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A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina

A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos... Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 307-310 SHORTCOMMUNICATION September 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina 1,2,4 1,3 María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. GRUPO FALCO. www.grupofalco.com.ar Corresponding author: ceciliachiale@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Received on 6 May 2014. Accepted on 9 September 2014. ABSTRACT: The diverse colorations of a birds’ plumage are due to either structural colors or pigments that are synthesized in specialized cells or incorporated through the diet. However, plumage color aberrations can occur; several cases of albinism and leucism have been reported for different bird species and some examples are found in Strigiformes. A specimen of the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) with partial leucism was found in Carhué, Buenos Aires province. The plumage of its facial disc, tail and the ventral region was completely white; furthermore, the neck, primaries, and secondaries were pigmented although in a significantly lighter fashion than in normal-phenotype specimens. The rest of the body presented a normal pattern for the species. KEYWORDS: Birds, melanins, pigmentation, plumage, Strigiformes. Bird plumages present diverse colorations, some of which plumage or distinct feather-groups are white (Nemésio are due to structural colors and/or to several pigments. 1999). However, leucistic birds have normal pigmentation In turn, pigments may be divided into three categories, in other regions such as the bill, eyes and legs, unlike the namely: case of albinism (Van Grouw 2006). Leucism can be the 1) Melanins, being derived from the aminoacid result of a genetic disorder in the melanin biosynthesis tyrosin and synthesized in melanoblasts; there are two pathway (Van Grouw 2006). Other cases of leucism types of melanins: eumelanins (i.e. big and regular are related to disorders in the deposition of carotenoid granules that produce dark browns, greys and black pigments, as it was observed in a population of barn colors), and pheomelanins (i.e. irregular granules which swallows (Hirundo rustica), which had been temporarily originate different types of reddish brown and yellow affected by radioactive contamination at Chernobyl, pigmentation); Russia. These birds presented partial leucism (wrongly 2) Carotenoids, which must be incorporated through called “partial albinism”) in the head feathers (Møller & the diet and then modified by enzimatic reactions into Mousseau 2001). diverse compounds that give the plumage bright red, The occurrence of leucistic birds does not exceed 1% orange, yellow and some violet and ultraviolet coloration; in the wild (Sage 1963, Bensch et al. 2000), with a few cases and recorded in different bird families of non-Passeriformes 3) Porfirins, chemically related to hemoglobin, and Passeriformes (Zapata & Novatti 1979, 1995), such the better known of which are turacin (magenta) and as Anatidae (Wilson et al. 2006), Spheniscidae (Pygoscelis turacoverdin (bright green) (these elements are very sp., Forrest & Naveen 2000; and Aptenodytes patagonicus, unstable and they can be easily destroyed by the sun; Gill Voisin et al. 2002), Procellariidae (Mancini et al. 2010), 2007). Sulidae (Van Grouw et al. 2011), Cathartidae (Hosner Plumage aberrations are common in birds. In the & Lebbin 2006, Figueroa et al. 2011), Accipitridae (Van case of leucism, there is a total absence of a particular Grouw 2011, Robb & Pop 2012), Charadriidae (Cestari pigment (e.g. melanin or pheomelanin) either in the & Vernaschi Vieria Da Costa 2007), Columbidae entire plumage or in some feathers. As a result, the whole (Contreras Balderas & Ruiz Campos 2011, Costa Correa A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano et al. 2013), Emberizidae (Acosta Broche 2005, Grilli et characteristic pattern (Figure 1). This leucistic individual al. 2006), Turdidae (Campos Gonçales Junior et al. 2008, was observed and photographed in the same place during Azzarri et al. 2011), and Corvidae (Van Grouw 