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444 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 10.1007/s12182-012-0228-3 Characteristics of strike-slip inversion structures of the Karatau fault and their petroleum geological XUJD\%DVLQ.D]DNKVWDQ7VLJQL¿FDQFHVLQWKH6RXWK 1, 2 2 2 2 2 Yin Wei , Fan Zifei , Zheng Junzhang , Yin Jiquan , Zhang Mingjun , 2 2 2 2 Sheng Xiaofeng , Guo Jianjun , Li Qiyan and Lin yaping China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract: The Karatau fault is one of the important strike-slip faults in central Asia, and the South Turgay Basin is located towards its northern end. Detailed seismic interpretation indicated that the strike- slip tectonism of the Karatau fault weakened gradually from west to east in the South Turgay Basin. \SLFDO7ÀRZHUVWUXFWXUHVGHYHORSHGRQWKHVHFWLRQDQGVWULNHVOLSIDXOWVVKRZHGDQHFKHORQSDWWHUQRQ planar view. The Karatau strike-slip fault affected the South Turgay Basin in two periods: (1) The South Turgay strike-slip pull-apart rift basin formed as a result of regional extensive stress in the Early-Middle Jurassic, characterized by the juxtaposition of horsts and grabens. The formation of horsts provided favorable reservoir spaces for later hydrocarbon accumulation, and different filling stages of grabens controlled different reservoir-forming factors in grabens. (2) Two stages of tectonic inversion occurred in WKH/DWH-XUDVVLFDQG/DWH&UHWDFHRXVDQGSOD\HGDFUXFLDOUROHLQWKH¿QDOVKDSHRIWKHVWUXFWXUHLQWKH South Turgay Basin. The oil and gas migrated to form reservoirs and mainly concentrated in the horsts, graben slopes and in both sides of the strike-slip fault zone. In the case of the degree of accumulation of petroleum, the factor explaining why horsts are better than grabens is the strike-slip pull-apart of the South Turgay Basin, and the structure inversion of the South Turgay Basin explains why the west graben is better than the east one. Overall, the Karatau strike-slip fault played a very important role in the formation of the South Turgay Basin and its hydrocarbon accumulations. Key words: South Turgay Basin, Karatau fault, tectonic style, strike-slip inversion, petroleum geological VLJQL¿FDQFH how the Karatau strike-slip fault affected the formation and 1 Introduction evolution of the South Turgay Basin and its hydrocarbon Strike-slip tectonics can form complex structural systems, accumulation. In this study, on the basis of thorough to which more and more traps found in petroleum exploration investigation and detailed seismic data interpretation, the are related. These include the San Andres fault belt (Fuis et tectonic styles and distribution features of strike-slip faults al, 2001; Shaw and Shearer, 1999; Dolan et al, 2003; Oskin were identified. Meanwhile, we quantitatively analyzed et al, 2000), the New Zealand Alpine fault belt (King, 2000; the extension rate and inversion strength. All of the work Barnes et al, 2005), Chinese Altun (Zhang et al, 2006; Zheng has revealed the controlling effects of strike-slip faults on et al, 2003) and the Tanlu fault belts (Deng et al, 2008). The hydrocarbon accumulation. South Turgay Basin is one of the important petroliferous basins in central Asia. The Karatau fault, a strike-slip active 2 Regional geological conditions fault, which passes across central Asia, plays a very important The South Turgay Basin is located in central Kazakhstan, role in the formation of the South Turgay Basin and its trending northwest-southeast and has an area of about hydrocarbon accumulation. The formation of the Karatau 4 2 8×10 km . It is one of the important petroliferous basins fault has been analyzed (He et al, 1995; Luo et al, 2004; Zhou in Kazakhstan. To the north of the South Turgay Basin et al, 2005; Allen et al, 2001; Alexeiev et al, 2009) from the is the North Turgay Basin, to the west is the Ural Suture regional geology, however, few studies have been done on Belt, and to the east is the Ulutau Uplift. The South Turgay Basin is separated by a narrow uplift from the Chu-Sarysu *Corresponding author. email: yinwei600@petrochina.com.cn Basin to the southeast. Three secondary tectonic units can Received November 13, 2011 be distinguished, and the sedimentary center as well as the Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 