Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
JR Mesquita, MSJ Nascimento (2009)
A foodborne outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with a christmas dinner in Porto, Portugal, December 2008Eurosurveillance, 14
CI Gallimore, MAB Barreiros, DWG Brown, JP Nascimento, JPG Leite (2004)
Noroviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in a children’s day care facility in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBrazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 37
V Martella, M Campolo, E Lorusso, P Cavicchio, M Camero, AL Bellacicco, N Decaro, G Elia, G Greco, M Corrente (2007)
Norovirus in captive lion cub (Panthera leo)Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13
J Vinje (2010)
A norovirus vaccine on the horizon?The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202
QH Wang, V Costantini, LJ Saif (2007)
Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiologyVaccine, 25
RL Atmar, AR Opekun, MA Gilger, MK Estes, SE Crawford, FH Neill, DY Graham (2008)
Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infectionEmerging Infectious Diseases, 14
A Kroneman, H Vennema, K Deforche, HVD Avoort, S Penaranda, MS Oberste, J Vinje, M Koopmans (2011)
An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and norovirusesJournal of Clinical Virology, 51
K Bok, GI Parra, T Mitra, E Abente, CK Shaver, D Boon, R Engle, C Yu, AZ Kapikian, SV Sosnovtsev (2011)
Chimpanzees as an animal model for human norovirus infection and vaccine developmentProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108
PFM Teunis, SA Rutjes, T Westrell, AM Roda Husman (2009)
Characterization of drinking water treatment for virus risk assessmentWater Research, 43
C Barthe, A Locas, B Barbeau, A Carriere, P Payment (2007)
Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, CanadaCanadian Journal of Microbiology, 53
Y Yang, M Xia, M Tan, P Huang, W Zhong, XL Pang, BE Lee, J Meller, T Wang, X Jiang (2010)
Genetic and phenotypic characterization of GII-4 noroviruses that circulated during 1987 to 2008Journal of Virology, 84
T Parasidis, E Divari, N Fatouros, A Vantarakis (2007)
Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Greece during a school excursion, April 2007Euro Surveillance, 12
JY Wick (2012)
Norovirus: Noxious in nursing facilities: Almost unavoidableThe Consultant Pharmacist, 27
CT Zainazor, MSN Hidayah, LC Chai, R Tunung, FM Ghazali, R Son (2010)
The scenario of norovirus contamination in food and food handlersJournal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20
WJ Lodder, AM Roda Husman (2005)
Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The NetherlandsApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 71
TR Meyers (1984)
Marine bivalve mollusks as reservoirs of viral finfish pathogens: Significance to marine and anadromous finfish aquacultureMarine Fisheries Review, 46
PR Cieslak, LE Lee, E Papafragkou, N An (2009)
Recurring norovirus outbreaks in a long-term residential treatment facility-Oregon, 2007Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58
WH Poel, HR Heide, F Verschoor, H Gelderblom, J Vinje, MP Koopmans (2003)
Epidemiology of Norwalk-like virus infections in cattle in The NetherlandsVeterinary Microbiology, 92
BHG Rockx, W Bogers, JL Heeney, G Amerongen, MPG Koopmans (2005)
Experimental norovirus infections in non-human primatesJournal of Medical Virology, 75
I Lederer, D Schmid, AM Pichler, R Dapra, P Kraler, A Blassnig, A Luckner-Hornischer, C Berghold, F Allerberger (2005)
Outbreak of norovirus infections associated with consuming food from a catering company, Austria, September 2005Euro Surveillance, 10
NP Nenonen, C Hannoun, MB Olsson, T Bergstrom (2009)
Molecular analysis of an oyster-related norovirus outbreakJournal of Clinical Virology, 45
X He, Y Wei, L Cheng, D Zhang, Z Wang (2011)
Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in urban surface waters in Beijing and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteriaEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184
JJ Siebenga, P Lemey, SLK Pond, A Rambaut, H Vennema, M Koopmans (2010)
Phylodynamic reconstruction reveals norovirus GII. 4 epidemic expansions and their molecular determinantsPLoS Pathogens, 6
MAS Wit, MA Widdowson, H Vennema, E Bruin, T Fernandes, M Koopmans (2007)
Large outbreak of norovirus: The baker who should have known betterJournal of Infection, 55
H Keum, H Moon, S Park, H Kim, S Rho, B Park (2009)
Porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses on Korean swine farmsArchives of Virology, 154
CL Moe (2007)
Manual of environmental microbiology
M Summa, CH Bonsdorff, L Maunula (2012)
Pet dogs, a transmission route for human noroviruses?Journal of Clinical Virology, 53
JA Lowther, NE Gustar, RE Hartnell, DN Lees (2012)
Comparison of norovirus RNA levels in outbreak-related oysters with background environmental levelsJournal of Food Protection, 75
E Matthijs, B Muylkens, A Mauroy, D Ziant, T Delwiche, E Thiry (2010)
Experimental evidence of recombination in murine norovirusesJournal of General Virology, 91
JA Lowther, K Henshilwood, DN Lees (2008)
Determination of norovirus contamination in oysters from two commercial harvesting areas over an extended period, using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription PCRJournal of Food Protection, 71
K Bok, EJ Abente, M Realpe-Quintero, T Mitra, SV Sosnovtsev, AZ Kapikian, KY Green (2009)
Evolutionary dynamics of GII. 4 Noroviruses over a thirty-four year periodJournal of Virology, 83
RA Bull, MM Tanaka, PA White (2007)
Norovirus recombinationJournal of General Virology, 88
LJ Saif, EH Bohl, KW Theil, RF Cross, JA House (1980)
Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in young pigsJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 12