2014), April 2013 and a year later, in March 2014, along with among others. another individual with normal plumage (Figure 2). No During periodic field-work sampling at Carhué breeding records are available for these birds, thus, it is (37º10', 62º45'W), SW Buenos Aires province, a pair not known whether the leucistic condition could affect of American Barn Owls (Tyto furcata) was found in an the breeding success of the specimen in question. old abandoned barn. One of them caught our attention Previous studies have found no differences in life because the plumage of its facial disc, tail and the expectancy and reproductive success of leucistic- and ventral region was entirely white; furthermore, the neck, normal-phenotypes of several bird species, such as Great secondaries, and primaries were pigmented, albeit in Reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Bensch et al. a significantly lighter fashion than in specimens with a 2000) and other Strigiformes (Ajala & Mikkola 1997). normal pigmentation. On the other hand, the tertiaries, However, McCardle (2012) reported the death at two covert feathers, and alula had a normal pigmentation. months of age of a leucistic specimen of the great horned This combination of white and colored feathers denoted a owl (Bubo virginianus). If any, the adverse consequences Figure 1. An American Barn Owl Tyto furcata with partial leucism from Carhué, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Photograph taken on March 22, 2014 by M.C. Chiale. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano Figure 2. Leucistic and normal-phenotype American Barn owls (Tyto furcata) specimens from Carhué, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Photograph taken on April 30, 2013 by L.G. Pagano. of leucism in birds might compromise aspects such Austral pigmy owl (Glaucidium nana) was reported from as camouflage and prey capture, but not their vision. Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Chubut province, Argentina Leucistic birds have normal eye pigmentation and this (Comisso 2012). Previous reports for leucistic barn owls fact relates directly to a normal visual system; therefore, (T. alba) are from a male belonging to a private collection they should not have vision problems that might interfere in Norfolk, England, a specimen which was completely with prey search (Van Grouw 2006). white but with normal coloration eyes (Alaja & Mikkola According to several authors, albinism and leucism 1997). As far as we know, this contribution represents are rare among Strigiformes (Gross 1965, Ajala & the first report of partial leucism in the American barn Mikkola 1997). However, few species have been reported owl (T. furcata). with such chromatic aberrations (Ajala & Mikkola 1997). Leucism was reported in burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) by Sutton (1912), Ajala & Mikkola (1997), ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and most recently by Motta-Junior et al. (2010). A recent reference (Nogueira & Alves 2011) reports a specimen We thank Dr. Pablo A. Chiale for his useful comments and revision of this note and Jerónimo Pan for improving with its entire plumage being white but its eyes, legs and beak having a normal pigmentation. Likewise, a leucistic the English of the final version. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano McCardle, H. 2012. Albinism in wild vertebrates. Master of Science REFERENCES dissertation. San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University. Møller, A. P. & Mousseau, T. A. 2001. Albinism and phenotype Acosta Broche, L. 2005. Primer caso conocido de leucismo parcial en of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) from Chernobyl. Evolution, Tiaris olivacea en Cuba. Huitzil, Vol. 6 (2): 14-15. 55(10): 2097-2104. Ajala, P. & Mikkola, H. 1997. Albinism in the Great Grey Owl (Srix Motta-Junior, J. C., Monteiro Granzinolli, M. A. & Resende nebulosa) and other owls. In: J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson and Monteiro, A. 2010. Miscellaneous ecological notes on Brasilian T. H. Nicholls (eds.) Biology and conservation of owls of the birds of prey and owls. Biota Neotropical, 10 (4): 355-359. Northern hemisphere. Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service Nemésio, A. 1999. Plumagens aberrantes em Psittacidae neotropicais (General Technical Report NC-190), p. 33-37. – uma revisão. Melopsittacus, 2(2/4): 51-58. Azzarri, D. E., Ferro, L. & Grilli, P. G. 2011. Leucismo en dos Nogueira, D. M. & Alves, M. A. S. 2011. A case of leucism in especies de zorzales en la Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas, 74 (2): the Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia (Aves: Strigiformes) 1-3. with confirmation of species identity using citogenetic analysis. Bensch, S., Hansson, B., Hasselquist, D. & Nielsen, B. 2000. Partial Zoologia, 28 (1): 53-57. albinism in a semi-isolated population of Great Reed Warblers. Robb, M. & Pop, R. 2012. An aberrantly coloured buzzard Buteo Hereditas, 133: 167-170. bannermani on Santo Antão, Cape Verde Islands, in November Campos Gonçales Junior, C., da Silva, N. A., Cordeiro De Luca, 2012, with notes on the past and present status of the species. A., Pongiluppi, T. & de Barros Molina, F. 2008. Record of a Zoologia Caboverdiana, 3 (2): 87-90. leucistic Rufuos-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris (Passeriformes, Sage, B. L. 1963. The incidence of albinism and melanism in British Turdidae) in Sao Paolo City, Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira birds. British Birds, 56: 409 416. de Ornitología, 16 (1): 72-75. Sutton, G. M. 1912. An Albinistic Burrowing Owl. Bird Lore, 14: Cestari, C. & Vernaschi Viera Da Costa, T. 2007. A case of leucism in Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) in the Pantanal, Brazil. Van Grouw, H. 2006. Not every white bird is an albino: sense and Boletín SAO, Vol. XVII (2): 145-147. nonsense about colour aberrations in birds. Dutch Birding, 28: Comisso, E. 2012. Caso de leucismo en Caburé Grande Glaucidium 79-89. nana. Ecoregistros, 2: 1-3. Van Grouw, H. J., Russel, S. & Merne, O. J. 2011. Notes on colour Contreras Balderas, A. J. & Ruiz Campos, G. 2011. Primer aberrations in Common Guillemot Uria aalge and Northern informe de leucismo en la Paloma de Collar Streptopelia decaocto Gannet Morus bassanus. Seabird, 24: 33-41. (Columbiformes), especie exótica en México. Cuadernos de Van Grouw, H. 2011. Lappet-faced Vultures with white feathers. Investigación UNED, Vol. 3 (1): 85-88. Vulture News, 60: 13-14. Costa Correa, L. L., Silva, D. E. & Vilges de Oliveira, S. 2013. A Van Grouw, H. 2014. Some black and white facts about the Faeroese partial leucism case in Columbina picui (Temminck 1813) (Birds: white-speckled Common Raven Corvus corax varius. Bulletin of Columbiformes), in South of Brazil. Caderno de Pesquisa, Serie the British Ornithologists´ Club, 134 (1): 4-13. Biologia, Vol. 25 (2): 41-46. Voisin, J. F., Mougin, J. L., Segonzac, M. & Ropert-Coudert, Y. Figueroa, J., Stucchi, M. & Mori, G. 2011. Cases of leucism in the 2002. Colour aberrations and physical deformities in the King Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) in Lobos de Tierra island, Perú. Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus at Crozet Islands. Marine Biology, Boletín informativo INOP, Vol. 6 (2): 14-18. 30 (1): 1-4. Forrest, S. C. & Naveen, R. 2000. Prevalence of leucism in Pygocelids Wilson, R. E.; Valqui, T.H. & McCracken, K.G. 2006. Aberrant Penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula. Waterbirds, 23 (2): 283-285. plumage in the Yellow- billed Pintail Anas georgica. Wildfowl, 56: Gill, F. B. 2007. Ornithology, Third Edition. Freeman, W.H. and 192-196. Company (Eds.), New York. Zapata, A. R. P & Novatti, R. 1979. Aves albinas en la colección del Grilli, P. G., Moschione, F.N. & Burgos, F.G. 2006. Leucismo Museo de La Plata. Hornero, 12 (01): 1-10. parcial en Pepitero de collar Saltator aurantiirostris en Santa Zapata, A. R. P. & Novatti, R. 1995. Passeriformes albinos en la Bárbara, Jujuy, Argentina. Cotinga, 25: 89-90. colección del Museo de La Plata. Revista de la Asociacion de Gross, A. O. 1965. The incidence of albinism in North American Ciencias Naturales del Litoral, 26: 69-71. birds. Bird Banding, 36 (2): 67-71. Hosner, P. A. & Lebbin, D. J. 2006. Observations of plumage pigment aberrations of birds in Ecuador, including Ramphastidae. Boletín SAO, Vol. XVI (1): 30-43. Mancini, P. L., Jiménez, S., Neves, T. & Bugoni, L. 2010. Records of leucism in albatrosses and petrels (Procellariiformes) in the South Associate Editor: Cristiano Schetini Atlantic Ocean. Revista Brasileira de Ornitología, 18 (3): 245-248. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Ornithology Research Springer Journals

