequence These lists represent an important means of gathering of a long history of deforestation, more than 80% of the data that will initially organize and eventually lead to 199 endemic bird species are threatened or endangered conservation inniciatives. Here we present a birdlist (Goerck 1997, IUCN 2012). for the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, based on Although the Serra do Mar has a stunning diversity, museum specimens, published literature and recent field we still know little about its birds. Since the first expeditions, highlighting noteworthy records, endemic investigations carried out at the Serra do Mar at the and endangered species and the importance of continued turn of the 20th century by Helmuth Pinder in Alto de surveys in order to document and produce the most Paranapiacaba (Camargo 1998), as well as Luederwaldts’s updated and reliable bird checklist for this municipality. (1925) scientific expeditions to Ilhabela (both localities in We further discuss about the need of extending São Paulo), and later Davis’ (1946) in Teresópolis, state of conservation priority to lowland forests, which remain Rio de Janeiro, several bird inventories conducted along mostly unprotected although harboring extremely high this region have been published (e.g. Willis & Oniki bird richness and endemism. 1981, Olmos 1996, Goerck 1999, Naka & Rodrigues 2000, Willis & Oniki 2003, Develey 2004, Nores et al. 2005, Straube & Urben-Filho 2005, Cunha & Rajão MATERIAL AND METHODS 2007, Alves & Vecchi 2009, Lima 2010, Cavarzere et Study site al. 2010, Mallet-Rodrigues et al. 2010), especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Recently a paper gathered all documented records of bird species We carried out bird censuses and observations in Bertioga from the municipality of Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012), (centered at 23°51' S / 46°08' W), a northern coastline but entire municipalities of São Paulo’s northern shore, municipality in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Figure 1). Bertioga has about 480 km of evergreen which primarily constitute the Serra do Mar, remain without published and critically revised checklists, Atlantic forest, 85% of which constitutes areas under FIGURE 1: Map showing the remaining Atlantic forest (green) in the municipality of Bertioga, southeastern Brazil, where recent bird surveys have been carried out (numbered black circles, cross-referenced with Table 1). Locations where records of birds have been made within Bertioga by several other sources are depicted as un-numbered black circles with white dots. A black square shows the city of Bertioga. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira protection (Maia et al. 2008). According to Köppen’s palm tree Euterpe edulis) and hunter trails, while elevations classification, the climate of the region is Af, humid or above 300 m constituted of mature secondary forests (≥ super humid tropical, with rains distributed throughout 20 m canopy) and seemed slightly disturbed, with scarce the year (Nascimento & Pereira 1988). Climatologic understory. We surveyed sites at several latitudes along data monitored between 1941 and 1970, indicates mean elevational transects: (1) habitats around the Guaratuba annual temperatures of 24.8°C, with lowest and highest River (hitherto Guaratuba), which included 15 point monthly means of 20.7°C in July and 28.3°C in February, counts distributed along five elevational bands between respectively. Bertioga is one of the most humid regions 0 and 400 m; (2) habitats around the Itatinga River in Brazil, with mean annual rainfall of more than 3,200 (hitherto Itatinga) between 0 and 500 m, surveyed with mm, with lowest mean rainfalls in July (111 mm) and 10-species lists; and (3) restingas between da Prata River highest, in February (410 mm, Martins et al. 2008). (hitherto Prata), one of the tributaries of the Itapanhaú We cleared up existing (sometimes quite steep) River, as well as the adjacent Bertioga beach, between 0 narrow (< 1 m wide) trails in distinct zones within the and 50 m. These latter locations were surveyed with point municipality. At lower elevations they presented signs of counts and mist nets. For coordinates and locations refer human disturbance, such as selective logging (especially the to Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively. TABLE 1: List of locations where recent bird surveys have been carried out within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Dates of surveys (detailed in methods) are indicated for each site, to which decimal latitude and longitude are given. The main vegetation types are shown, including mean elevations and type of surveying method and effort. Total sampling effort for mist nets are represented in h.m , while the effort for other methods are indicated in hours. Ad = ad libitum, L = 10-species lists, MN = mist nets, PC = point counts, T = transect counts. Total Location Sampling Location name Habitat Latitude Longitude Altitude Method sampling number period effort 1 2008-2009 Boraceia beach Beach -23.751 -45.860 4 Ad 32 2 2008-2009 Condomínio Lowland -23.732 -45.866 20 PC 30 Morada da Praia I forest 3 2008-2009 Condomínio Submontane -23.705 -45.869 98 PC 20 Morada da Praia II forest 4 2008-2009 Condomínio Submontane -23.702 -45.891 290 PC 10 Morada da Praia III forest 5 2010 Segunda Estrada Lowland -23.875 -46.194 31 L 5 forest 6 2010 Alambique road Lowland -23.854 -46.176 35 L 5 forest 7 2010 Vicente’s road Lowland -23.832 -46.167 9 L 5 forest 8 2010 Mangue road Mangrove -23.817 -46.154 4 L 5 9 2010 K3 trail Lowland -23.801 -46.126 10 L 5 forest 10 2010 Restinga trail Restinga -23.779 -46.124 109 L 5 11 2010 Rio trail Lowland -23.764 -46.112 46 L 5 forest 12 2010 Pedra trail Submontane -23.773 -46.115 189 L 5 forest 13 2010 Represa trail Submontane -23.745 -46.115 491 L 5 forest 14 2010-2011 Prata river Lowland -23.8 -46.1 5 MN,T 2,304/5 forest 15 2010-2011 Bertioga beach Restinga -23.82 -46.08 12 MN,T 2,304/5 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Bird counts multiplied by width), h is the time of exposure and n is the number of mist nets (Roos 2010). Free observations We surveyed birds with auditory-visual methods summed up 87 h and another 110 h were spent walking in and mist nets. VC conducted unlimited-distance 10-min nearby marshes and restingas, for a total of 197 hours and point counts (Bibby et al. 2000, Vielliard & Silva 1990). ca. 190 km of quantitative and ad libitum observations. There were three points 200 m apart in each of the four For a complete compendidium we searched elevational bands, which were separated vertically by ca. for Bertioga bird records in the literature in Web of 100 m. Each point was visited for six non-continuous days knowledge (http://wokinfo.com/) and Google Scholar and the observer managed to intersperse the sequence of (http://www.scholar.google.com/), and for “Santos” conducting points so that each point was the first to be (which encompassed this municipality in past decades), sampled. Complementarily, TVVC used 10-species lists, “Bertioga”, and “Varjão do Rio Guaratuba” specimens in which case 10 species were noted in a list, without in the MZUSP bird collection. Santos specimens were repeating the same species in the same list; it was possible critically examined individually regarding their precise to mark a repeated species again only in a subsequent one. location, and