B Cotterelle, C Drougard, J Rolland, M Becamel, M Boudon, S Pinede, O Traoré, K Balay, P Pothier, E Espié (2005)
Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with the consumption of frozen raspberries, France, March 2005Euro Surveillance, 10
I Grotto, M Huerta, RD Balicer, T Halperin, D Cohen, N Orr, M Gdalevich (2004)
An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis on an Israeli military baseInfection, 32
JJ Siebenga, H Vennema, DP Zheng, J Vinje, BE Lee, XL Pang, ECM Ho, W Lim, A Choudekar, S Broor, T Halperin, NBG Rasool, J Hewitt, GE Greening, M Jin, ZJ Duan, Y Lucero, M O’Ryan, M Hoehne, E Schreier, RM Ratcliff, PA White, N Iritani, G Reuter, M Koopmans (2009)
Norovirus illness is a global problem: Emergence and spread of norovirus GII.4 variants, 2001–2007Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200
L Sekla, W Stackiw, S Dzogan, D Sargeant (1989)
Foodborne gastroenteritis due to Norwalk virus in a Winnipeg hotelCMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 140
V Terio, V Martella, P Moschidou, P Pinto, G Tantillo, C Buonavoglia (2010)
Norovirus in retail shellfishFood Microbiology, 27
J Wei, KE Kniel (2010)
Pre-harvest viral contamination of crops originating from fecal matterFood and Environmental Virology, 2
FS Guyader, F Bon, D DeMedici, S Parnaudeau, A Bertone, S Crudeli, A Doyle, M Zidane, E Suffredini, E Kohli, F Maddalo, M Monini, A Gallay, M Pommepuy, P Pothier, FM Ruggeri (2006)
Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumptionJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 44
L Verhoef, IL Boxman, E Duizer, SA Rutjes, H Vennema, IHM Friesema, AM Roda Husman, M Koopmans (2008)
Multiple exposures during a norovirus outbreak on a river-cruise sailing through Europe, 2006Euro Surveillance, 12
C Rizzo, I Di Bartolo, M Santantonio, MF Coscia, R Monno, D Vito, FM Ruggeri, G Rizzo (2007)
Epidemiological and virological investigation of a Norovirus outbreak in a resort in Puglia, ItalyBMC Infectious Diseases, 7
ILA Boxman, JJHC Tilburg, NAJM Loeke, H Vennema, E Boer, M Koopmans (2007)
An efficient and rapid method for recovery of norovirus from food associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritisJournal of Food Protection, 70
SR Bohm, BM Brennan, R Schirmer, G Cabose (2008)
Norovirus outbreak associated with ill food-service workers: Michigan, January–February 2006 (Reprinted MMWR, vol 56, pg 1212–1216, 2007)Journal of the American Medical Association, 299
A Mauroy, A Scipioni, E Mathijs, C Thys, E Thiry (2009)
Molecular detection of kobuviruses and recombinant noroviruses in cattle in continental EuropeArchives of Virology, 154
RA Bull, PA White (2011)
Mechanisms of GII. 4 norovirus evolutionTrends in Microbiology, 19
K Nakamura, Y Saga, M Iwai, M Obara, E Horimoto, S Hasegawa, T Kurata, H Okumura, M Nagoshi, T Takizawa (2010)
Frequent detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine population and high genetic diversity of porcine sapovirus in Japan, during fiscal year 2008Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48
Y Hirakata, K Arisawa, O Nishio, O Nakagomi (2005)
Multiprefectural spread of gastroenteritis outbreaks attributable to a single genogroup II norovirus strain from a tourist restaurant in Nagasaki, JapanJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 43
G Falkenhorst, L Krusell, M Lisby, SB Madsen, B Bottiger, K Molbak (2005)
Imported frozen raspberries cause a series of norovirus outbreaks in Denmark, 2005Euro Surveillance, 10
D Schmid, HP Stuger, I Lederer, AM Pichler, G Kainz-Arnfelser, E Schreier, F Allerberger (2007)
A foodborne norovirus outbreak due to manually prepared salad, Austria 2006Infection, 35
L Costas, A Vilella, A Llupia, J Bosch, MT Jimenez Anta, A Trilla (2007)
Outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among staff at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain, September 2007Euro Surveillance, 12
SL Oliver, DWG Brown, J Green, JC Bridger (2004)
A chimeric bovine enteric calicivirus: Evidence for genomic recombination in genogroup III of the Norovirus genus of the CaliciviridaeVirology, 326
R Vivancos, A Shroufi, M Sillis, H Aird, CI Gallimore, L Myers, H Mahgoub, P Nair (2009)
Food-related norovirus outbreak among people attending two barbeques: Epidemiological, virological, and environmental investigationInternational Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13
RJ Webby, KS Carville, MD Kirk, G Greening, RM Ratcliff, SK Crerar, K Dempsey, M Sarna, R Stafford, M Patel, G Hall (2007)
Internationally distributed frozen oyster meat causing multiple outbreaks of norovirus infection in AustraliaClinical Infectious Diseases, 44
L Baert, M Uyttendaele, J Debevere (2008)
Evaluation of viral extraction methods on a broad range of Ready-To-Eat foods with conventional and real-time RT-PCR for Norovirus GII detectionInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 123
JS Koopman, EA Eckert, HB Greenberg, BC Strohm, RE Isaacson, AS Monto (1982)
Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposureAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 115
T Westrell, P Teunis, H Berg, W Lodder, H Ketelaars, TA Stenström, AM Roda Husman (2006)
Short-and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study periodWater Research, 40
G Liu, SM Kahan, Y Jia, SM Karst (2009)
Primary high-dose murine norovirus 1 infection fails to protect from secondary challenge with homologous virusJournal of Virology, 83
HW Kuo, D Schmid, S Jelovcan, AM Pichler, E Magnet, S Reichart, F Allerberger (2009)
A foodborne outbreak due to Norovirus in Austria, 2007Journal of Food Protection, 72
TP Zomer, B Jong, S Kühlmann-Berenzon, O Nyrén, B Svenungsson, KO Hedlund, C Ancker, T Wahl, Y Andersson (2009)
