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Calculating single layer production contribution of heavy oil commingled wells by analysis of aromatic parameters in whole-oil GC-MS

Calculating single layer production contribution of heavy oil commingled wells by analysis of... Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 89 DOI 10.1007/s12182-014-0320-y Calculating single layer production contribution of heavy oil commingled wells by analysis of aromatic parameters in whole-oil GC-MS 1, 2 2 3 3 3 Xu Yaohui , Ma Li , Li Linxiang , Cui Wenfu , Cheng Xiaowei and Wang Xiaoping Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Hubei 434023, China 6,123(&6KDQGRQJ&KLQD*XGRQJ2LO3URGXFWLRQ3ODQWRI6KHQJOL2LO¿HOG6XEVLGLDU\&RPSDQ\ © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract: Traditional fluid production profile logging is not usually suitable for heavy-viscous crude oil wells. Biodegradation of heavy oil can lead to the loss of n-alkanes, and the use of chromatogram ¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQLTXHVLQVWXG\LQJWKHSURGXFWLRQFRQWULEXWLRQVRIVLQJOHOD\HUVLQKHDY\RLOFRPPLQJOHG wells has limitations. However, aromatic compounds are relatively well preserved. We took the heavy oil FRPPLQJOHGZHOOVRIVPDOOOD\HUV1*DQG1*LQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDVH[DPSOHV Based on the principle of chromatography, the whole-oil GC-MS was used, and the aromatic parameters ZKLFKKDYHDVWURQJO\OLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHUDWLRRIPL[HGWZRHQGPHPEHURLOVZHUHYHUL¿HGDQG selected in laboratory. Studies showed that the ratio of (1, 4, 6- + 2, 3, 6-trimethylnaphthalene) to 1, 2, 5-trimethylnaphthalene has a strongly linear relationship with the ratio of the mixed two end member oils (R =0.992). The oil contributions from single layers NG55 and NG61 in six commingled heavy oil wells were calculated using established charts and this relationship. The calculated results are consistent with the results of long period dynamic monitoring and logging interpretation in the study area and can provide DVFLHQWL¿FEDVLVIRUPRQLWRULQJSURGXFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHDQGUDUFKLFDOKLHPDQDJHPHQWRIUHVHUYRLUV7KH study provides a new geochemical method for calculation of the contributions of single layers in heavy oil FRPPLQJOHGZHOOVZKHQFRQYHQWLRQDOÀXLGSURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJLVQRWVXLWDEOH Key words: Whole-oil GC-MS, aromatic parameters, commingled producing wells, single layer SURGXFWLRQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG 1 Introduction reservoirs (Kaufman et al, 1987; 1990; Hwang et al, 2000). In the development and production of many oil fields, This method successfully incorporates chromatographic multiple wells are combined to optimize production and techniques in active oil fields (Peters and Fowler, 2002; reduce cost. Therefore, the produced oils can be from different Jarvie et al, 2001; Karlsen and Larter, 1989; McCaffrey et al, oil reservoirs. To design and adjust development projects and 1996; England, 2007; Nicolle et al, 1997). High-pour-point to optimize reservoir management, it is important to know heavy oil becomes stringy very abruptly and can gradually the contributions of each single layer to total oil production, lose fluidity as temperature drops, which typically occurs to dynamically monitor changes in oil production over DIWHUWKHRLOHQWHUVWKHZHOOERUH DQGÀRZV7KHQWRWKHVXUIDFH time, to monitor oil well production performance, to adopt the wellbores can be blocked by the heavy oil. This hinders a hierarchical reservoir management strategy, and to detect the instruments and cables which then cannot be moved into casing leakage and edge water incursion. For normal crude WKHZHOOERUH =KXDQG;X 3URGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJ RLOZHOOVWKHOD\HUHGSHUIRUPDQFHRIRLO¿HOGVFDQEHWHVWHG WHFKQRORJ\LVGLI¿FXOWWRXVH%HFDXVHELRGHJUDGHGKHDY\RLO and studied using production profile logging technology. loses its n-alkanes, qualitative and quantitative analysis of its Researchers from the U.S. Chevron Oil Company determined chromatography is difficult. Therefore, the use of standard the fluid profiles using total hydrocarbon chromatographic chromatographic fingerprint techniques in the study of the contributions of single layers to the total productivity of *Corresponding author. email: yaohuixu@126.com heavy oil commingled wells has limitations (Lin et al, 2005; Received November 15, 2012 Xu and Chen, 2009; Zou et al, 2000). ¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQLTXHVWRREWDLQWKHFRQWULEXWLRQUDWLRRIVLQJOH 1 4 1 4 1 4 0 1 4 1 0 4 1 4 1 4 0 2 1 3 6 6 1 4 1 2 1 4 0 8 1 3 9 4 0 8 1 3 9 4 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 3 9 6 1 4 0 1 3 8 8 1 3 9 2 1 3 9 0 1 3 8 6 Area Three 3 8 2 1 3 7 8 90 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 Usually, aromatic compounds are well preserved inset in Fig. 1). The main oil-bearing series is the Neozoic during the biodegradation of viscous crude oil. We took the 8SSHU*XDQWDR)RUPDWLRQRIÀXYLDOGHSRVLWLRQ)URPWRSWR bottom, the Upper Guantao Formation has been divided into commingled heavy oil wells of two single layers in the ninth 1+2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 sand groups respectively. At present, small DUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDVH[DPSOHV7KHRLOVIURPWKH layers NG55 and NG61 are the main oil-bearing series (NG61 two single-layers were mixed with different proportions and VWDQGIRUWKH¿UVWVPDOOVDQGOD\HURIWKHVL[WKVHJPHQWLQWKH measured in the laboratory, and then analyzed using whole- Neozoic Guantao Formation, and NG55 is in the same way). oil chromatography-mass spectrometry (whole-oil GC-MS). 