only those unequivocally collected within The observer took descriptions or sound recordings of any the current Bertioga municipality were considered. In bird not immediately identified but that was seen or heard addition, skins deposited at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz sufficiently well for identification. These individuals were (IAL) and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual later identified using standard reference works (Herzog de Campinas (ZUEC) and recordings available at the et al. 2002, MacKinnon & Phillips 1993). GAB and Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV) were LML surveyed birds with unlimited-distance transect accessed in http://www.splink.org.br/. Specialized World counts during mornings and afternoons. All observations Wide Web sites were consulted for additional documented began 15 min before sunrise, while afternoon counts records within the municipality (http://www.xeno-canto. usually took place after 15h00. Bird records consisted of org and http://www.wikiaves.com.br), bearing in mind individuals heard and/or seen with the help of 8 x 20 some questionable identifications. Therefore, all records and 8 x 40 binoculars. We avoided surveying birds on based on these websites were critically examined . We rainy or windy days. Individuals were recorded with tape are aware that many species recorded from the literature (Panasonic RQ-L31) and digital (Zoom H4n) recorders and that we considered as undocumented may have with a Sennheiser ME-66 directional microphone. documentation. However, because we had no access to Recordings were deposited at the Seção de Aves do Museu these vouchers (photographs and recordings), we treated de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). them as such. Taxonomic arrangements follow the Comitê Mist nets were also used to complement our Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO 2014) and inventories. Eight mist nets (12 x 3 m x 30 mm) were Atlantic forest endemic species are according to Moreira- placed in six 100 m trails, one trail for each of the six sites Lima (2013). Threatened species are reported for global located at the Prata restingas. Nets touched bottom and (IUCN 2012), national (Silveira & Straube 2008) and were kept open from 05h00-12h00 for two consecutive state (Silveira et al. 2009) levels. mornings and one afternoon (15h00-17h00). We also conducted pre-dawn observations (03h00-05h00) and walked randomly in different elevations around our study RESULTS areas and distinct habitats such as restingas and nearby marshes and reed beds, while including stops at flowering Over a total of 71 non-continuous days of surveys and and fruiting trees to observe hummingbirds and canopy- random observations we documented 217 bird species dwelling frugivores, many of which are difficult to detect, of 22 orders and 61 families. Another 30 species were especially during point counts (Robinson 1999). On recorded aurally and/or seen only, lacking further documentation. The use of mist nets resulted in 215 many occasions we conducted afternoon counts ca. 2 h before sunset until nightfall. We surveyed sites during individuals captured. These corresponded to 21 species, four reproductive seasons: 31 August-1 September which were also detected with other surveying methods, 2008; 24 October-8 November 2008; 25-28 November belonging,to three orders and 14 families. 2008; 14-29 November 2009 (Guaratuba), 11, 15-22 The first published account on Bertioga birds was Camargo’s (1946) who mentioned six species from Varjão December 2010 (Itatinga) and 8-12 September 2010, 31 March, 2 and 5 April 2011 (Prata), accumulating a total do Guaratuba, which consists of mangroves and marshes of 90 point counts (15 h), 42 10-species lists (~ 12 km), adjacent to that river. Lopes et al. (1980) mist netted 18 58 h of transect counts (~ 10 km) and a net effort (E) of species in lowland forests around the Guaratuba River 4,608 h.m . The net effort was calculated according to E and later, Bennett & Lopes (1980) mist netted birds at Varjão do Rio Guaratuba, as well as other municipalities = area.h.n, where area is the area of each mist net (height Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira in the state (Itapetininga and Salesópolis) without teasing of the following: Myiarchus tyrannulus is a poor-quality apart species recorded by individual locality. The Bertioga photograph of a ferrugineous-tailed Myiarchus. As no Polygon avifauna inventory yielded 87 species, for none of comments by the photographer reffered to its vocalization, which Beyer (2008) mentioned the type of documentation but rather to its ferrugineous wing and tail feathers, we obtained. The SESC Bertioga bird project recorded 135 decided to exclude this record because this genus is not species, most of them documented with photographs easily recognizable by plumage alone. In addition, VC (Sanfilippo & Demétrio 2004). Willis & Oniki (2003), photographed a ferrugineous-tailed singing M. ferox at in which Stotz & Willis’ (1992) records in Guaratuba Emas National Park on 27 November 2013, rendering are included, mentioned 233 species from Bertioga. The the feature used to identify this M. tyrannulus from most recent published avifaunal inventory conducted in Bertioga unreliable. Sula leucogaster were photographed Bertioga surveyed birds with point counts in montane during a boat crossing from Bertioga to Guarujá, so their Atlantic forests at the Parque das Neblinas, lying on 700- precise locality (municipality) cannot be assumed. 1,200 m terrains (Donatelli et al. 2011). This list included All documented records (including literature, 221 species. The authors, however, did not specify the museum specimens, recordings and photographs) from types of documentation for each species, except for the Bertioga accounted for 330 species of 25 orders and 73 Hangnest Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus nidipendulus, the families. Of these, 55 are endemic to the Atlantic forest identification of which consisted of its diagnosable nest. (including another 11 “almost endemic” species, Moreira- The MZUSP collection accounted for 116 specimens Lima 2013), and six are considered globally endangered of 64 species whereas the IAL and ZUEC collections or vulnerable, whereas six are endangered in Brazil and accounted for 20 species each, although the IAL specimen another 23 in the state, including the critically endangered of an Elaenia sp. was omitted here since its identification Aburria jacutinga (Appendix I). Seventeen species are was not provided and could not be personally examined. reported from Bertioga for the first time (Appendix I Recordings from xeno-canto included 17 species, and and II). Should we consider elevational bands separetly, from the 2,806 photographs and 51 recordings as of 22 the lowest band (0-99 m) accounts for three times (or October 2014 on the Wiki Aves database (261 species), even more) the number of species recorded in any other we excluded two single photographed individuals because elevational band (Table 2). TABLE 2: Number of species recorded per elevational band within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Elevation Documented species Undocumented species Total 0-99 177 21 198 100-199 60 6 66 200-299 60 9 69 300-399 41 5 46 400-499 47 3 50 DISCUSSION counterpart Scalloped Woodcreeper L. falcinellus should occur in montane forests) there are