445 discovered petroleum resources are mainly located in the (Buslov, 2011; Moseley and Tsimmer, 2000). The South southern sag. The South Turgay Basin mentioned below is Turgay Basin is located on the northmost part of the Karatau referred to as the southern sag (backslash area). The Karatau strike-slip fault, characterized by the juxtaposition of horsts fault is one of the important strike-slip faults in central Asia, and grabens, in sequence of the Aryskum Graben, Aksay joined by the large fault belt of the Ural orogenic belt to the Horst, Akshabulak Graben, Ashisay Horst, Sarylan Graben, northwest, through the northeast Fergana Basin, then entering Tabakbulak Horst, and Bozingen Graben from west to east the Kashi Depression in the west Tarim Basin to the southeast (Figs. 1 and 2). 446 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 Jurassic and Cretaceous strata are the main target layers 3.1 Regional distribution characteristics of the in the South Turgay Basin, and the major source rock is a Karatau strike-slip fault large set of thick mudstones deposited in the Middle-Lower The Karatau strike-slip fault can be divided into two Jurassic deep lake–semi-deep lake facies. The Upper Jurassic groups on planar view. One group is distributed in the shape and Cretaceous sandstone and siltstone deposited in delta of broom, striking northwest-southeast, with dextral strike- DQGÀXYLDOIDFLHVDUHWKHPDMRUUHVHUYRLUVZKHUHPRVWRIWKH slip. This large scale group of faults controls the major petroleum discovered so far is distributed. The thick Lower tectonic and sedimentary framework. The other is a group of Cretaceous mudstone in K nc Formation is the regional 1 1 northeast-southwest sinistral strike-slip faults, which controls cap rock. As shown in Fig. 3, several sets of reservoir-seal some small scale slopes or tectonic zones (Fig. 2). Therefore, assemblage are developed in vertical section in the South the Karatau strike-slip fault is a fault system consisting of two Turgay Basin, so the basin has large exploration potential. groups of faults with different scales. There are significant differences in the strike-slip tectonism of different grabens in the South Turgay Basin. From the profile AA', BB' and CC' in Fig. 4, we can see that strike-slip tectonism occurred intensely in the Aryskum Graben, causing obvious and typical strike-slip tectonic movement. Steep fault planes were developed in the main faults, which can extend into the basement, and also reach WKHVXUIDFH$VZHOOÀRZHUVWUXFWXUHVGHYHORSHGLQVKDOORZ layers. The fault scale became smaller in the Akshabulak Graben, and most of the faults ended in the Upper Jurassic. The Sharalan and Bozengen grabens showed their strike- slip feature only in the western edge controlled faults, and then trended into normal faults in the east. From these characteristics, we can conclude that the Karatau strike- slip tectonism weakened gradually from west to east (Fig. 4). Therefore we will mainly discuss the profile and plane distribution characteristics of the Karatau strike-slip fault in the Aryskum Graben. R¿OH3UFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH.DUDWDXVWULNHVOLS fault Typical flower structures were well developed in the Karatau strike-slip fault. During the process of their formation, the flower structures always underwent compression and torsion in different degrees and further formed strike-slip inversion structures. The inversion structure of South Turgay is not a simple one, and at the same time, it has strike-slip features. Therefore, the inversion characteristics (positive or negative) are not obvious after large scale horizontal displacement of stratum. According to the compression and torsion strength and the inversion GHJUHHRIVWUDWDWKHSUR¿OHVKDSHVRI$U\VNXPWKH*UDEHQLQ the South Turgay Basin can be qualitatively divided into four types: concave upper and lower, convex upper and concave lower, convex upper and lower, and convex left or convex right (Fig. 5). Fig. 3 Comprehensive stratigraphic column of the South Turgay Basin The concave upper and lower type (B in Fig. 5) has a slight strike-slip compression, with slight inversion of the 3 Tectonic styles of the Karatau strike-slip strata, which can be seen in some south areas of the Aryskum Graben (DD’). The convex upper and concave lower type (C fault in Fig. 5) has experienced moderate compression, where the The strike-slip fault, generated under a particular stress degree of inversion is large in the upper strata, but small in background, characterized by both sides of the fault blocks the lower strata. This type is commonly distributed in most moving along the strike with a sliding displacement, always northern areas of Aryskum Graben (EE’). Strong strike-slip has a series of special geometric characteristics (Xia et al, compression occurred in the convex upper and lower type 2007). These geometric characteristics are important signs (D in Fig. 5), where the dips of upper and lower strata all used to identify whether a strike-slip fault exists or not. changed. This case can be mainly seen in stress centralized Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 447 448 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 2750 2850 2950 3050 3150 3250 3350 3450 3550 0 0 0 0 500 500 500 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1500 1500 1500 1500 2000 2000 2000 2000 2500 2500 3000 3000 2500 2500 Concave upper and lower (DD') Convex upper and concave lower (EE') 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 0 0 500 500 1000 1000 1500 1500 1500 1500 2000 2000 2500 2500 3000 3000 Convex upper and lower (FF') Concave left and convex right (GG') Fig. 6 JD\%DVLQXU7$U\VNXP*UDEHQRIWKH6RXWK3UR¿OHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVWULNHVOLSIDXOWVLQWKH 3.3 Plane distribution characteristics of the Karatau strike-slip fault 96 10 An echelon pattern on planar view is a typical feature of strike-slip faults. The Akshabulak Graben developed a total of four large-scale adjusting faults in an echelon pattern, which controlled the secondary tectonic units within the -16 -32 graben (Fig. 3). In middle Aryskum Graben, on both sides of -48 -80 the strike-slip fault, a series of smaller echelon pattern faults -96 -112 developed, which controlled the local structural traps. These -128 trap-level adjusting faults strike mainly NNE and locally NNW, and intersect with the primary fault striking northwest- southeast. These echelon pattern faults are 0.7-3.8 km long, and the vertical distance is 0.2-2 km. In the north of the three- dimensional region, the fault tectonic units are distributed in a diamond shape in the plane, and these diamond-shaped tectonic units are another typical feature of strike-slip faults on planar view (Fig. 7). The echelon pattern faults are REYLRXVLQWKHSUR¿OHEXWKDYHOLWWOHIDXOWGLVSODFHPHQW)LJ 8). H' 4 Formation of the South Turgay Basin under the control of the Karatau strike-slip Fig. 7 Planar distribution of echelon pattern faults in a three-dimensional region in the Aryskum Graben (coherent horizon slice along J ak Formation fault 20 ms upper and lower) The Karatau strike-slip fault belt began to develop in the in the Karatau strike-slip fault belt (Burtman, 1980). The Early Proterozoic, when it was sinistral, with little slip. At Karatau strike-slip faults affected the South Turgay Basin in the end of the Late Paleozoic, with the South Tianshan Ocean two periods: Early-Middle Jurassic and Late Jurassic–Late closed, large-scale dextral strike-slip movement occurred Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 449 L300 L350 L400 L450 L500 L550 L600 L650 L700 L750 L800 L850 L900 L950 L1000 L1100 of different degrees. The Karatau strike-slip fault was of tension-torsional type at that time. A series of strike-slip pull- apart basins including the South Turgay Basin formed along 500 500 the Karatau strike-slip fault (Luo et al, 2004; Zhou et al, 2005). Based on the analysis of the tectonic characteristics of 1000 1000 WKHUHJLRQDOSUR¿OHVRI$$ƍ%%ƍDQG&&ƍWKHH[WHQVLRQUDWH and the extension coefficient of the basin were calculated. As shown in Fig. 9 to Fig. 11, the extension rate in the Early 1500 1500 Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, and Late Jurassic can reach 0.068, 0.048, and 0.017, respectively. Meanwhile, the extension Fig. 8 Seismic survey line Trace 1430 (HH’) in a three-dimensional coefficient in the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, and Late region in South Turgay Basin Jurassic reaches 1.07, 1.05, and 1.01, respectively. Therefore, Cretaceous. During the former period, strike-slip pull-apart the extension of the South Turgay Basin was the strongest rift basins formed, whereas during the latter period tectonic in the Early Jurassic, the next is Middle Jurassic, and the LQYHUVLRQRFFXUUHGDQGWKH¿QDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHWUDSVZDV weakest is the Late Jurassic. That was to say the extension set. gradually weakened from the Early Jurassic to Late Jurassic. 