7KH\DUHPXGVLOW¿QHVDQGVWRQHVRISRVLWLYHUK\WKPÀXYLDO The geochemical method of calculating the single-layer deposition. The reservoir rock is loosely cemented, with low- productivity contribution in heavy oil commingled production to-moderate permeability and the depth of reservoir is about wells was developed in this way. 1,320-1,400 m. When the temperature is 50 °C, the viscosity of oil in the ground is about 1,153-4,660 MPa·s. It is a thin 2 Geological background layer common heavy oil reservoir (Cheng et al, 2003). The The Gudong oil field is located on the northern bank of top-bottom surface microstructure of the sand body shows a faulted nose structure and dips down from north to south the Yellow River estuary. The heavy oil block of the ninth (Fig. 1). area is located in the south of the Gudong oil field (see the Production areas of Area Area N Gudong 0 200m 400m R1-23 Oil Field Six Two R1-21 Area Seven Area R2-17 Area Four Eight GD29-1 Area GDR2-X18 Nine R3-13 R3-9 R3-1 R3-17 9-3N2 R4-7 GDR4-211 R4-1 9-34 9-16 R4-2 9-21 GDR5-207 R5-12 9-14 9-33 GD9-3 GDR21 9-18 9-102 9-16 9-8-902 903-9 9-19 905-12 9-6 GD9-13 GD905-3 GD9-30 GD905-7 GD9-24 GD905-10 GD9-36 GD9-11-905 GD9-9 9-7-906 GD905-2 GD905-1 GD281-5 KD52-02 GD9055 - Legend 9-9-908 GD281-3 Oil well of Depth samples contours GD281-4 GD905-14 Position Pinch out Fault of study area line line Microstructure and well locations of the 6 JURXSWRSRIWKHXSSHU*XDQWDR)RUPDWLRQLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG Fig. 1 LRQL]DWLRQPHWKRGDQGHOHFWURQÀRZDWH9 3 Samples and experimental method The crude oil samples were obtained from wellheads in An Agilent P6890 GC 5973MSD chromatography–mass VSHFWURPHWU\V\VWHP+306 PîPPîȝP The crude oils from GOGDR5-207 and GOGDR4-211 wells FRQVWDQWFXUUHQWPRGHDQGFDUULHUJDVÀRZUDWHRIP/PLQ were NG61 and NG55 single-layer crude oil, respectively. were used at a helium temperature of 50 °C. The temperature Samples from other wells were multi-layer mixed crude oil was held constant for 1 min and then it was increased to 100 that was produced from both layers NG61 and NG55. The °C at the rate of 15 °C/min and then to 300 °C at the rate of 4 WRWDOLRQÀRZGLDJUDPRIFUXGHRLOVKRZVDQREYLRXVEXOJH °C/min. This temperature was held constant for 18 min. Then and the loss of normal alkanes is serious. It shows that the oil a scan/selection ion analysis was performed using the EI has undergone considerable biodegradation (Fig. 2). 1 3 7 0 1 3 6 6 1 3 7 4 1 0 1 3 9 6 1 4 0 0 1 4 0 4 1 3 8 8 3 2 1 9 1 3 8 6 WKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDWWKHVDPHWLPH )LJ Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 91 Crude oil commingled from NG55 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3-1 well and NG61 layers in GOGDR4-7 well Crude oil from NG61 layer Crude oil from NG55 layer in GOGDR5-207 well in GOGDR4-211 well Time Time Fig. 2 \SLFDOFUXGHRLOWRWDOLRQÀRZGLDJUDP7 The oil from the monolayers NG55 and NG61 from the oil end-members. Five mixed oil samples were prepared. They GOGDR5-207 and GOGDR4-211 wells served as the crude were weighed and mixed in different proportions (Table 1). Table 1 Calculated ratio and weight of crude samples Number Ratio 1 Ratio 2 Ratio 3 Ratio 4 Ratio 5 NG61 (GOGDR5-207 well) 3.7 6.2 8.9 11.4 27.5 Weight, mg NG55 (GOGDR4-211 well) 15.7 12.4 7.7 6.4 5.4 The actual percentage value of NG61, % 19 33 54 64 84 The calculated percentage value of NG61, % 23 29 52 64 80 Absolute error, % -4 4204 compound b in crude oil. 4 Results and discussion According to this equation, the peak area ratio of the two The concentration of a compound in crude oil determines compounds in crude oil is the same as the ratio of the two the height and area of the chromatographic peak (the response concentrations. signal) of the compound, i.e.: If the crude oil samples are mixed crude oil from two single-layers and the peak area ratio of compounds a and b in H ucHu Mm / (1) mixed oil is k , so the following equation can be determined: ss Hc c up cp u () c uc p c aa 1a 1 2a 2 1a 2a 1 2a The peak area ratio of two compounds a and b (or peak (3) Hc c up cu p () c uc p c height ratio of two compounds a and b) is as follows: b b1b 1 2b 2 1b 2b 1 2b (2) H// Hc c In this equation, c , c , c , and c represent the ab a b 1a 2a 1b 2b concentrations of compounds a and b in crude oil from In these two equations, H is the peak area of the the two single-layers, and they are constant. P is the chromatographic peak (or peak height), c is the concentration proportion of crude oil from one single-layer. In this way, of the compound in the crude oil, H is the peak area of the for mixed oils from two different reservoirs commingled standard sample, M is the quality of the crude oil, and m is in the same well, the peak area ratio of two compounds the quality of the standard sample. has a curved relationship with the contribution proportion H and H are the areas of the peaks produced by a b of single layer oil. Fingerprint parameters are the ratio compounds a and b in crude oil, c is the concentration of concentrations (peak height or peak area) of the two of compound a in crude oil, and c is the concentration of compounds. This eliminates the influence of systematic 92 