A norovirus outbreak at a manufacturing companyEpidemiology and Infection, 138
T Nishida, O Nishio, M Kato, T Chuma, H Kato, H Iwata, H Kimura (2007)
Genotyping and quantitation of noroviruses in oysters from Two Distinct Sea areas in JapanMicrobiology and Immunology, 51
BA Lopman, GK Adak, MH Reacher, DWG Brown (2003)
Two epidemiologic patterns of Norovirus outbreaks: Surveillance in England and Wales, 1992–2000Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9
AC Ike, BN Roth, R Böhm, AJ Pfitzner, RE Marschang (2007)
Identification of bovine enteric Caliciviruses (BEC) from cattle in Baden-WürttembergDTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 114
S Wolf, WM Williamson, J Hewitt, M Rivera-Aban, S Lin, A Ball, P Scholes, GE Greening (2007)
Sensitive multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection of human and animal noroviruses in clinical and environmental samplesApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 73
JJ Siebenga, H Vennema, E Duizer, MPG Koopmans (2007)
Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GGII.4, the Netherlands, 1994–2005Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13
A Bosch (1998)
Human enteric viruses in the water environment: A minireviewInternational Microbiology, 1
M Malek, E Barzilay, A Kramer, B Camp, LA Jaykus, B Escudero-Abarca, G Derrick, P White, C Gerba, C Higgins (2009)
Outbreak of norovirus infection among river rafters associated with packaged delicatessen meat, Grand Canyon, 2005Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48
M Noda, S Fukuda, O Nishio (2008)
Statistical analysis of attack rate in norovirus foodborne outbreaksInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 122
LB Thackray, CE Wobus, KA Chachu, B Liu, ER Alegre, KS Henderson, ST Kelley, HW Virgin (2007)
Murine noroviruses comprising a single genogroup exhibit biological diversity despite limited sequence divergenceJournal of Virology, 81
A Stals, L Baert, E Coillie, M Uyttendaele (2011)
Evaluation of a norovirus detection methodology for soft red fruitsFood Microbiology, 28
E Jor, M Myrmel, CM Jonassen (2010)
SYBR Green based real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and genotype prediction of bovine noroviruses and assessment of clinical significance in NorwayJournal of Virological Methods, 169
FS Guyader, FH Neill, E Dubois, F Bon, F Loisy, E Kohli, M Pommepuy, RL Atmar (2003)
A semiquantitative approach to estimate Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters implicated in an outbreakInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 87
EJ Dziuban, JL Liang, GF Craun, V Hill, PA Yu, J Painter, MR Moore, RL Calderon, SL Roy, MJ Beach (2006)
Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water—United States, 2003–2004Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55
AZ Kapikian, RG Wyatt, R Dolin, TS Thornhill, AR Kalica, RM Chanock (1972)
Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritisJournal of Virology, 10
H Lee, M Kim, JE Lee, MY Lim, MJ Kim, JM Kim, WH Jheong, J Kim, GP Ko (2011)
Investigation of norovirus occurrence in groundwater in metropolitan Seoul, KoreaScience of the Total Environment, 409
QH Wang, MG Han, JA Funk, G Bowman, DA Janies, LJ Saif (2005)
Genetic diversity and recombination of porcine sapovirusesJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 43
MA Widdowson, A Sulka, SN Bulens, RS Beard, SS Chaves, R Hammond, EDP Salehi, E Swanson, J Totaro, R Woron, PS Mead, JS Bresee, SS Monroe, RI Glass (2005)
Norovirus and foodborne disease, United States, 1991–2000Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11
DP Zheng, MA Widdowson, RI Glass, J Vinje (2009)
Molecular epidemiology of GII. 4 noroviruses in the US between 1994 and 2006Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48
G Rosa, S Fontana, A Grazia, M Iaconelli, M Pourshaban, M Muscillo (2007)
Molecular identification and genetic analysis of norovirus genogroups I and II in water environments: Comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-PCR assays (vol 73, pg 4152)Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73
MM Patel, AJ Hall, J Vinje, UD Parashar (2009)
Noroviruses: A comprehensive reviewJournal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 44
KY Green, T Ando, MS Balayan, T Berke, IN Clarke, MK Estes, DO Matson, S Nakata, JD Neill, MJ Studdert, HJ Thiel (2000)
Taxonomy of the calicivirusesJournal of Infectious Diseases, 181
A Scipioni, A Mauroy, J Vinje, E Thiry (2008)
Animal norovirusesThe Veterinary Journal, 178
A Stals, L Baert, V Jasson, E Coillie, M Uyttendaele (2011)
Screening of fruit products for norovirus and the difficulty of interpreting positive PCR resultsJournal of Food Protection, 74
S Ethelberg, M Lisby, B Bottiger, AC Schultz, A Villif, T Jensen, KE Olsen, F Scheutz, C Kjelso, L Muller (2010)
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to lettuce, Denmark, January 2010Eurosurveillance, 15
M Kitajima, E Haramoto, C Phanuwan, H Katayama, S Ohgaki (2009)
Detection of genogroup IV norovirus in wastewater and river water in JapanLetters in Applied Microbiology, 49
NM Kiulia, R Netshikweta, NA Page, WB Zyl, MM Kiraithe, A Nyachieo, JM Mwenda, MB Taylor (2010)
The detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in Kenya, with special reference to rotavirusesJournal of Applied Microbiology, 109
N Lee, MCW Chan, B Wong, KW Choi, W Sin, G Lui, PKS Chan, RWM Lai, CS Cockram, JJY Sung, WK Leung (2007)
Fecal viral concentration and diarrhea in norovirus gastroenteritisEmerging Infectious Diseases, 13
MR Sala, N Cardenosa, C Arias, T Llovet, A Recasens, A Dominguez, J Buesa, L Salleras (2005)
An outbreak of food poisoning due to a genogroup I norovirusEpidemiology and Infection, 133
DP Zheng, T Ando, RL Fankhauser, RS Beard, RI Glass, SS Monroe (2006)
Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclatureVirology, 346
P Pinto, Q Wang, N Chen, EJ Dubovi, JB Daniels, LM Millward, C Buonavoglia, V Martella, LJ Saif (2012)
Discovery and genomic characterization of noroviruses from a gastroenteritis outbreak in domestic cats in the USPLoS One, 7
ECD Todd, JD Greig, CA Bartleson, BS Michaels (2009)
Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environmentJournal of Food Protection, 72
M Zakhour, H Maalouf, I Bartolo, L Haugarreau, FS Guyader, N Ruvoen-Clouet, JC Saux, FM Ruggeri, M Pommepuy, J Pendu (2010)
Bovine norovirus: Carbohydrate ligand, environmental contamination, and potential cross-species transmission via oystersApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 76
CL Moe (2008)
Preventing norovirus transmission: How should we handle food handlers?Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48
QH Wang, MG Han, S Cheetham, M Souza, JA Funk, LJ Saif (2005)
Porcine noroviruses related to human norovirusesEmerging Infectious Diseases, 11
M Hjertqvist, A Johansson, N Svensson, PE Abom, C Magnusson, M Olsson, KO Hedlund, Y Andersson (2006)
Four outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis after consuming raspberries, Sweden, June–August 2006Euro Surveillance, 11
JC Bridger (1980)
Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astroviruses and rotavirus-like particles in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoeaThe Veterinary Record, 107
Y Aoki, A Suto, K Mizuta, T Ahiko, K Osaka, Y Matsuzaki (2010)
Duration of norovirus excretion and the longitudinal course of viral load in norovirus-infected elderly patientsJournal of Hospital Infection, 75
Y Deng, CA Batten, BL Liu, PR Lambden, M Elschner, H Günther, P Otto, P Schnürch, W Eichhorn, W Herbst (2003)
Studies of epidemiology and seroprevalence of bovine noroviruses in GermanyJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 41
LPB Verhoef, A Kroneman, Y Duynhoven, H Boshuizen, W Pelt, M Koopmans (2009)
Selection tool for foodborne norovirus outbreaksEmerging Infectious Diseases, 15
Q Shen, W Zhang, S Yang, Y Chen, H Ning, T Shan, J Liu, Z Yang, L Cui, J Zhu (2009)
Molecular detection and prevalence of porcine caliciviruses in eastern China from 2008 to 2009Archives of Virology, 154
A Kroneman, L Verhoef, J Harris, H Vennema, E Duizer, Y Duynhoven, J Gray, M Iturriza, B Bottiger, G Falkenhorst, C Johnsen, CH Bonsdorff, L Maunula, M Kuusi, P Pothier, A Gallay, E Schreier, M Hohne, J Koch, G Szucs, G Reuter, K Krisztalovics, M Lynch, P McKeown, B Foley, S Coughlan, FM Ruggeri, I Bartolo, K Vainio, E Isakbaeva, M Poljsak-Prijatelj, AH Grom, JZ Mijovski, A Bosch, J Buesa, AS Fauquier, G Hernandez-Pezzi, KO Hedlund, M Koopmans (2008)
Analysis of integrated virological and epidemiological reports of norovirus outbreaks collected within the Foodborne Viruses in Europe Network from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2006Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46
J Hewitt, M Leonard, GE Greening, GD Lewis (2011)
Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewaterWater Research, 45
Y Ueki, M Shoji, A Suto, T Tanabe, Y Okimura, Y Kikuchi, N Saito, D Sano, T Omura (2007)
Persistence of caliciviruses in artificially contaminated oysters during depurationApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 73
K Ozawa, T Oka, N Takeda, GS Hansman (2007)
Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in JapanJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 45
PJH Johansson, M Torven, AC Hammarlund, U Bjorne, KO Hedlund, L Svensson (2002)
Food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with genogroup I calicivirusJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 40
AS Milnes, SH Binns, SL Oliver, JC Bridger (2007)
Retrospective study of noroviruses in samples of diarrhoea from cattle, using the Veterinary Laboratories Agency’s Farmfile databaseVeterinary Record, 160
JH Jung, CH Yoo, ES Koo, HM Kim, Y Na, WH Jheong, YS Jeong (2011)
Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of KoreaJournal of Water and Health, 9
CI Gallimore, D Cubitt, N Plessis, JJ Gray (2004)
Asymptomatic and symptomatic excretion of noroviruses during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritisJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 42
L Jurzik, IA Hamza, W Puchert, K Überla, M Wilhelm (2010)
Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface waterInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 213
MC Medici, A Morelli, MC Arcangeletti, A Calderaro, F Conto, M Martinelli, LA Abelli, G Detorri, C Chezzi (2008)
An outbreak of norovirus infection in an Italian residential-care facility for the elderlyClinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infections Diseases, 15
M Wadl, K Scherer, S Nielsen, S Diedrich, L Ellerbroek, C Frank, R Gatzer, M Hoehne, R Johne, G Klein, J Koch, J Schulenburg, U Thielbein, K Stark, H Bernard (2010)
Food-borne norovirus-outbreak at a military base, Germany, 2009BMC Infectious Diseases, 10
T Oogane, A Hirata, K Funatogawa, K Kobayashi, T Sato, H Kimura (2008)
Food poisoning outbreak caused by norovirus GII/4 in school lunch, Tochigi Prefecture, JapanJapanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 61
U Pérez-Sautu, D Sano, S Guix, G Kasimir, RM Pinto, A Bosch (2012)
Human norovirus occurrence and diversity in the Llobregat river catchment, SpainEnvironmental Microbiology, 14
J Rohayem (2009)
Norovirus seasonality and the potential impact of climate changeClinical Microbiology & Infection, 15
Y Yin, Y Tohya, Y Ogawa, D Numazawa, K Kato, H Akashi (2006)
Genetic analysis of calicivirus genomes detected in intestinal contents of piglets in JapanArchives of Virology, 151
M Koopmans, E Duizer (2004)