2QSODQDU$$ƍSUR¿OHYLHZDQG&&ƍORFDWHGRQWKHVRXWKHUQ 4.1 Formation of the strike-slip pull-apart rift basins and northern sides respectively, both have large extension under the control of the Karatau strike-slip fault in UDWHDQGH[WHQVLRQFRHI¿FLHQWZKHUHDVWKHYDOXHVDUHPXFK the Early-Middle Jurassic VPDOOHULQSURILOH%%ƍLQWKHFHQWUDOEDVLQ7KHUHIRUHWKH In the Early-Middle Jurassic, with the close of the South extension of the basin was strong in the north and south, but Tianshan Ocean, the north areas were in an extensional state weak in the middle of the basin (Figs. 9 to 11). J ak J ak 3 3 Extension Extension rate coefficient J km J km J kr J kr 2 J ds J ds J2ds 2 J J1 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.08 Fig. 9 ¶$$([WHQVLRQUDWHDQGH[WHQVLRQFRHI¿FLHQWRISUR¿OH J ak 3 J ak Extension Extension rate coefficient J km J km J kr 2 J kr J ds J ds 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.08 Fig. 10([WHQVLRQUDWHDQGH[WHQVLRQFRHI¿FLHQWRISUR¿OH%%¶ J ak J ak Extension Extension rate coefficient J km 3 J km J kr 2 J kr J ds J2ds J ds J1 J J 1 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 Fig. 11([WHQVLRQUDWHDQGH[WHQVLRQFRHI¿FLHQWRISUR¿OH&&¶ 450 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 451 Inversion fault types: 1 Concave upper and lower 2 Convex upper and concave lower 3 Convex upper and lower 4 Convex left or convex right 0.55 0.62 0.58 0.38 0.56 0.59 010 20 km 0.18 0.70 0.58 0.69 0.5 0.71 0.7 0.5 Legend Fault-type inversion Fold-type inversion 0.7 0.73 0.54 R >0.7 1 0.6<R <0.7 0.7 3 R <0.6 R i i Fault Strike-slip fault Oil field Gas field Fig. 14 Types, strength and petroleum accumulation of inversion tectonics in the South Turgay Basin In the Cretaceous depression epoch, sediments covered the were determined in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. From ZKROHDUHDPDLQO\FRPSRVHGRIÀXYLDOGHOWDDQGÀRRGSODLQ the above analysis, we find that different reservoir-forming deposits. The distribution of reservoirs and regional caps factors were controlled in different stages (Fig. 15). Delta Fan delta Incised valley Floodplain Deep lake–semi-deep lake Alluvial fan Shore-shallow lake Sand bank Coal Fan delta J ak J km J kr J ds J ab J sb J bz Fig. 15 Model graph of tectonic-sedimentary framework of the Aryskum Graben in the South Turgay Basin margin. 5.2 Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion amount and the accumulation patterns changed by tectonic (2) Under the influence of uplift, strata were lifted, inversion temperature and pressure were decreased, so convex upper and concave lower type inhibited the hydrocarbon generation (1) Concave upper and lower type tectonic inversion had amount of upper source rocks, while the lower source OLWWOHLQÀXHQFHRQWKHK\GURFDUERQJHQHUDWLRQDQGH[SXOVLRQ rocks were basically not influenced. The upper generated amount, and the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns. The hydrocarbon mainly migrated to strike-slip faults along generated hydrocarbon mainly migrated from the central basin to the edge along lateral migration pathways, and lateral migration pathways, and then migrated upward accumulated in lithologic-stratigraphic traps at the basin until it accumulated in shallow traps. However, the lower 452 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 Pet.Sci.(2012)9:444-454 453 W Aryskum Graben Aksay Horst Akshabulak Graben T 0 K ap K nc 1 2 K ap K nc 1 1 J ak K nc 1 2 K nc 1 1 J km J ak J kr J km J ds Pz J ab J kr J ds Legend J ab Migration Fault Oil Sandstone Trap Gas Diagram of petroleum migration in the South Turgay Basin Fig. 17 6 Conclusions References Ale xeiev D V, Cook H E, Buvtyshkin V M, et al. 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Petroleum Science – Springer Journals
Published: Nov 21, 2012
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