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 error on the result to the greatest degree possible (Chang et methylnaphthalene (TMN) (Fig. 3). The relative abundances al, 2000). Chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis is of 1, 2, 4-TMN and 1, 2, 5-TMN of the crude oil from the XVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKH¿QJHUSULQWSDUDPHWHUV7KHUHODWLRQVKLS NG55 layer of GOGDR5-207 well are higher than those of between the aromatic compounds parameters analyzed by the crude oil from the NG61 layer of GOGDR4-211 well, chromatography-mass spectrometry and the matching ratio in and the relative abundances of 1, 4, 6-TMN and 2, 3, 6-TMN the laboratory has been discussed. of the former are lower than those of the latter. When the The m/z170 chromatogram of the NG61 layer oil from PL[WXUHUDWLR701FKDQJHVUHODWLYHDEXQGDQFHWKHRI¿YHRLO the GOGDR5-207 well and the m/z184 chromatogram of samples changes accordingly between two end-member oils. the NG55 layer oil from the GOGDR4-211 well show an Tetra-methylnaphthalenes (TEMN) also have such features. obvious difference in the distribution of the isomers of tri- For example, the relative abundance of 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN Single layer oil respectively from NG55, Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers NG61 and the mixed oil samples Crude oil from 5 5 Crude oil commingled NG55 layer in from NG55 and NG61 layers GOGDR4-211 well 2 in GOGDR3 -1 well Ratio 1 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3 -13 well Ratio 2 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GO9 -3N2 well Ratio 3 Crude oil commingled 4 from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR2*18 well Ratio 4 4 3 5 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR4 - 7 well Ratio 5 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers Crude oil from 4 in GOGDR4 - 207 well NG61 layer in GOGDR5-207 well Time Time Fig. 3 m/z170 chromatograms of the crude oil from single layers, mixed oil samples, and crude oil from commingled wells. 1: 1, 3, 7-TMN; 2: 1, 3, 6-TMN; 3: 1, 4, 6-TMN; 4: 2, 3, 6-TMN; 5: 1, 2, 5-TMN Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 93 of the oil from the NG55 layer is lower than that of the oil 0.992 (Fig. 5). This means that the relation curve between from the NG61 layer, and the relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, the ratio of peak area of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) to that 7-TEMN, 1, 2, 3, 5-TEMN, and 1, 2, 5, 6-TEMN from the of 1, 2, 5-TMN and the proportion of end oil in mixed oil is NG55 layer are higher than those of the oil from the NG61 approximately a straight line. Kaufman calculated the relative layer. The relative abundance of TEMN in five mixed oil contribution of each single-layer of commingled wells by samples changes between the two end-member oils (Fig. 4). identifying parameters of chromatographic fingerprint that We calculated the total area of the two peaks of 1, 4, have linear relations (Chen et al, 1999; Kaufman et al, 1990; 6-TMN and 2, 3, 6-TMN because the two peaks are not Jin et al, 2003a; 2003b). Many parameters of multi-methyl completely separated (Fig. 3). The correlation diagram of the naphthalene compounds have similarly linear relations with ratio of peak area of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) to that of the mixed ratio in crude oil (Lin et al, 2005). The study 1, 2, 5-TMN and the proportion of end oil in mixed oil shows shows that the correlations between aromatic parameters that they have a very good linear correlation, with R up to such as 1, 3, 7-TMN / 1, 2, 5-TMN and 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN Crude oil from NG55 layer in GOGDR4 -211 well Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers 2 in GOGDR3 -1 well Ratio 1 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3 -13 well Ratio 2 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GO9 -3N2 well Ratio 3 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR2*18 well Ratio 4 Crude oil commingled from 3 NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR4 -7 well Ratio 5 3 Crude oil commingled from Crude oil from NG55 and NG61 layers in NG61 layer in GOGDR4 -207 well GOGDR5 -207 well Time Time Fig. 4 m/z184 chromatogram of the crude oil from single layers, mixed oil samples, and crude oil from commingled wells. 1: 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN; 2: 1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN; 3: 1, 2, 3, 5-TEMN and 1, 2, 5, 6-TEMN 94 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 / 1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN and the mixed ratio in crude oil are not contributions of oil from the small layers of NG55 and NG61 strongly linear and R is 0.763 and 0.852 respectively (Fig. 5). were obtained (Table 2). The GOGDR3-1 and GOGDR3-13 Many other parameters did not have this linear correlations wells are worthy to be paid attention to and the NG55 layer with the mixed ratio in the crude oil, such as 3-methyl- makes almost no contribution to production. Crude oil phenanthrene/2-methyl-phenanthrene. This is consistent with was mainly from the NG61 layer. The results suggest that the results of the previous analysis, i.e., the ratio of the peak development measures should be implemented for these two areas of two compounds and the contribution of single layer wells. oil in mixtures of oil from two layers in commingled wells