Foodborne viruses: An emerging problemInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 90
S Wolf, W Williamson, J Hewitt, S Lin, M Rivera-Aban, A Ball, P Scholes, M Savill, GE Greening (2009)
Molecular detection of norovirus in sheep and pigs in New Zealand farmsVeterinary Microbiology, 133
L Maunula, M Roivainen, M Keranen, S Makela, K Soderberg, M Summa, CH Bonsdorff, M Lappalainen, T Korhonen, M Kuusi, T Niskanen (2009)
Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaksEurosurveillance, 14
TL Ng, PP Chan, TH Phua, JP Loh, R Yip, C Wong, CW Liaw, BH Tan, KT Chiew, SB Chua, S Lim, PL Ooi, SK Chew, KT Goh (2005)
Oyster-associated outbreaks of Norovirus gastroenteritis in SingaporeJournal of Infection, 51
V Martella, N Decaro, E Lorusso, A Radogna, P Moschidou, F Amorisco, MS Lucente, C Desario, V Mari, G Elia (2009)
Genetic heterogeneity and recombination in canine norovirusesJournal of Virology, 83
GE Greening (2006)
Viruses in foods
SJ O’Brien, IA Gillespie, MA Sivanesan, R Elson, C Hughes, GK Adak (2006)
Publication bias in foodborne outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and its implications for evidence-based food policy. England and Wales 1992–2003Epidemiology and Infection, 134
S Glasscock, J Welch, J Dailer, W Elmer, K Kline, M Rosario, M Myers, T Buckel, E Cvetnick, R Myers, A Johnson, BI Rosen, B Perry, A Hall (2007)
Multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among attendees at a family reunion—Grant County, West Virginia, October 2006Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 56
A Mauroy, A Scipioni, E Mathijs, C Saegerman, J Mast, JC Bridger, D Ziant, C Thys, E Thiry (2009)
Epidemiological study of bovine norovirus infection by RT-PCR and a VLP-based antibody ELISAVeterinary Microbiology, 137
N Sakon, K Yamazaki, T Yoda, M Kanki, T Otake, T Tsukamoto (2005)
A norovirus outbreak of gastroenteritis linked to packed lunchesJapanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 58
R Gabrieli, F Maccari, A Ruta, A Pana, M Divizia (2009)
Norovirus detection in groundwaterFood and Environmental Virology, 1
ST David, L McIntyre, L MacDougall, D Kelly, S Liem, K Schallie, A McNabb, A Houde, P Mueller, P Ward, YL Trottier, J Brassard (2007)
An outbreak of norovirus caused by consumption of oysters from geographically dispersed harvest sites, British Columbia, Canada, 2004Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4
TG Aw, KY-H Gin, LL Ean Oon, EX Chen, CH Woo (2009)
Prevalence and genotypes of human noroviruses in tropical urban surface waters and clinical samples in SingaporeApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 75
SL Oliver, AM Dastjerdi, S Wong, L El-Attar, C Gallimore, DWG Brown, J Green, JC Bridger (2003)
Molecular characterization of bovine enteric caliciviruses: a distinct third genogroup of noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses) unlikely to be of risk to humansJournal of Virology, 77
MA Widdowson, B Rockx, R Schepp, WHM Poel, J Vinje, YT Duynhoven, MP Koopmans (2005)
Detection of serum antibodies to bovine norovirus in veterinarians and the general population in the NetherlandsJournal of Medical Virology, 76
PB Liu, YW Chien, E Papafragkou, HM Hsiao, LA Jaykus, C Moe (2009)
Persistence of human noroviruses on food preparation surfaces and human handsFood and Environmental Virology, 1
K Ohwaki, H Nagashima, M Aoki, H Aoki, E Yano (2009)
A foodborne norovirus outbreak at a hospital and an attached long-term care facilityJapanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62
AD LoBue, L Lindesmith, B Yount, PR Harrington, JM Thompson, RE Johnston, CL Moe, RS Baric (2006)
Multivalent norovirus vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies against multiple strainsVaccine, 24
MD Blanco Fernandez, C Torres, LC Martinez, MO Giordano, G Masachessi, PA Barril, MB Isa, RH Campos, SV Nates, VA Mbayed (2011)
Genetic and evolutionary characterization of norovirus from sewage and surface waters in Cordoba City, ArgentinaInfection, Genetics and Evolution, 11
HR Greenberg, J Valdesuso, RH Yolken, E Gangarosa, W Gary, RG Wyatt, T Konno, H Suzuki, RM Chanock, AZ Kapikian (1979)
Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritisJournal of Infectious Diseases, 139
JR Smiley, AE Hoet, M Travén, H Tsunemitsu, LJ Saif (2003)
Reverse transcription-PCR assays for detection of bovine enteric caliciviruses (BEC) and analysis of the genetic relationships among BEC and human calicivirusesJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 41
KM Becker, CL Moe, KL Southwick, JN MacCormack (2000)
Transmission of Norwalk virus during a football gameNew England Journal of Medicine, 343
A Stals, L Baert, A Keuckelaere, E Coillie, M Uyttendaele (2011)
Evaluation of a norovirus detection methodology for ready-to-eat foodsInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 145
D Rodriguez-Lazaro, N Cook, FM Ruggeri, J Sellwood, A Nasser, MSJ Nascimento, M D’Agostino, R Santos, JC Saiz, A Rzezutka (2011)
Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environmentsFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36
P Godoy, J Izcara, R Bartolome, P Bach, A Escobar, M Pal, G Codina, J Torres, A Dominguez (2005)
Outbreak of food-borne Norovirus associated with the consumption of sandwichesMedicina Clinica, 124
L Dippold, R Lee, C Selman, S Monroe, C Henry (2003)
A gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus associated with a Colorado hotelJournal of Environmental Health, 66
FM Schets, JH Wijnen, JF Schijven, H Schoon, AM Roda Husman (2008)
Monitoring of waterborne pathogens in surface waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the potential health risk associated with exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these watersApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 74