many other Novel species added to the municipality of Bertioga are sightings that must be fully documented either due to mostly represented by conspicuous, yet vagrant species, their unlikely range within the Serra do Mar or discrete plumage to be identified only by sight. Species such as or those, which have recently colonized the area due to habitat alterations. Some common forest species should the Planalto Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus pelzelni, Pale- be recorded and documented with continued surveys. breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens, Southern Antpipit Some 90 undocumented records (of which 28 are Corythopis delalandi and Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet Atlantic forest endemics) include many species found Phaeomyias murina (Donatelli et al. 2011) are not found along the coast or in highland evergreen Atlantic forests at higher elevations of the Serra do Mar, not surveyed by us. Among these there are three vulnerable and two in the state (Willis & Oniki 2003). They may have been critically endangered species in the state, as well as misidentified since these records relied on sightings only 30 species, which can be found at the nearby Boraceia (Donatelli et al. 2011). Biological Station (Appendix II, Cavarzere et al. 2010). VC saw on two consecutive days (25 and 26 October 2008) one lone, quite striated Tigrisoma standing on While the Scaled Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus represents a misidentification (in Bertioga its southern large rocks in the middle of the river while crossing the Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Guaratuba River deep in lowland forest in a point where it where a bird in young plumage was seen besides an adult bears characteristc features (fast-flowing small- to medium- individual. This elevational gradient may be a promising sized clear water rivers surrounded by undisturbed location for studying A. jacutinga at the Serra do Mar. vegetation) of the habitat of the Fasciated Tiger-Heron Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus. Near T. fasciatum, a critically endangered species in São Paulo. threatened in São Paulo. An uncommon hawk in the There was no time to observe the diagnosable characters state, especially in coastal areas (Willis & Oniki 2003). At that dintinguish it from its congenier’s youngsters as the least nine individuals were reported from three different bird flew away to the forest on both occasions at the localities at the Baixada Santista, a southern coastal moment it was sighted. However, we strongly believe it locality in São Paulo (Silva & Olmos 2007), suggesting was not a young Rufescent Tiger-Heron T. lineatum, for a resident population which commonly form conspecific this latter species was commonly and only observed, in groups. Here it is reported for Bertioga (Itatinga) for the adult and juvenile plumage, in marshes bordering, or even first time, but we saw no indications of social aggregations. completely isolated from, forest edges. VC also heard the Mantled Hawk Pseudastur polionotus. Vulnerable Rusty-barred Owl Strix hylophila on 3 November 2008 in São Paulo. This species is typically found at higher at ca. 200 m at a steep slope at Guaratuba. This owl is altitudes at the Serra do Mar, but we saw one bird soaring more common at higher elevations at the Serra do Mar over the 200 m elevational band at Itatinga, just 100 and especially at the Serra da Mantiqueira (Antunes et al. m higher than our record of the White-necked Hawk 2006). This undocumented record illustrates how some Amadonastur lacernulatus, a coastal lowland species in the typical high-elevation species move along elevational state. gradients as long as the vegetation is continuous between Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus lowland and montane forests (Simpson et al. 2012). melanoleucus. Critically endangered in São Paulo. A rare species in the state, it depends on large areas to hunt. Noteworthy records We saw one bird soaring over a small fragment, which was not far from continuous lowland forests, near the Our compilation resulted in 420 bird species (93, or city of Bertioga. 22.6%, Atlantic forest endemics), 324 of which are American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus. documented in the form of skins, photographs or Vulnerable in São Paulo. New for the municipality, this recordings. Some of these records are quite interesting species has no historical records in São Paulo northern and we briefly comment on them below. coastlines. Because dogs are a menace to the nidification of Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius. Vulnerable the species, it would be important to control the entrance in São Paulo and sought after by poachers. The species of such pets in protected environments (F. Olmos, pers. was perhaps less common in the lowlands, but regularly com.). In addition, the deforestation of restingas, as well found along the entire elevational gradient at Guaratuba, as uncontrolled turism and pollution constitute a severe even in the steepest terrains, indicating low hunting threat to this species (Barbieri 2009). Hopefully, recently pressure in that area (Sick 1997). Its vocalization was protected restingas (see below) will warrant its constant heard on every survey, apparently with no temporal or presence in Bertioga. seasonal correlation. On few occasions when birds were Mearly Parrot Amazona farinosa. Critically seen, only one individual was sighted. endangered in São Paulo. This represents one of the few Black-fronted Piping-Guan Aburria jacutinga. populations in the state’s northern coasts. The species is Critically endangered in São Paulo and globally much more abundant in São Sebastião and Ilha Bela, endangered. This species is extremely rare outside immediately northeast of Bertioga (Olmos 1992), but protected areas, especially in the Serra do Mar, due to can reach both Caraguatatuba (E. Pacífico pers. obs.) and hunting and palm harvesting (Galetti et al. 1997). We Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012) to the north. The species saw two individuals around the 100 m elevational band is typically seen in small flocks of ca. six individuals, at Guaratuba, which is the limit threshold of the Serra do which fly from lower slopes to lowland forests during the Mar State Park boundaries. One individual flew away the mornings and to the opposite direction on late afternoons moment it was sighted, but the other remained calm on (São Sebastião, R. S. Marconde pers. obs.). Although a canopy branch for several minutes. Residents reported common in lowlands, it can be also spotted above 700 m, the species as somewhat regularly seen in the area, and in preserved montane forests at Ilha Bela, in the highest although it is not common at all at the Boraceia Biological part of the dirt road to the Castelhanos beach (pers. obs.). Station (contiguous higher elevation forests on the same Salvadori’s Antwren Myrmotherula minor. elevational gradient), the species has also been recently Vulnerable in São Paulo and globally vulnerable. We saw recorded there at 830 m (Cavarzere et al. 2010). There is one adult male in mature and tall forest at sea level at a record of breeding activity in Bertioga (Casadei 2013), Guaratuba. Much less common than its congener M. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira unicolor, this species may be easily overlooked because making this area one of the last large protected restingas of its cryptic plumage and behavior. There is also a male remaining in the country. Despite these initiatives, we collected at Varjão do Rio Guaratuba by E. Dente in 30 caution about the conservation of lowland forests along June 1971 (MZUSP 43457). other coastline municipalities within São Paulo. As Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus macconnelli. the Serra do Mar State Park does not protect lowland Vulnerable in São Paulo. The only record of the species habitats, we strongly believe these forests will be destined for Bertioga is a mist netted male (MZUSP 62446) on for real-state speculation and, as already seen in Bertioga 24 October 1972 around Varjão do Rio Guaratuba. and elsewhere, occupation by slums in the near future. Uncommon at the northward coastal municipality of Although some species seem restricted to lowlands, Ubatuba (Simpson et al. 2012), no other records have such as the Yellow-legged Tinamou C. noctivagus, been made for this species in Bertioga since then, nor Glittering throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata, Tawny- has the species been recorded in Caraguatatuba (between throated Leaftosser S. macconnelli, Whiskered Flycatcher Bertioga and Ubatuba), where we suspect the species Myiobius barbatus, Black-headed Berryeater Carpornis will be found with increasing surveying efforts. There melanocephala, the conservation of complete elevational is also a record from Saibadela/Sete Barras, within the gradients are just as important. As fully documented, Serra de Paranapiacaba (Aleixo & Galetti 1997), which there are cases of elevational replacements and migrations is supposedly the southernmost range of this species in at both the Serra do Mar and Serra de Paranapiacaba eastern Brazil. (e.g. Rajão & Cerqueira 2006, Simpson et al. 2012). Wren-like Rushbird Phleocryptes melanops. Migrations exist in some high elevation species which can Vulnerable in São Paulo. One of three records for the descend to sea level, or species that have been suggested state. There is a female specimen in MZUSP (61066) to depend on the palm heart E. edulis, which fruits at from Rio Guaratuba. Like S. macconnelli, no other record different times and elevations, during periods of general of the species has been made in Bertioga, although it has fruit scarcity (Laps 1996, but see Galetti & Aleixo 1998). been recorded in Cubatão (Olmos & Silva 2001). Therefore, such communities can only thrive in entire Shrike-like Cotinga Laniisoma elegans. Vulnerable Atlantic forest elevational gradients, from lowlands to in São Paulo. A species hard to detect, with only a few montane forests. records in the state, most of them at higher elevations Recently, the polytypic species Sclerurus mexicanus (Boraceia Biological Station, Cavarzere et al. [2010]). was proven paraphyletic (d’Horta et al. 2012), meaning A previous undocumented sighting at the Varjão do that the subspecies S. m. maconelli should eventually be Rio Guaratuba lowlands by Camargo (1946) is now regarded as a full species ranging from the Guiana Shield confirmed by a recent photograph (Balieiro 2012). to the Atlantic forest in eastern Brazil (CBRO 2014). The Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch Sporophila angolensis. Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus n. noctivagus may Vulnerable in São Paulo. A sought-after cage bird found also prove to be a separate species (endemic of the Atlantic especially in Coco-grass Cyperus rotundus and Cattail forest) from its northern counterpart, C. n. zabele, of Typha ssp. dominated marshes in the interior of the state drier caatinga and semideciduous forests (B. Tamotami (Willis & Oniki 2003). Apparently its populations are pers. com.). For harboring a greater species richnes than recovering in some parts of São Paulo, becoming more other elevational band, exclusive and threatened species common even in disturbed areas. We saw and heard a as well as several Atlantic forest endemics, we highlight singing adult male at Itatinga. the importance of continuous efforts to study and survey low elevation forest and restinga habitats, suggesting their Correlates of species richness immediate inclusion within the Serra do Mar State Park, a Category II protected area (see IUCN protected area The high species richness detected at Bertioga clearly categories). reflects the environmental diversity in our study areas, such as lowland and montane forests, and riverine and marine habitats. There are other species that will ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS eventually be encountered within the municipality as additional surveys and observations are carried out. G. P. Moraes helped on a few field expeditions. IdeaWild supported us with field equipment. VC benefitted from Recently, the successful implementation of a 9,264 ha restinga protected area (Restinga de Bertioga State Park) a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível has been achieved, although this excluded Itaguaré beach, Superior (CAPES) scholarship. We extend many thanks an important resting area for sea and shorebirds. The to Andrés Calonge-Méndez for inviting TVVC to adjoining Hércules Florence Private Natural Reserve survey these forests. F. K. Ubaid is thanked for inviting VC to collaborate with his research at Emas National adds another 1,440 ha to this large restinga continuum, Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira d’Horta, F. M.; Cuervo, A. M.; Ribas, C.C.; Brumfield, R. T. & Park. 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Associate Editor: Marco Aurélio Pizo Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 APPENDIX I List of 330 bird species documented within the municipality of Bertioga, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Evidence: A = aural, N = nest, P = photograph, R = recording, Sk = skin, V = visual. Sources: Skins - Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC) and Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); Recordings - Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV), xeno-canto database (XC) and Wiki Aves (Wk*, exclusively registered on Wiki Aves as recordings); Literature - A = this study, C = Camargo (1946), D = Donatelli et al. (2011), L = Lopes et al. (1980), P = Beyer (2008), S = Sanfilippo & Demétrio (2004), W = Willis & Oniki (2003); on line photographs - Wk = Wiki Aves. Elevation: B = 0-99 m, 1 = 100-199 m, 2 = 200-299 m, 3 = 300-399 m, 4 = 400-499 m. Threats: GL = global (IUCN 2012), BR = Brazil (Silveira & Straube 2008), SP = state of São Paulo (Silveira et al. 2009). AE = species almost endemic to the Atlantic forest (Moreira-Lima 2013). Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Tinamiformes Tinamidae (3) Tinamus solitarius Solitary Tinamou A,P,Sk,V 1234 A,D,P,W,Wk VU E Crypturellus obsoletus Brown Tinamou A,R B A,D,P,Wk Crypturellus noctivagus Yellow-legged Tinamou A,R,Sk B A,MZUSP,W,Wk* EN EN Anseriformes Anatidae (5) Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling-Duck P S,Wk Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck P,V B A Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck P,V B A,W,Wk Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian Teal V,P B A,S,Wk Nomonyx dominica Masked Duck V,P B A,Wk NT Galliformes Cracidae (2) Penelope obscura Dusky-legged Guan A,P,R,Sk,V B A,C,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk NT Aburria jacutinga Black-fronted Piping-Guan P,V 13 A,Wk EN EN CR E Podicipediformes Podicipedidae (1) Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe V,P B A,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae (1) Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic Penguin Sk W Procellariiformes Procellariidae (3) Pachyptila belcheri Slender-billed Prion Sk W Procellaria aequinoctialis White-chinned Petrel Sk W VU EN VU Calonectris borealis Cory’s Shearwater Sk W Suliformes Fregatidae (1) Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Phalacrocoracidae (1) Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Pelecaniformes Ardeidae (13) Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed Heron P S Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern P Wk Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron P,V B A,S,W,Wk Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-Heron P W,Wk Butorides striata Striated Heron P,V B A,S,W,Wk Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret P,V B A,S,Wk Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron P,V B A,D,W,Wk Ardea alba Great Egret P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron P,V B A,S,Wk Pilherodius pileatus Capped Heron V,P B A,Wk VU Egretta thula Snowy Egret P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron P P,W,Wk Threskiornithidae (2) Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis P S Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Platalea ajaja Roseate Spoonbill P Wk Cathartiformes Cathartidae (3) Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture P,Sk,V B A,D,C,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Cathartes burrovianus Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture P Wk Coragyps atratus Black Vulture P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Accipitriformes Pandionidae (1) Pandion haliaetus Osprey P W,Wk Accipiridae (12) Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite A,P,V B A,W,Wk Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite P,V B A,Wk NT Harpagus diodon Rufous-thighed Kite P,Sk,V B A,W,Wk Accipiter superciliosus Tiny Hawk P Wk Accipiter bicolor Bicolored Hawk P W,Wk Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite A,P,R,V B A,Wk Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk P,V B A,Wk Heterospizias meridionalis Savanna Hawk P S Amadonastur lacernulatus White-necked Hawk P,V 1 A,Wk VU EN VU E Urubitinga urubitinga Great Black-Hawk Sk B MZUSP,W Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk P,V D,Wk Gruiformes Aramidae (1) Aramus guarauna Limpkin A,P,R,V B A,Wk Rallidae (8) Aramides cajaneus Gray-necked Wood-Rail P W,Wk Aramides saracura Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail A,P,R,V B A,D,P E Laterallus melanophaius Rufous-sided Crake A,P,R B A,W,Wk Pardirallus maculatus Spotted Rail R XC Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Pardirallus nigricans Blackish Rail A,P,R,V B A,D,P,Wk Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule A,P,R,V B A,Wk Porphyrio martinicus Purple Gallinule P,V B A,Wk Fulica armillata Red-gartered Coot P Wk NT Charadriiformes Charadriidae (4) Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing A,P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover P Wk Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover P,V B A,W,Wk Charadrius collaris Collared Plover P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Charadriiformes Haematopodidae (1) Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher P Wk VU Recurvirostridae (1) Himantopus melanurus White-backed Stilt P Wk Scolopacidae (6) Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper P P,W,Wk Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper P Wk Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs P W,Wk Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs P Wk Calidris alba Sanderling P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper P,V B A,W,Wk Jacanidae (1) Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana A,P,R,V B A,S,Wk Stercorariidae (1) Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger P Wk Laridae (1) Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull A,P,V B A,P,S,Wk Sternidae (5) Sterna hirundo Common Tern P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sterna hirundinacea South American Tern P W,Wk Thalasseus acuflavidus Cabot’s Tern P W,Wk Thalasseus maximus Royal Tern P Wk EN VU Rynchopidae (1) Rynchops niger Black Skimmer P Wk Columbiformes Columbidae (9) Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground-Dove Sk S,W Columba livia Rock Dove P,V B A,S,Wk Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon P,V 1 A,P,S,W,Wk Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove A,P,V B A,S Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove A,R B A,D,P,W Leptotila rufaxilla Gray-fronted Dove A,P,Sk B A,D,MZUSP,Wk Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove A,P,R,Sk 234 A,D,W,Wk Cuculiformes Cuculidae (5) Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo A,P,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk Coccyzus melacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo Sk W Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Guira guira Guira Cuckoo A,P,V B A,P,S,Wk Tapera naevia Striped Cuckoo A,R,Sk,V B A,D,W Strigiformes Tytonidae (1) Tyto furcata Barn Owl P S Strigidae (4) Megascops choliba Tropical Screech-Owl A,P D,S Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana Tawny-browed Owl A,P 123 A,Wk E Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Asio stygius Stygian Owl P S,Wk Nyctibiiformes Nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae (4) Lurocalis semitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk A,R,Sk,V 12 A,W Hydropsalis albicollis Pauraque A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Hydropsalis forcipata Long-trained Nightjar Sk,V D,W E Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk P B S,W Apodiformes Apodidae (4) Cypseloides fumigatus Sooty Swift P,V B A,W Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift P,V 1 A,D,S,W,Wk Chaetura cinereiventris Gray-rumped Swift A,P,Sk,V 123 A,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC Chaetura meridionalis Sick’s Swift A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Trochilidae (16) Ramphodon naevius Saw-billed Hermit A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,C,D,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC E Phaethornis ruber Reddish Hermit A,P,R,Sk,V B4 A,P,XC,W,Wk Eupetomena macroura Swallow-tailed Hummingbird P,V B A,D,P,S,Wk Aphantochroa cirrochloris Sombre Hummingbird P S,Wk AE Florisuga fusca Black Jacobin A,P,Sk,V B12 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango P,V B A,S,Wk Lophornis chalybeus Festive Coquette P,Sk,V W,Wk,ZUEC Chlorostilbon lucidus Glittering-bellied Emerald P,V B A,D,S,Wk Thalurania glaucopis Violet-capped Woodnymph A,P,Sk,V B1 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Hylocharis cyanus White-chinned Sapphire A,P,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Leucochloris albicollis White-throated Hummingbird P B D,S Amazilia versicolor Versicolored Emerald P,V B A,D,S,Wk Amazilia fimbriata Glittering-throated Emerald P,Sk,V B A,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Amazilia lactea Sapphire-spangled Emerald P,R,Sk FNJV,S,W,Wk Clytolaema rubricauda Brazilian Ruby V,Sk D,W E Trogoniformes Trogonidae (2) Trogon viridis White-tailed Trogon A,P,R,Sk,V 134 A,MZUSP,P,W,Wk Trogon surrucura White-tailed Trogon A,P,V D,W,Wk Coraciiformes Alcedinidae (5) Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher P,Sk,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher P,Sk B MZUSP,W,Wk Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher P,Sk,V D,W,Wk Chloroceryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Sk W,ZUEC Momotidae (1) Baryphthengus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Motmot A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,MZUSP,W AE Galbuliformes Bucconidae (2) Notharchus swainsoni Buff-bellied Puffbird P,Sk W,Wk NT E Malacoptila striata Crescent-chested Puffbird Sk L,MZUSP,W Piciformes Ramphastidae (4) Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan P Wk Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan A,P,R,Sk,V 12 A,D,P,W,Wk Ramphastos dicolorus Red-breasted Toucan P,V D,S,Wk E Selenidera maculirostris Spot-billed Toucanet A,P,Sk,V 1 A,MZUSP,W,Wk NT E Picidae (9) Picumnus cirratus White-barred Piculet A,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W,Wk Picumnus temminckii Ochre-collared Piculet A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,Wk E Melanerpes flavifrons Yellow-fronted Woodpecker A,P,R,V 124 A,W,Wk AE Veniliornis spilogaster White-spotted Woodpecker A,P,R,V B23 A,D,P,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker A,P,Sk,V 1 A,MZUSP,W,Wk,ZUEC Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker P,V B A,D,S,Wk Celeus flavescens Blond-crested Woodpecker A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,XC,W,Wk Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,S,W,Wk Campephilus robustus Robust Woodpecker Sk MZUSP,W NT E Falconiformes Falconidae (8) Caracara plancus Southern Caracara P,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara A,P,R,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon A,P,V B A,D,W,Wk Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest-Falcon A,R 1 A,D, FNJV Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon A,R B A,W Falco sparverius American Kestrel P S Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon P S,Wk Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon P Wk Psittaciformes Psittacidae (9) Aratinga auricapillus Golden-capped Parakeet P Wk NT Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Parakeet A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk AE Forpus xanthopterygius Blue-winged Parrotlet A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,S,P,S,XC,W,Wk Brotogeris tirica Plain Parakeet A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Pionopsitta pileata Pileated Parrot A,R,V B A,D,W E Pionus maximiliani Scaly-headed Parrot A,P,R,Sk,V 12 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot A,R,V B A,Wk* CR Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot P,V B A,Wk NT Triclaria malachitacea Blue-bellied Parrot Sk W VU E Passeriformes Thamnophilidae (12) Terenura maculata Streak-capped Antwren A,Sk 2 A,MZUSP,W E Myrmotherula minor Salvadori’s Antwren Sk,V B A,MZUSP,W VU EN VU E Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Myrmotherula unicolor Unicolored Antwren A,P,R,Sk,V B13 A,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk,ZUEC VU E Rhopias gularis Star-throated Antwren A,R,V B123 A,W E Dysithamnus stictothorax Spot-breasted Antvireo A,R,V 1 A,W NT E Dysithamnus mentalis Plain Antvireo A,P,R,V B1234 A,D,Wk Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Rusty-backed Antwren A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,D,FNJV,P,W,Wk Thamnophilus caerulescens Variable Antshrike A,P,R B A,D,W,Wk Hypoedaleus guttatus Spot-backed Antshrike A,R,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk* E Myrmoderus squamosus Squamate Antbird A,P,Sk 4 A,D,W,Wk E Pyriglena leucoptera White-shouldered Fire-eye A,R,Sk,V 234 A,D,FNJV,P,W,Wk* Drymophila squamata Scaled Antbird A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Conopophagidae (2) Conopophaga lineata Rufous Gnateater A,P,Sk,V D,W,Wk Conopophaga melanops Black-cheeked Gnateater A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Rhinocryptidae (2) Merulaxis ater Slaty Bristlefront A,P,R,V 134 A,D,XC,W NT E Eleoscytalopus indigoticus White-breasted Tapaculo A,R,Sk B A,D,XC,W,Wk* E Formicariidae (1) Formicarius colma Rufous-capped Antthrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,C,MZUSP,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Scleruridae (2) Sclerurus macconnelli Tawny-throated Leaftosser A,P,R,Sk,V B MZUSP,W VU Sclerurus scansor Rufous-breasted Leaftosser A,P,R,Sk 23 A,D,MZUSP,S,W,Wk E Dendrocolaptidae (5) Dendrocincla turdina Plain-winged Woodcreeper A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk E Xiphorhynchus fuscus Lesser Woodcreeper A,P,R,Sk,V B234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk AE Lepidocolaptes angustirostris Narrow-billed Woodcreeper P S,Wk Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Planalto Woodcreeper A,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk Xiphocolaptes albicollis White-throated Woodcreeper A,P,Sk 1234 A,D,MZUSP,W,Wk AE Xenopidae (2) Xenops minutus Plain Xenops A,P,R,Sk,V 2 A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Xenops rutilans Streaked Xenops P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Furnariidae (13) Furnarius figulus Wing-banded Hornero P,V D,Wk Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Phleocryptes melanops Wren-like Rushbird Sk MZUSP,W VU Automolus leucophthalmus White-eyed Foliage-gleaner A,P,R,Sk,V 24 A,D,FNJV,L,W,Wk AE Anabacerthia lichtensteini White-browed Foliage-gleaner Sk,V 2 A,D,MZUSP,W E Philydor atricapillus Black-capped Foliage-gleaner A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk E Philydor rufum Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner A,Sk,V 12 A,C,D,MZUSP,W Cichlocolaptes leucophrus Pale-browed Treehunter A,R,V 1234 A,W E Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus Red-eyed Thornbird A,N,V D E Phacellodomus ferrugineigula Orange-eyed Thornbird A,P,R,V B A E Certhiaxis cinnamomeus Yellow-chinned Spinetail A,P,R,V B A,Wk Synallaxis ruficapilla Rufous-capped Spinetail A,P,R,V B A,D,S,Wk E Synallaxis spixi Gray-bellied Spinetail A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,W,Wk Pipridae (2) Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,L,MZUSP,P,XC,W,Wk Chiroxiphia caudata Blue Manakin A,P,R,Sk,V B24 A,D,FNJV,L,MZUSP,P,W,Wk E Oxyruncidae (1) Oxyruncus cristatus Sharpbill A,R 234 A,D,W Onychorhynchidae (2) Myiobius barbatus Black-tailed Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk Myiobius atricaudus Black-tailed Flycatcher P Wk Tityridae (7) Schiffornis virescens Greenish Schiffornis A,R,Sk,V B A,D,P,W E Laniisoma elegans Shrike-like Cotinga P,Sk C,W,Wk VU Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra P,V 1 A,D,S,Wk Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra A,P,R,Sk,V 2 W,Wk Pachyramphus polychopterus White-winged Becard A,R,Sk,V 2 A,D,P,W Pachyramphus marginatus Black-capped Becard A,P,R,Sk,V 2 A,FNJV,MZUSP,W,Wk NT Pachyramphus validus Crested Becard A,P,R,Sk,V 1 A,D,FNJV,L,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Cotingidae (2) Procnias nudicollis Bare-throated Bellbird A,P,R,Sk B2 A,D,FNJV,J,P,S,W,WK VU VU E Pyroderus scutatus Red-ruffed Fruitcrow A,P,R,V B A,D,J,W,Wk VU AE Platyrinchidae (1) Platyrinchus mystaceus White-throated Spadebill