Conventional production profile logging technology have a curved relationship. cannot be used in heavy oil reservoirs because underground According to the experiments in the laboratory and crude oil has a high density and high viscosity and the oil the above analysis, the parameter of (1, 4, 6-TMN+2, 3, FRPSDQLHVGLGQRWSHUIRUPSURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHWHVWLQJRQWKH 6-TMN)/1, 2, 5-TMN has the most linear correlation with UHVHUYRLUVLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLOH¿HOG:WRRN WKHPL[HGUDWLRLQFUXGHRLODQGLWFDQEHXVHGDVD¿QJHUSULQW the single layer exploitation of NG61 from the GOGDR5-207 parameter to calculate the contribution of oil from each layer well, the single layer exploitation of NG55 from the in a commingled heavy oil reservoir in the ninth area of GOGDR4-211 well, and commingled well exploitation of the Gudong oil field. This method is relatively simple and GOGDR3-1 and GOGDR4-7 as examples (Fig. 6). The to the greatest degree possible eliminates the influence of UHVHUYRLUVRIWKHVHIRXUZHOOVSURYLGHGFRQWUDVWSUR¿OHVDQG calculation using absolute concentrations on the results. production information showed that oil from the GOGDR3-1 Heavy oil samples from layers NG55 and NG61 in well was mostly from the NG61 layer. For the GOGDR4-7 wells GO9-3N2, GOGDR2*18, GOGDR3-1, GOGDR3-13, well, the contribution coming from the NG55 layer increased, GOGDR4-1, GOGDR4-7, and GOGDR4-207 in the ninth but the oil was still primarily from the NG61 layer. The area of the Gudong oil field were analyzed under the same reservoir connectivity, production dynamics and log chromatography-mass spectrometry experimental conditions. interpretation results showed that the calculated contributions The relative abundances of their TMN and TEMN isomers of crude oil from single-layers of NG55 and NG61 in differed between two small layers of NG55 and NG61 (Fig. 3, commingled wells were consistent with the actual production. Fig. 4). The ratios of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 7KHFDOFXODWHGUHVXOWVSURYLGHDVRXQGVFLHQWL¿FEDVLVIRU 5-TMN of oil from every commingled well were determined monitoring well performance and hierarchical management of using the method established above, and the relative the reservoir. 1.0 1.0 y = -1.485x + 1.586 y = 0.968x-0.929 R² = 0.763 R² = 0.992 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 (1, 4, 6-TMN+2, 3, 6-TMN)/1, 2, 5-TMN 1, 3, 7-TMN/1, 2, 5-TMN 1.0 1.0 y = 0.417x-0.542 R² = 0.852 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN/1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN 1, 3, 7-TMN/1, 2, 5-TMN Diagram about the relations between typical aromatic parameters and crude oil proportion from single layers Fig. 5 Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 95 Table 25HODWLYHSURGXFWLYLW\FRQWULEXWLRQVRIRLOIURPWKH1*DQG1*OD\HUVLQFRPPLQJOHGZHOOVLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG Number Well number Horizon (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 5-TMN Contribution of NG55 layer, % Contribution of NG61 layer, % 1 GOGDR5-207 NG61 0.97 0 100 2 GO9-3N2 NG55+61 1.43 54 46 3 GOGDR2*18 NG55+61 1.40 57 43 4 GOGDR3-1 NG55+61 1.96 3 97 5 GOGDR3-13 NG55+61 1.92 6 94 6 GOGDR4-7 NG5561 1.52 46 54 7 GOGDR4-207 NG55+61 1.50 48 52 8 GOGDR4-211 NG55 2.03 100 0 GDR4-211 GDR3-1 55 SP(mV) 85 22 CAL(cm) 27 -38 SP(mV) -20 21 CAL(cm) 26 . . $& ȝV m) 550 Depth(m) 65 GR(API) 105 $& ȝV m)500 Depth(m) 60 GR(API) 140 GDR4-7 45 SP(mV) 80 24 CAL(cm) 28 $& ȝV m)550 Depth(m) 5 GR(API) 12 1370 NG55 1370 1370 NG55 GDR5-207 70 SP(mV) 110 23 CAL(cm) 26 NG55 NG55 $& ȝV m) 500 Depth(m) 60 GR(API)120 NG55 NG55 1380 1380 1380 1380 NG61 NG61 NG61 NG61 1390 1390 1390 1390 NG61 NG61 1400 1400 1400 1400 1410 1410 GDR2-X18 R3-1 R3-13 9-3N2 GDR4-211 GDR4-211 R4 4-7 9-33 GDR5-207 GDR21 905-12 GD9-13 2LOUHVHUYRLU Oil-water layer GD281-4 Fig. 6*2*'5DQG*2*'55HVHUYRLUFRUUHODWLRQSUR¿OHRIZHOOV*2*'5*2*'5 in commingled heavy oil wells when a conventional liquid 5 Conclusions SURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJLQKHDY\RLOUHVHUYRLUVFDQQRWEH Aromatic compounds are preserved relatively intact in LPSOHPHQWHGLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG biodegraded heavy oils. Two end member oils were mixed and analyzed by whole-oil chromatography-mass spectrometry Acknowledgements in the laboratory, and the aromatic parameters which have The authors are grateful to Engineer Guan from the a linear relation with the proportion of end-member oil in Geology Institute of the Gudong Oil Production Plant. This mixed oil were selected, so that the contributions of oil from work was supported by the Gudong Oil Production Plant of single layers in commingled heavy oil wells can be obtained. Shengli Oilfield Subsidiary Company, China Postdoctoral Taking the commingled heavy oil wells in the ninth area of Science Foundation (Project 2013M530681) and Hubei WKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGIRUH[DPSOHWKHUDWLRRI 701 Province Natural Science Foundation (Project 2013CFB394). 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 5-TMN has a strongly linear relationship We also thank anonymous reviewers for their helpful with the mixed ratio of two end member oils, and R =0.992. comments. 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Calculating single layer production contribution of heavy oil commingled wells by analysis of aromatic parameters in whole-oil GC-MS