V Martella, E Lorusso, N Decaro, G Elia, A Radogna, M D’Abramo, C Desario, A Cavalli, M Corrente, M Camero, CA Germinario, K Banyai, MB Di, F Marsilio, LE Carmichael, C Buonavoglia (2008)
Detection and molecular characterization of a canine norovirusEmerging Infectious Diseases, 14
AD Anderson, VD Garrett, J Sobel, SS Monroe, RL Fankhauser, KJ Schwab, JS Bresee, PS Mead, C Higgins, J Campana, RI Glass (2001)
Multistate outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a common catererAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 154
BA Lopman, DW Brown, M Koopmans (2002)
Human caliciviruses in EuropeJournal of Clinical Virology, 24
R Fretz, P Svoboda, TM Luthi, M Tanner, A Baumgartner (2005)
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to infections with Norovirus in Switzerland, 2001–2003Epidemiology and Infection, 133
G Reuter, H Biro, G Szucs (2007)
Enteric caliciviruses in domestic pigs in HungaryArchives of Virology, 152
M Summa, CH Bonsdorff, L Maunula (2012)
Evaluation of four virus recovery methods for detecting noroviruses on fresh lettuce, sliced ham, and frozen raspberriesJournal of Virological Methods, 183
N Kishida, H Morita, E Haramoto, M Asami, M Akiba (2012)
One-year weekly survey of noroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in the Tone River water in Tokyo metropolitan area, JapanWater Research, 46
M Koopmans (2009)
Noroviruses in healthcare settings: A challenging problemJournal of Hospital Infection, 73
L Croci, MN Losio, E Suffredini, E Pavoni, S Pasquale, F Fallacara, G Arcangeli (2007)
Assessment of human enteric viruses in shellfish from the northern Adriatic seaInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 114
L Maunula (2006)
Waterborne norovirus outbreaksFuture Virology, 2
M Kitajima, T Oka, E Haramoto, C Phanuwan, N Takeda, K Katayama, H Katayama (2011)
Genetic diversity of genogroup IV noroviruses in wastewater in JapanLetters in Applied Microbiology, 52
K Mattison, A Shukla, A Cook, F Pollari, R Friendship, D Kelton, S Bidawid, JM Farber (2007)
Human noroviruses in swine and cattleEmerging Infectious Diseases, 13
JW Knox, SF Tyrrel, A Daccache, EK Weatherhead (2011)
A geospatial approach to assessing microbiological water quality risks associated with irrigation abstractionWater and Environment Journal, 25
PH Otto, IN Clarke, PR Lambden, O Salim, J Reetz, EM Liebler-Tenorio (2011)
Infection of calves with bovine norovirus GIII. 1 strain jena virus: an experimental model to study the pathogenesis of norovirus infectionJournal of Virology, 85
R Prato, PL Lopalco, M Chironna, G Barbuti, C Germinario, M Quarto (2004)
Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consumption in south ItalyBMC Infectious Disease, 6
A Gallay, H Valk, M Cournot, B Ladeuil, C Hemery, C Castor, F Bon, F Megraud, P Cann, JC Desenclos (2006)
A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, France, 2000Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 12
J Takkinen (2006)
Recent norovirus outbreaks on river and seagoing cruise ships in EuropeEuro Surveillance, 11
Y Ueki, D Sano, T Watanabe, K Akiyama, T Omura (2005)
Norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oystersWater Research, 39
H Katayama, E Haramoto, K Oguma, H Yamashita, A Tajima, H Nakajima, S Ohgaki (2008)
One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in JapanWater Research, 42
D Showell, T Sundkvist, M Reacher, J Gray (2007)
Norovirus outbreak associated with canteen salad in Suffolk, United KingdomEuro Surveillance, 12
KM Gandhi, RE Mandrell, P Tian (2010)
Binding of virus-like particles of Norwalk virus to romaine lettuce veinsApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 76
E Haramoto, H Katayama, K Oguma, S Ohgaki (2005)
Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in JapanApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 71
JZ Mijovski, M Poljsak-Prijatelj, A Steyer, D Barlic-Maganja, S Koren (2010)
Detection and molecular characterisation of noroviruses and sapoviruses in asymptomatic swine and cattle in Slovenian farmsInfection, Genetics and Evolution, 10
G Phillips, CC Tam, LC Rodrigues, B Lopman (2010)
Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in EnglandEpidemiology and Infection, 139
JB Cunha, MCL Mendonça, MP Miagostovich, JPG Leite (2010)
Genetic diversity of porcine enteric caliciviruses in pigs raised in Rio de Janeiro State, BrazilArchives of Virology, 155
A Locas, C Barthe, AB Margolin, P Payment (2008)
Groundwater microbiological quality in Canadian drinking water municipal wellsCanadian Journal of Microbiology, 54
AG Wise, SS Monroe, LE Hanson, DL Grooms, D Sockett, RK Maes (2004)
Molecular characterization of noroviruses detected in diarrheic stools of Michigan and Wisconsin dairy calves: Circulation of two distinct subgroupsVirus Research, 100
L Baert, M Uyttendaele, A Stals, E Coillie, K Dierick, J Debevere, N Botteldoorn (2009)
Reported foodborne outbreaks due to noroviruses in Belgium: The link between food and patient investigations in an international contextEpidemiology and Infection, 137
S Morioka, T Sakata, A Tamaki, T Shioji, A Funaki, Y Yamamoto, H Naka, F Terasoma, K Imai, K Matsuo (2006)
A food-borne norovirus outbreak at a primary school in Wakayama PrefectureJapanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 59
AC Alcalá, MA Hidalgo, C Obando, E Vizzi, F Liprandi, JE Ludert (2003)
Molecular identification of bovine enteric caliciviruses in VenezuelaActa Cientifica Venezolana, 54
SU Parshionikar, S Willian-True, GS Fout, DE Robbins, SA Seys, JD Cassady, R Harris (2003)
Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a norovirusApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 69
W Kiehl, E Schreier, B Twisselman, W Wunderle (2001)