A,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,P,W Rhynchocyclidae (8) Mionectes rufiventris Gray-hooded Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,L,P,S,W,Wk AE Leptopogon amaurocephalus Sepia-capped Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B4 A,D,FNJV,W,Wk Tolmomyias sulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher A,P,R,V B124 A,D,P,W,Wk Todirostrum poliocephalum Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B A,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC E Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-Flycatcher P S,Wk Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-flycatcher R,V D,FNJV Hemitriccus orbitatus Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant A,P,R 124 A,D,P,XC,W,Wk E Hemitriccus furcatus Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant A,R,V B A,XC,Wk* VU VU E Tyrannidae (33) Hirundinea ferruginea Cliff Flycatcher A,P,R,V B A,P,Wk Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Elaenia chilensis Chilean Elaenia Sk W Elaenia mesoleuca Olivaceous Elaenia Sk ZUEC AE Phyllomyias fasciatus Planalto Tyrannulet Sk L,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Phyllomyias griseocapilla Gray-capped Tyrannulet Sk W E Attila phoenicurus Rufous-tailed Attila A,R,V 1234 A,D,W Attila rufus Gray-hooded Attila A,P,R,Sk,V B124 A,D,P,S,W,Wk E Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B134 A,D,S,W,Wk Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson’s Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B A,D,IAL,P,S Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Rhytipterna simplex Grayish Mourner A,P,R,Sk,V B A,P,W,Wk Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee A,P,R,Sk,V B2 A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Philohydor lictor Lesser Kiskadee P,V B A,D Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Machetornis rixosa Cattle Tyrant A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,P,S,W,Wk Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,W,Wk Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird A,P,R,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher P,V B A,D,S,Wk Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B S,W,Wk,ZUEC Conopias trivirgatus Three-striped Flycatcher R FNJV,W Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant A,P,V B A,W,Wk Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,FNJV,IAL,L,S,W,Wk Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher P,Sk,V B A,IAL,S,W,Wk Fluvicola nengeta Masked Water-Tyrant A,P,V B A,D,S,Wk Arundinicola leucocephala White-headed Marsh-Tyrant P,V B A,S,Wk Cnemotriccus fuscatus Fuscous Flycatcher A,P,Sk D,P,W,Wk Lathrotriccus euleri Euler’s Flycatcher A,P,R,Sk B1234 A,D,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Contopus cinereus Tropical Peewee A,P,R,Sk,V D,FNJV,MZUSP,W,Wk Hymenops perspicillatus Spectacled Tyrant P Wk Satrapa icterophrys Yellow-browed Tyrant P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Vireonidae (2) Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike A,P,V 234 A,D,W,Wk Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo A,P,V 12 A,D,S,W,Wk Corvidae (2) Cyanocorax caeruleus Azure Jay P,R Wk,XC E Cyanocorax cristatellus Curl-crested Jay P Wk Hirundinidae (5) Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Blue-and-white Swallow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Atticora tibialis White-thighed Swallow Sk MZUSP,W Southern Rough-winged Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Swallow A,P,R,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Progne chalybea Grey-breasted Martin A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow P Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Troglodytidae (2) Troglodytes musculus Southern House-Wren A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Cantorchilus longirostris Long-billed Wren A,P,R,Sk,V B1 A,FNJV,IAL,L,MZUSP,P,S,XC,W,Wk Donacobiidae (1) Donacobius atricapilla Black-capped Donacobius A,P,V B A Polioptilidae (1) Ramphocaenus melanurus Long-billed Gnatwren A,Sk D,W Turdidae (6) Turdus flavipes Yellow-legged Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B24 A,D,MZUSP,S,W,Wk Turdus leucomelas Pale-breasted Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,Wk Turdus rufiventris Rufous-bellied Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B14 A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,W,Wk Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Turdus subalaris Eastern Slaty Thrush A D Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,IAL,L,W,Wk Mimidae (1) Mimus saturninus Chalk-browed Mockingbird P,V B A,D,S,Wk Motacillidae (1) Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit A,P,R,V B A,S,Wk Passerellidae (1) Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-collared Sparrow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,P,S,W,Wk Parulidae (5) Setophaga pitiayumi Tropical Parula A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler Sk W Geothlypis aequinoctialis Masked Yellowthroat A,P,R,V B A,D,FNJV,P,S,W,Wk Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler A,R,V 12 A,D,W,Wk* Myiothlypis rivularis Neotropical River Warbler A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,MZUSP,XC,W,Wk,ZUEC E Icteridae (7) Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique A,P,R,Sk,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird P,V D,Wk Agelasticus cyanopus Unicolored Blackbird P,V B A,W NT Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird P Wk Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird P,Sk W,Wk Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Sturnella superciliaris White-browed Blackbird P S,W Mitrospingidae (1) Orthogonys chloricterus Olive-green Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 34 A,MZUSP,W,Wk E Thraupidae (30) Coereba flaveola Bananaquit A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,L,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Saltator fuliginosus Thick-billed Saltator A,P,R,V B1234 A,D,W,Wk E Thlypopsis sordida Orange-headed Tanager P,Sk,V D,S,W,Wk Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Chestnut-headed Tanager Sk W AE Tachyphonus coronatus Ruby-crowned Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 124 A,D,FNJV,L,P,S,W,Wk E Ramphocelus bresilius Brazilian Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk E Lanio cristatus Flame-crested Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,L,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk Lanio cucullatus Red-crested Finch P Wk Lanio melanops Black-goggled Tanager A,P,Sk,V 2 A,D,W,Wk Tangara seledon Green-headed Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B1 A,D,FNJV,MZUSP,P,S,W,Wk,ZUEC E Tangara cyanocephala Red-necked Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk E Tangara sayaca Sayaca Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Tangara cyanoptera Azure-shouldered Tanager P,Sk,V D,MZUSP,W,Wk E Tangara palmarum Palm Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B A,MZUSP,S,W,Wk Tangara ornata Golden-chevroned Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V 1234 A,D,P,S,W,Wk E Tangara peruviana Black-backed Tanager P Wk E Tangara cayana Burnished-buff Tanager P,V B D,Wk Pipraeidea melanonota Fawn-breasted Tanager P,V D,S,W Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager P,V D,S,Wk Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis A,P,Sk,V B