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Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Subject
Earth Sciences; Mineral Resources; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Industrial and Production Engineering; Energy Economics
ISSN
1672-5107
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1995-8226
DOI
10.1007/s12182-014-0320-y
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Abstract

Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 89 DOI 10.1007/s12182-014-0320-y Calculating single layer production contribution of heavy oil commingled wells by analysis of aromatic parameters in whole-oil GC-MS 1, 2 2 3 3 3 Xu Yaohui , Ma Li , Li Linxiang , Cui Wenfu , Cheng Xiaowei and Wang Xiaoping Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Hubei 434023, China 6,123(&6KDQGRQJ&KLQD*XGRQJ2LO3URGXFWLRQ3ODQWRI6KHQJOL2LO¿HOG6XEVLGLDU\&RPSDQ\ © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract: Traditional fluid production profile logging is not usually suitable for heavy-viscous crude oil wells. Biodegradation of heavy oil can lead to the loss of n-alkanes, and the use of chromatogram ¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQLTXHVLQVWXG\LQJWKHSURGXFWLRQFRQWULEXWLRQVRIVLQJOHOD\HUVLQKHDY\RLOFRPPLQJOHG wells has limitations. However, aromatic compounds are relatively well preserved. We took the heavy oil FRPPLQJOHGZHOOVRIVPDOOOD\HUV1*DQG1*LQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDVH[DPSOHV Based on the principle of chromatography, the whole-oil GC-MS was used, and the aromatic parameters ZKLFKKDYHDVWURQJO\OLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHUDWLRRIPL[HGWZRHQGPHPEHURLOVZHUHYHUL¿HGDQG selected in laboratory. Studies showed that the ratio of (1, 4, 6- + 2, 3, 6-trimethylnaphthalene) to 1, 2, 5-trimethylnaphthalene has a strongly linear relationship with the ratio of the mixed two end member oils (R =0.992). The oil contributions from single layers NG55 and NG61 in six commingled heavy oil wells were calculated using established charts and this relationship. The calculated results are consistent with the results of long period dynamic monitoring and logging interpretation in the study area and can provide DVFLHQWL¿FEDVLVIRUPRQLWRULQJSURGXFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHDQGUDUFKLFDOKLHPDQDJHPHQWRIUHVHUYRLUV7KH study provides a new geochemical method for calculation of the contributions of single layers in heavy oil FRPPLQJOHGZHOOVZKHQFRQYHQWLRQDOÀXLGSURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJLVQRWVXLWDEOH Key words: Whole-oil GC-MS, aromatic parameters, commingled producing wells, single layer SURGXFWLRQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG 1 Introduction reservoirs (Kaufman et al, 1987; 1990; Hwang et al, 2000). In the development and production of many oil fields, This method successfully incorporates chromatographic multiple wells are combined to optimize production and techniques in active oil fields (Peters and Fowler, 2002; reduce cost. Therefore, the produced oils can be from different Jarvie et al, 2001; Karlsen and Larter, 1989; McCaffrey et al, oil reservoirs. To design and adjust development projects and 1996; England, 2007; Nicolle et al, 1997). High-pour-point to optimize reservoir management, it is important to know heavy oil becomes stringy very abruptly and can gradually the contributions of each single layer to total oil production, lose fluidity as temperature drops, which typically occurs to dynamically monitor changes in oil production over DIWHUWKHRLOHQWHUVWKHZHOOERUH DQGÀRZV7KHQWRWKHVXUIDFH time, to monitor oil well production performance, to adopt the wellbores can be blocked by the heavy oil. This hinders a hierarchical reservoir management strategy, and to detect the instruments and cables which then cannot be moved into casing leakage and edge water incursion. For normal crude WKHZHOOERUH =KXDQG;X 3URGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJ RLOZHOOVWKHOD\HUHGSHUIRUPDQFHRIRLO¿HOGVFDQEHWHVWHG WHFKQRORJ\LVGLI¿FXOWWRXVH%HFDXVHELRGHJUDGHGKHDY\RLO and studied using production profile logging technology. loses its n-alkanes, qualitative and quantitative analysis of its Researchers from the U.S. Chevron Oil Company determined chromatography is difficult. Therefore, the use of standard the fluid profiles using total hydrocarbon chromatographic chromatographic fingerprint techniques in the study of the contributions of single layers to the total productivity of *Corresponding author. email: yaohuixu@126.com heavy oil commingled wells has limitations (Lin et al, 2005; Received November 15, 2012 Xu and Chen, 2009; Zou et al, 2000). ¿QJHUSULQWWHFKQLTXHVWRREWDLQWKHFRQWULEXWLRQUDWLRRIVLQJOH 1 4 1 4 1 4 0 1 4 1 0 4 1 4 1 4 0 2 1 3 6 6 1 4 1 2 1 4 0 8 1 3 9 4 0 8 1 3 9 4 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 3 9 6 1 4 0 1 3 8 8 1 3 9 2 1 3 9 0 1 3 8 6 Area Three 3 8 2 1 3 7 8 90 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 Usually, aromatic compounds are well preserved inset in Fig. 1). The main oil-bearing series is the Neozoic during the biodegradation of viscous crude oil. We took the 8SSHU*XDQWDR)RUPDWLRQRIÀXYLDOGHSRVLWLRQ)URPWRSWR bottom, the Upper Guantao Formation has been divided into commingled heavy oil wells of two single layers in the ninth 1+2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 sand groups respectively. At present, small DUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDVH[DPSOHV7KHRLOVIURPWKH layers NG55 and NG61 are the main oil-bearing series (NG61 two single-layers were mixed with different proportions and VWDQGIRUWKH¿UVWVPDOOVDQGOD\HURIWKHVL[WKVHJPHQWLQWKH measured in the laboratory, and then analyzed using whole- Neozoic Guantao Formation, and NG55 is in the same way). oil chromatography-mass spectrometry (whole-oil GC-MS). 