Outbreak of Norwalk-like infection in GermanyEurosurveillance, 5
A Horman, R Rimhanen-Finne, L Maunula, CH Bonsdorff, N Torvela, A Heikinheimo, ML Hanninen (2004)
Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium noroviruses and indicator organisms in surface water in southwestern Finland, 2000–2001Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70
L Maunula, K Söderberg, H Vahtera, VP Vuorilehto, CH Bonsdorff, M Valtari, T Laakso, K Lahti (2012)
Presence of human noro-and adenoviruses in river and treated wastewater, a longitudinal study and method comparisonJournal of Water and Health, 10
K Payne, M Hall, M Lutzke, C Armstrong, J King (2006)
Multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant—Kent County, Michigan, May 2005Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55
E Vega, J Smith, J Garland, A Matos, SD Pillai (2005)
Variability of virus attachment patterns to butterhead lettuceJournal of Food Protection, 68
J Wei, Y Jin, T Sims, KE Kniel (2010)
Manure-and biosolids-resident murine norovirus 1 attachment to and internalization by Romaine lettuceApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 76
L Verhoef, H Vennema, W Pelt, D Lees, H Boshuizen, K Henshilwood, M Koopmans (2010)
Use of norovirus genotype profiles to differentiate origins of foodborne outbreaksEmerging Infectious Diseases, 16
FS Guyader, C Mittelholzer, L Haugarreau, KO Hedlund, R Alsterlund, M Pommepuy, L Svensson (2004)
Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreakInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 97
D Li, L Baert, M Xia, W Zhong, X Jiang, M Uyttendaele (2012)
Effects of a variety of food extracts and juices on the specific binding ability of Norovirus GII. 4 P particlesJournal of Food Protection, 75
A Mauroy, A Scipioni, E Matthijs, C Miry, D Ziant, C Thys, E Thiry (2008)
Noroviruses and sapoviruses in pigs in BelgiumArchives of Virology, 153
DH Kingsley, GK Meade, GP Richards (2002)
Detection of both hepatitis A virus and Norwalk-like virus in imported clams associated with food-borne illnessApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 68
M Steele, J Odumeru (2004)
Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetablesJournal of Food Protection, 67
J Wei, Y Jin, T Sims, KE Kniel (2011)
Internalization of murine norovirus 1 into Lactuca sativa during irrigationApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 77
M Abbaszadegan, M LeChevallier, C Gerba (2003)
Occurrence of viruses IN US groundwatersAmerican Water Works Journal, 95
ILA Boxman, JJHC Tilburg, NAJM Loeke, H Vennema, K Jonker, E Boer, M Koopmans (2006)
Detection of noroviruses in shellfish in the NetherlandsInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 108
TG Phan, K Kaneshi, Y Ueda, S Nakaya, S Nishimura, A Yamamoto, K Sugita, S Takanashi, S Okitsu, H Ushijima (2007)
Genetic heterogeneity, evolution, and recombination in norovirusesJournal of Medical Virology, 79
K White, MT Osterholm, J Mariott, DH Lawrence, T Ristinen, HB Greenberg (1986)
A foodborne outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis evidence for post-recovery transmissionAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 124
S Cheong, C Lee, SW Song, WC Choi, CH Lee, SJ Kim (2009)
Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South KoreaApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 75
L Baert, J Debevere, M Uyttendaele (2009)
The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne virusesInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 131
E Coster, M Wit, M Widdowson (2001)
Large outbreak of Norwalk-like virus in ministry staff in the NetherlandsEuro Surveillance, 5
J Li (2012)
New interventions against human Norovirus: Progresses, challenges, and opportunitiesAnnual Review of Food Science and Technology, 3
P Makary, L Maunula, T Niskanen, M Kuusi, M Virtanen, S Pajunen, J Ollgren, NNT Minh (2009)
Multiple norovirus outbreaks among workplace canteen users in Finland, July 2006Epidemiology and Infection, 137
GN Woode, JC Bridger (1978)
Isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calvesJournal of Medical Microbiology, 11
M Sugieda, H Nagaoka, Y Kakishima, T Ohshita, S Nakamura, S Nakajima (1998)
Detection of Norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigsArchives of Virology, 143
A Mokhtari, LA Jaykus (2009)
Quantitative exposure model for the transmission of norovirus in retail food preparationInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 133
J Nordgren, E Kindberg, PE Lindgren, A Matussek, L Svensson (2010)
Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak with a secretor-independent susceptibility pattern, SwedenEmerging Infectious Diseases, 16
SI Park, C Jeong, HH Kim, SH Park, SJ Park, BH Hyun, DK Yang, SK Kim, MI Kang, KO Cho (2007)
Molecular epidemiology of bovine noroviruses in South KoreaVeterinary Microbiology, 124
CI Gallimore, JS Cheesbrough, K Lamden, C Bingham, JJ Graya, JJ Gray (2005)
Multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritisInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 103
MA Laverick, AP Wyn-Jones, MJ Carter (2004)
Quantitative RT-PCR for the enumeration of noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses) in water and sewageLetters in Applied Microbiology, 39
Y L’Homme, R Sansregret, E Plante-Fortier, AM Lamontagne, M Ouardani, G Lacroix, C Simard (2009)
Genomic characterization of swine caliciviruses representing a new genus of CaliciviridaeVirus Genes, 39
RL Atmar, DI Bernstein, CD Harro, MS Al-Ibrahim, WH Chen, J Ferreira, MK Estes, DY Graham, AR Opekun, C Richardson (2011)
Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk virus illnessNew England Journal of Medicine, 365
R Feachem, DD Mara, DJ Bradley (1983)