A,D,P,S,W,Wk Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper P,Sk MZUSP,P,W,Wk Hemithraupis ruficapilla Rufous-headed Tanager A,P,Sk,V 1234 A,D,W,Wk E Conirostrum bicolor Bicolored Conebill P P,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch A,P D,S,Wk Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit A,P,Sk,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Sporophila falcirostris Temminck’s Seedeater P Wk E Sporophila lineola Lined Seedeater P S,Wk Sporophila caerulescens Double-collared Seedeater A,P,V B A,D,S,W,Wk Sporophila angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch P,V B A,Wk VU Tiaris fuliginosus Sooty Grassquit Sk W Cardinalidae (3) Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,MZUSP,P,W,Wk,ZUEC Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Glaucous-blue Grosbeak P,Sk,V B W,ZUEC Cyanoloxia brissonii Ultramarine Grosbeak P Wk Fringillidae (5) Sporagra magellanica Hooded Siskin A,Sk D,W Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia A,P D,S Euphonia violacea Violaceous Euphonia A,P,R,Sk,V B12 A,D,L,S,W,Wk,ZUEC Euphonia pectoralis Chestnut-bellied Euphonia A,P,R,Sk,V B1234 A,D,FNJV,MZSUP,P,S,XC,W,Wk E Chlorophonia cyanea Blue-naped Chlorophonia Sk W Estrildidae (1) Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill A,P,V B A,P,S,W,Wk Passeridae (1) Passer domesticus House Sparrow A,P,Sk,V B A,D,IAL,S,W,Wk Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 APPENDIX II List of 90 undocumented bird species recorded within the municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Abbreviations are according to Appendix I. BBS = Boraceia Biological Station, municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo, Brazil. FO = Fabio Olmos’ personal records. Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Crypturellus tataupa Tataupa Tinamou A B A,D Odontophorus capueira Spot-winged Wood-Quail A,V 1 A,D,P,W E Sula leucogaster Brown Booby V B FO Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis V B FO EN Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite V D Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite V D Pseudastur polionotus Mantled Hawk V 2 A NT VU E x Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle V ? FO Spizaetus melanoleucus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle V B A CR Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs ? W Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern ? W Patagioenas plumbea Plumbeous Pigeon A 123 A,D Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo V B A Megascops atricapilla Black-capped Screech-Owl A B A,W E Strix hylophila Rusty-barred Owl A 1 A NT E Strix virgata Mottled Owl A B A Glaucidium minutissimum Least Pygmy-Owl A B A E Nyctiphrynus ocellatus Ocellated Poorwill A D Antrostomus rufus Rufous Nightjar A D Hydropsalis torquata Scissor-tailed Nightjar V D Panyptila cayennensis Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift V B A DD Glaucis hirsutus Rufous-breasted Hermit V D Phaethornis pretrei Planalto Hermit V D Phaethornis eurynome Scale-throated Hermit V D E x Stephanoxis lalandi Plovercrest V D E x Hylocharis chrysura Gilded Hummingbird V D Polytmus guainumbi White-tailed Goldenthroat V J Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Heliothryx auritus Black-eared Fairy V B A NT Nystalus chacuru White-eared Puffbird A,V D Pteroglossus bailloni Saffron Toucanet V J VU Melanerpes candidus White Woodpecker A,V D Colaptes melanochloros Green-barred Woodpecker A B A Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon A,V B A,D,W Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot A,V B A CR Thamnophilus doliatus Barred Antshrike A,V D Thamnophilus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Antshrike V D x Thamnophilus pelzelni Planalto Slaty Antshrike A,V D Batara cinerea Giant Antshrike A,V D x Mackenziaena leachii Large-tailed Antshrike A,V D E x Mackenziaena severa Tufted Antshrike A D E x Drymophila ferruginea Ferrugineous Antbird A,V D E Drymophila genei Rufous-tailed Antbird V D NT E x Drymophila ochropyga Ochre-rumped Antbird A D NT NT E x Drymophila malura Dusky-tailed Antbird A,V A,D E x Grallaria varia Variegated Antpitta A 1234 A,D Hylopezus nattereri Speckled-breasted Antpitta A,V D E x Chamaeza campanisona Short-tailed Antthrush A D x Chamaeza meruloides Cryptic Antthrush A D E x Sittasomus griseicapillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper A,V B A,D,W Lepidocolaptes squamatus Scaled Woodcreeper A,V D E x Furnarius figulus Wing-banded Hornero P,V D,Wk Lochmias nematura Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper A,V B A,D,P Anabazenops fuscus White-collared Foliage-gleaner A,V D E x Heliobletus contaminatus Sharp-billed Treehunter V D,W E x Syndactyla rufosuperciliata Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner V D Synallaxis albescens Pale-breasted Spinetail V D NT Cranioleuca pallida Pallid Spinetail V D,W E x Neopelma chrysolophum Serra Tyrant-manakin A,V D E x Continued bird surveys in southeastern coastal Brazilian Atlantic forests and the importance of conserving elevational gradients Vagner Cavarzere, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Giulyana Althmann Benedicto, Luciano Moreira-Lima and Luís Fábio Silveira Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(4), 2014 Taxa English name Evidence Elevation Source GL BR SP Endemism BBS Ilicura militaris Pin-tailed Manakin V D Pachyramphus viridis Green-backed Becard A D Pachyramphus castaneus Chestnut-crowned Becard V D,W Corythopis delalandi Southern Antpipit A D Phylloscartes ventralis Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet V D x Phylloscartes paulista Sao Paulo Tyrannulet ? W NT VU E Phylloscartes oustaleti Oustalet’s Tyrannulet A,V 23 A NT E Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Ochre-faced Tody-flycatcher V D x Hemitriccus orbitatus Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant A 124 A,D,P,W NT E Hemitriccus nidipendulus Hangnest Tody-Tyrant V D E Tyranniscus burmeisteri Rough-legged Tyrannulet V D x Elaenia obscura Highland Elaenia V D Phaeomyias murina Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet V D Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher V D Sirystes sibilator Sirystes A D Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher A,P,V B A,D,Wk Conopias trivirgatus Three-striped Flycatcher ? W Knipolegus nigerrimus Velvety Black-Tyrant V D x Muscipipra vetula Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant A,V D E x Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike A,P,V 234 A,D,W,Wk Hylophilus poicilotis Rufous-crowned Greenlet A B A,D E x Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin V B A Tachycineta leucorrhoa White-rumped Swallow A,V B A,W Myiothlypis leucoblephara White-browed Warbler A,V D x Cacicus chrysopterus Golden-winged Cacique V D x Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird P,V D,Wk NT Saltator similis Green-winged Saltator A 2 A,D,W x Orchesticus abeillei Brown Tanager V D NT NT E x Tangara desmaresti Brassy-breasted Tanager V D E x Tangara cayana Burnished-buff Tanager P,V B A,D,Wk Stephanophorus diadematus Diademed Tanager V D x Emberizoides herbicola Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch V B A

Journal

Ornithology ResearchSpringer Journals

Published: Dec 1, 2014

Keywords: Bird species richness; Bertioga; restingas; species lists; survey methods

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