7KH\DUHPXGVLOW¿QHVDQGVWRQHVRISRVLWLYHUK\WKPÀXYLDO The geochemical method of calculating the single-layer deposition. The reservoir rock is loosely cemented, with low- productivity contribution in heavy oil commingled production to-moderate permeability and the depth of reservoir is about wells was developed in this way. 1,320-1,400 m. When the temperature is 50 °C, the viscosity of oil in the ground is about 1,153-4,660 MPa·s. It is a thin 2 Geological background layer common heavy oil reservoir (Cheng et al, 2003). The The Gudong oil field is located on the northern bank of top-bottom surface microstructure of the sand body shows a faulted nose structure and dips down from north to south the Yellow River estuary. The heavy oil block of the ninth (Fig. 1). area is located in the south of the Gudong oil field (see the Production areas of Area Area N Gudong 0 200m 400m R1-23 Oil Field Six Two R1-21 Area Seven Area R2-17 Area Four Eight GD29-1 Area GDR2-X18 Nine R3-13 R3-9 R3-1 R3-17 9-3N2 R4-7 GDR4-211 R4-1 9-34 9-16 R4-2 9-21 GDR5-207 R5-12 9-14 9-33 GD9-3 GDR21 9-18 9-102 9-16 9-8-902 903-9 9-19 905-12 9-6 GD9-13 GD905-3 GD9-30 GD905-7 GD9-24 GD905-10 GD9-36 GD9-11-905 GD9-9 9-7-906 GD905-2 GD905-1 GD281-5 KD52-02 GD9055 - Legend 9-9-908 GD281-3 Oil well of Depth samples contours GD281-4 GD905-14 Position Pinch out Fault of study area line line Microstructure and well locations of the 6 JURXSWRSRIWKHXSSHU*XDQWDR)RUPDWLRQLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG Fig. 1 LRQL]DWLRQPHWKRGDQGHOHFWURQÀRZDWH9 3 Samples and experimental method The crude oil samples were obtained from wellheads in An Agilent P6890 GC 5973MSD chromatography–mass VSHFWURPHWU\V\VWHP+306 PîPPîȝP The crude oils from GOGDR5-207 and GOGDR4-211 wells FRQVWDQWFXUUHQWPRGHDQGFDUULHUJDVÀRZUDWHRIP/PLQ were NG61 and NG55 single-layer crude oil, respectively. were used at a helium temperature of 50 °C. The temperature Samples from other wells were multi-layer mixed crude oil was held constant for 1 min and then it was increased to 100 that was produced from both layers NG61 and NG55. The °C at the rate of 15 °C/min and then to 300 °C at the rate of 4 WRWDOLRQÀRZGLDJUDPRIFUXGHRLOVKRZVDQREYLRXVEXOJH °C/min. This temperature was held constant for 18 min. Then and the loss of normal alkanes is serious. It shows that the oil a scan/selection ion analysis was performed using the EI has undergone considerable biodegradation (Fig. 2). 1 3 7 0 1 3 6 6 1 3 7 4 1 0 1 3 9 6 1 4 0 0 1 4 0 4 1 3 8 8 3 2 1 9 1 3 8 6 WKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGDWWKHVDPHWLPH )LJ Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 91 Crude oil commingled from NG55 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3-1 well and NG61 layers in GOGDR4-7 well Crude oil from NG61 layer Crude oil from NG55 layer in GOGDR5-207 well in GOGDR4-211 well Time Time Fig. 2 \SLFDOFUXGHRLOWRWDOLRQÀRZGLDJUDP7 The oil from the monolayers NG55 and NG61 from the oil end-members. Five mixed oil samples were prepared. They GOGDR5-207 and GOGDR4-211 wells served as the crude were weighed and mixed in different proportions (Table 1). Table 1 Calculated ratio and weight of crude samples Number Ratio 1 Ratio 2 Ratio 3 Ratio 4 Ratio 5 NG61 (GOGDR5-207 well) 3.7 6.2 8.9 11.4 27.5 Weight, mg NG55 (GOGDR4-211 well) 15.7 12.4 7.7 6.4 5.4 The actual percentage value of NG61, % 19 33 54 64 84 The calculated percentage value of NG61, % 23 29 52 64 80 Absolute error, % -4 4204 compound b in crude oil. 4 Results and discussion According to this equation, the peak area ratio of the two The concentration of a compound in crude oil determines compounds in crude oil is the same as the ratio of the two the height and area of the chromatographic peak (the response concentrations. signal) of the compound, i.e.: If the crude oil samples are mixed crude oil from two single-layers and the peak area ratio of compounds a and b in H ucHu Mm / (1) mixed oil is k , so the following equation can be determined: ss Hc c up cp u () c uc p c aa 1a 1 2a 2 1a 2a 1 2a The peak area ratio of two compounds a and b (or peak (3) Hc c up cu p () c uc p c height ratio of two compounds a and b) is as follows: b b1b 1 2b 2 1b 2b 1 2b (2) H// Hc c In this equation, c , c , c , and c represent the ab a b 1a 2a 1b 2b concentrations of compounds a and b in crude oil from In these two equations, H is the peak area of the the two single-layers, and they are constant. P is the chromatographic peak (or peak height), c is the concentration proportion of crude oil from one single-layer. In this way, of the compound in the crude oil, H is the peak area of the for mixed oils from two different reservoirs commingled standard sample, M is the quality of the crude oil, and m is in the same well, the peak area ratio of two compounds the quality of the standard sample. has a curved relationship with the contribution proportion H and H are the areas of the peaks produced by a b of single layer oil. Fingerprint parameters are the ratio compounds a and b in crude oil, c is the concentration of concentrations (peak height or peak area) of the two of compound a in crude oil, and c is the