Sanitation and disease: Health aspects of excreta and wastewater management
RA Gunn, HT Janowski, SPEN Lieb, EC Prather, HB Greenberg (1982)
Norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumptionAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 115
QH Wang, M Souza, JA Funk, W Zhang, LJ Saif (2006)
Prevalence of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine of various ages determined by reverse transcription-PCR and microwell hybridization assaysJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 44
L Baert, K Mattison, F Loisy-Hamon, J Harlow, A Martyres, B Lebeau, A Stals, E Coillie, L Herman, M Uyttendaele (2011)
Review: Norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: A threat to human health?International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151
WJ Lodder, H Berg, SA Rutjes, AM Roda Husman (2010)
Presence of enteric viruses in source waters for drinking water production in The NetherlandsApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 76
H Berg, W Lodder, W Poel, H Vennema, AM Roda Husman (2005)
Genetic diversity of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage waterResearch in Microbiology, 156
G Reuter, P Pankovics, L Egyed (2009)
Detection of genotype 1 and 2 bovine noroviruses in HungaryVeterinary Record, 165
S Takanashi, Q Wang, N Chen, Q Shen, K Jung, Z Zhang, M Yokoyama, LC Lindesmith, RS Baric, LJ Saif (2011)
Characterization of emerging GII. g/GII. 12 noroviruses from a gastroenteritis outbreak in the United States in 2010Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49
FS Guyader, JC Saux, K Ambert-Balay, J Krol, O Serais, S Parnaudeau, H Giraudon, G Delmas, M Pommepuy, P Pothier (2008)
Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreakJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 46
NA Daniels, DA Bergmire-Sweat, KJ Schwab, KA Hendricks, S Reddy, SH Rowe, RL Fankhauser, SS Monroe, RL Atmar, RI Glass, P Mead (2000)
A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses: First molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparationJournal of Infectious Diseases, 181
NA Rosenthal, Lee, BAJ Vermeulen, K Hedberg, WE Keene, MA Widdowson, PR Cieslak, J Vinje (2011)
Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, 2003–2006Epidemiology and Infection, 139
E Vega, J Garland, SD Pillai (2008)
Electrostatic forces control nonspecific virus attachment to lettuceJournal of Food Protection, 71
DS Friedman, D Heisey-Grove, F Argyros, E Berl, J Nsubuga, T Stiles, J Fontana, RS Beard, S Monroe, ME McGrath, H Sutherby, RC Dicker, A DeMaria, BT Matyas (2005)
An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with wedding cakesEpidemiology and Infection, 133
K Mattison, J Harlow, V Morton, A Cook, F Pollari, S Bidawid (2010)
Enteric viruses in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greensEmerging Infectious Diseases, 16
BI Escudero, H Rawsthorne, C Gensel, LA Jaykus (2012)
Persistence and transferability of noroviruses on and between common surfaces and foodsJournal of Food Protection, 75
S Lamhoujeb, I Fliss, SE Ngazoa, J Jean (2009)
Molecular study of the persistence of infectious human Norovirus on food-contact surfacesFood and Environmental Virology, 1
WH Poel, J Vinje, R Heide, MI Herrera, A Vivo, MP Koopmans (2000)
Norwalk-like calicivirus genes in farm animalsEmerging Infectious Diseases, 6
AK Silva, JC Saux, S Parnaudeau, M Pommepuy, M Elimelech, FS Guyader (2007)
Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: Different behaviors of genogroups I and IIApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 73
C Lee, SJ Kim (2008)
The genetic diversity of human noroviruses detected in river water in KoreaWater Research, 42
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are considered a worldwide leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Due to a combination of prolonged shedding of high virus levels in feces, virus particle shedding during asymptomatic infections, and a high environmental persistence, NoVs are easily transmitted pathogens. Norovirus (NoV) outbreaks have often been reported and tend to affect a lot of people. NoV is spread via feces and vomit, but this NoV spread can occur through several transmission routes. While person-to-person transmission is without a doubt the dominant transmission route, human infective NoV outbreaks are often initiated by contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission of NoV has been investigated, but has thus far not been demonstrated. The presented review aims to give an overview of these NoV transmission routes. Regarding NoV person-to-person transmission, the NoV GII.4 genotype is discussed in the current review as it has been very successful for several decades but reasons for its success have only recently been suggested. Both pre-harvest and post-harvest contamination of food products can lead to NoV food borne illness. Pre-harvest contamination of food products mainly occurs via contact with polluted irrigation water in case of fresh produce or with contaminated harvesting water in case of bivalve molluscan shellfish. On the other hand, an infected food handler is considered as a major cause of post-harvest contamination of food products. Both transmission routes are reviewed by a summary of described NoV food borne outbreaks between 2000 and 2010. A third NoV transmission route occurs via water and the spread of NoV via river water, ground water, and surface water is reviewed. Finally, although zoonotic transmission remains hypothetical, a summary on the bovine and porcine NoV presence observed in animals is given and the presence of human infective NoV in animals is discussed.
Food and Environmental Virology – Springer Journals
Published: Nov 3, 2012
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.