concentration of compounds. This eliminates the influence of systematic 92 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 error on the result to the greatest degree possible (Chang et methylnaphthalene (TMN) (Fig. 3). The relative abundances al, 2000). Chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis is of 1, 2, 4-TMN and 1, 2, 5-TMN of the crude oil from the XVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKH¿QJHUSULQWSDUDPHWHUV7KHUHODWLRQVKLS NG55 layer of GOGDR5-207 well are higher than those of between the aromatic compounds parameters analyzed by the crude oil from the NG61 layer of GOGDR4-211 well, chromatography-mass spectrometry and the matching ratio in and the relative abundances of 1, 4, 6-TMN and 2, 3, 6-TMN the laboratory has been discussed. of the former are lower than those of the latter. When the The m/z170 chromatogram of the NG61 layer oil from PL[WXUHUDWLR701FKDQJHVUHODWLYHDEXQGDQFHWKHRI¿YHRLO the GOGDR5-207 well and the m/z184 chromatogram of samples changes accordingly between two end-member oils. the NG55 layer oil from the GOGDR4-211 well show an Tetra-methylnaphthalenes (TEMN) also have such features. obvious difference in the distribution of the isomers of tri- For example, the relative abundance of 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN Single layer oil respectively from NG55, Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers NG61 and the mixed oil samples Crude oil from 5 5 Crude oil commingled NG55 layer in from NG55 and NG61 layers GOGDR4-211 well 2 in GOGDR3 -1 well Ratio 1 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3 -13 well Ratio 2 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GO9 -3N2 well Ratio 3 Crude oil commingled 4 from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR2*18 well Ratio 4 4 3 5 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR4 - 7 well Ratio 5 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers Crude oil from 4 in GOGDR4 - 207 well NG61 layer in GOGDR5-207 well Time Time Fig. 3 m/z170 chromatograms of the crude oil from single layers, mixed oil samples, and crude oil from commingled wells. 1: 1, 3, 7-TMN; 2: 1, 3, 6-TMN; 3: 1, 4, 6-TMN; 4: 2, 3, 6-TMN; 5: 1, 2, 5-TMN Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 93 of the oil from the NG55 layer is lower than that of the oil 0.992 (Fig. 5). This means that the relation curve between from the NG61 layer, and the relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, the ratio of peak area of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) to that 7-TEMN, 1, 2, 3, 5-TEMN, and 1, 2, 5, 6-TEMN from the of 1, 2, 5-TMN and the proportion of end oil in mixed oil is NG55 layer are higher than those of the oil from the NG61 approximately a straight line. Kaufman calculated the relative layer. The relative abundance of TEMN in five mixed oil contribution of each single-layer of commingled wells by samples changes between the two end-member oils (Fig. 4). identifying parameters of chromatographic fingerprint that We calculated the total area of the two peaks of 1, 4, have linear relations (Chen et al, 1999; Kaufman et al, 1990; 6-TMN and 2, 3, 6-TMN because the two peaks are not Jin et al, 2003a; 2003b). Many parameters of multi-methyl completely separated (Fig. 3). The correlation diagram of the naphthalene compounds have similarly linear relations with ratio of peak area of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) to that of the mixed ratio in crude oil (Lin et al, 2005). The study 1, 2, 5-TMN and the proportion of end oil in mixed oil shows shows that the correlations between aromatic parameters that they have a very good linear correlation, with R up to such as 1, 3, 7-TMN / 1, 2, 5-TMN and 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN Crude oil from NG55 layer in GOGDR4 -211 well Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers 2 in GOGDR3 -1 well Ratio 1 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR3 -13 well Ratio 2 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GO9 -3N2 well Ratio 3 Crude oil commingled from NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR2*18 well Ratio 4 Crude oil commingled from 3 NG55 and NG61 layers in GOGDR4 -7 well Ratio 5 3 Crude oil commingled from Crude oil from NG55 and NG61 layers in NG61 layer in GOGDR4 -207 well GOGDR5 -207 well Time Time Fig. 4 m/z184 chromatogram of the crude oil from single layers, mixed oil samples, and crude oil from commingled wells. 1: 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN; 2: 1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN; 3: 1, 2, 3, 5-TEMN and 1, 2, 5, 6-TEMN 94 Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 / 1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN and the mixed ratio in crude oil are not contributions of oil from the small layers of NG55 and NG61 strongly linear and R is 0.763 and 0.852 respectively (Fig. 5). were obtained (Table 2). The GOGDR3-1 and GOGDR3-13 Many other parameters did not have this linear correlations wells are worthy to be paid attention to and the NG55 layer with the mixed ratio in the crude oil, such as 3-methyl- makes almost no contribution to production. Crude oil phenanthrene/2-methyl-phenanthrene. This is consistent with was mainly from the NG61 layer. The results suggest that the results of the previous analysis, i.e., the ratio of the peak development measures should be implemented for these two areas of two compounds and the contribution of single layer wells. oil in mixtures of oil from two layers in commingled wells Conventional production profile logging technology have a curved relationship. cannot be used in heavy oil reservoirs because underground According to the experiments in the laboratory and crude oil has a high density and high viscosity and the oil the above analysis, the parameter of (1, 4, 6-TMN+2, 3, FRPSDQLHVGLGQRWSHUIRUPSURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHWHVWLQJRQWKH 6-TMN)/1, 2, 5-TMN has the most linear correlation with UHVHUYRLUVLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLOH¿HOG:WRRN WKHPL[HGUDWLRLQFUXGHRLODQGLWFDQEHXVHGDVD¿QJHUSULQW the single layer exploitation of NG61 from the GOGDR5-207 parameter to calculate the contribution of oil from each layer well, the single layer exploitation of NG55 from the in a commingled heavy oil reservoir in the ninth area of GOGDR4-211 well, and commingled well exploitation of the Gudong oil field. This method is relatively simple and GOGDR3-1 and GOGDR4-7 as examples (Fig. 6). The to the greatest degree possible eliminates the influence of UHVHUYRLUVRIWKHVHIRXUZHOOVSURYLGHGFRQWUDVWSUR¿OHVDQG calculation using absolute concentrations on the results. production information showed that oil from the GOGDR3-1 Heavy oil samples from layers NG55 and NG61 in well was mostly from the NG61 layer. For the GOGDR4-7 wells GO9-3N2, GOGDR2*18, GOGDR3-1, GOGDR3-13, well, the contribution coming from the NG55 layer increased, GOGDR4-1, GOGDR4-7, and GOGDR4-207 in the ninth but the oil was still primarily from the NG61 layer. The area of the Gudong oil field were analyzed under the same reservoir connectivity, production dynamics and log chromatography-mass spectrometry experimental conditions. interpretation results showed that the calculated contributions The relative abundances of their TMN and TEMN isomers of crude oil from single-layers of NG55 and NG61 in differed between two small layers of NG55 and NG61 (Fig. 3, commingled wells were consistent with the actual production. Fig. 4). The ratios of (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 7KHFDOFXODWHGUHVXOWVSURYLGHDVRXQGVFLHQWL¿FEDVLVIRU 5-TMN of oil from every commingled well were determined monitoring well performance and hierarchical management of using the method established above, and the relative the reservoir. 1.0 1.0 y = -1.485x + 1.586 y = 0.968x-0.929 R² = 0.763 R² = 0.992 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 (1, 4, 6-TMN+2, 3, 6-TMN)/1, 2, 5-TMN 1, 3, 7-TMN/1, 2, 5-TMN 1.0 1.0 y = 0.417x-0.542 R² = 0.852 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1, 3, 5, 7-TEMN/1, 3, 6, 7-TEMN 1, 3, 7-TMN/1, 2, 5-TMN Diagram about the relations between typical aromatic parameters and crude oil proportion from single layers Fig. 5 Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Ratio of NG61 layer in mixed oil Pet.Sci.(2014)11:89-96 95 Table 25HODWLYHSURGXFWLYLW\FRQWULEXWLRQVRIRLOIURPWKH1*DQG1*OD\HUVLQFRPPLQJOHGZHOOVLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG Number Well number Horizon (1, 4, 6-TMN + 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 5-TMN Contribution of NG55 layer, % Contribution of NG61 layer, % 1 GOGDR5-207 NG61 0.97 0 100 2 GO9-3N2 NG55+61 1.43 54 46 3 GOGDR2*18 NG55+61 1.40 57 43 4 GOGDR3-1 NG55+61 1.96 3 97 5 GOGDR3-13 NG55+61 1.92 6 94 6 GOGDR4-7 NG5561 1.52 46 54 7 GOGDR4-207 NG55+61 1.50 48 52 8 GOGDR4-211 NG55 2.03 100 0 GDR4-211 GDR3-1 55 SP(mV) 85 22 CAL(cm) 27 -38 SP(mV) -20 21 CAL(cm) 26 . . $& ȝV m) 550 Depth(m) 65 GR(API) 105 $& ȝV m)500 Depth(m) 60 GR(API) 140 GDR4-7 45 SP(mV) 80 24 CAL(cm) 28 $& ȝV m)550 Depth(m) 5 GR(API) 12 1370 NG55 1370 1370 NG55 GDR5-207 70 SP(mV) 110 23 CAL(cm) 26 NG55 NG55 $& ȝV m) 500 Depth(m) 60 GR(API)120 NG55 NG55 1380 1380 1380 1380 NG61 NG61 NG61 NG61 1390 1390 1390 1390 NG61 NG61 1400 1400 1400 1400 1410 1410 GDR2-X18 R3-1 R3-13 9-3N2 GDR4-211 GDR4-211 R4 4-7 9-33 GDR5-207 GDR21 905-12 GD9-13 2LOUHVHUYRLU Oil-water layer GD281-4 Fig. 6*2*'5DQG*2*'55HVHUYRLUFRUUHODWLRQSUR¿OHRIZHOOV*2*'5*2*'5 in commingled heavy oil wells when a conventional liquid 5 Conclusions SURGXFWLRQSUR¿OHORJJLQJLQKHDY\RLOUHVHUYRLUVFDQQRWEH Aromatic compounds are preserved relatively intact in LPSOHPHQWHGLQWKHQLQWKDUHDRIWKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOG biodegraded heavy oils. Two end member oils were mixed and analyzed by whole-oil chromatography-mass spectrometry Acknowledgements in the laboratory, and the aromatic parameters which have The authors are grateful to Engineer Guan from the a linear relation with the proportion of end-member oil in Geology Institute of the Gudong Oil Production Plant. This mixed oil were selected, so that the contributions of oil from work was supported by the Gudong Oil Production Plant of single layers in commingled heavy oil wells can be obtained. Shengli Oilfield Subsidiary Company, China Postdoctoral Taking the commingled heavy oil wells in the ninth area of Science Foundation (Project 2013M530681) and Hubei WKH*XGRQJRLO¿HOGIRUH[DPSOHWKHUDWLRRI 701 Province Natural Science Foundation (Project 2013CFB394). 2, 3, 6-TMN) / 1, 2, 5-TMN has a strongly linear relationship We also thank anonymous reviewers for their helpful with the mixed ratio of two end member oils, and R =0.992. comments. 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Petroleum Science – Springer Journals

Published: Jan 24, 2014

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