A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Ornithology Research , Volume 22 (3) – Sep 1, 2014

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Abstract

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 307-310 SHORTCOMMUNICATION September 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina 1,2,4 1,3 María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. GRUPO FALCO. www.grupofalco.com.ar Corresponding author: ceciliachiale@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Received on 6 May 2014. Accepted on 9 September 2014. ABSTRACT: The diverse colorations of a birds’ plumage are due to either structural colors or pigments that are synthesized in specialized cells or incorporated through the diet. However, plumage color aberrations can occur; several cases of albinism and leucism have been reported for different bird species and some examples are found in Strigiformes. A specimen of the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) with partial leucism was found in Carhué, Buenos Aires province. The plumage of its facial disc, tail and the ventral region was completely white; furthermore, the neck, primaries, and secondaries were pigmented although in a significantly lighter fashion than in normal-phenotype specimens. The rest of the body presented a normal pattern for the species. KEYWORDS: Birds, melanins, pigmentation, plumage, Strigiformes. Bird plumages present diverse colorations, some of which plumage or distinct feather-groups are white (Nemésio are due to structural colors and/or to several pigments. 1999). However, leucistic birds have normal pigmentation In turn, pigments may be divided into three categories, in other regions such as the bill, eyes and legs, unlike the namely: case of albinism (Van Grouw 2006). Leucism can be the 1) Melanins, being derived from the aminoacid result of a genetic disorder in the melanin biosynthesis tyrosin and synthesized in melanoblasts; there are two pathway (Van Grouw 2006). Other cases of leucism types of melanins: eumelanins (i.e. big and regular are related to disorders in the deposition of carotenoid granules that produce dark browns, greys and black pigments, as it was observed in a population of barn colors), and pheomelanins (i.e. irregular granules which swallows (Hirundo rustica), which had been temporarily originate different types of reddish brown and yellow affected by radioactive contamination at Chernobyl, pigmentation); Russia. These birds presented partial leucism (wrongly 2) Carotenoids, which must be incorporated through called “partial albinism”) in the head feathers (Møller & the diet and then modified by enzimatic reactions into Mousseau 2001). diverse compounds that give the plumage bright red, The occurrence of leucistic birds does not exceed 1% orange, yellow and some violet and ultraviolet coloration; in the wild (Sage 1963, Bensch et al. 2000), with a few cases and recorded in different bird families of non-Passeriformes 3) Porfirins, chemically related to hemoglobin, and Passeriformes (Zapata & Novatti 1979, 1995), such the better known of which are turacin (magenta) and as Anatidae (Wilson et al. 2006), Spheniscidae (Pygoscelis turacoverdin (bright green) (these elements are very sp., Forrest & Naveen 2000; and Aptenodytes patagonicus, unstable and they can be easily destroyed by the sun; Gill Voisin et al. 2002), Procellariidae (Mancini et al. 2010), 2007). Sulidae (Van Grouw et al. 2011), Cathartidae (Hosner Plumage aberrations are common in birds. In the & Lebbin 2006, Figueroa et al. 2011), Accipitridae (Van case of leucism, there is a total absence of a particular Grouw 2011, Robb & Pop 2012), Charadriidae (Cestari pigment (e.g. melanin or pheomelanin) either in the & Vernaschi Vieria Da Costa 2007), Columbidae entire plumage or in some feathers. As a result, the whole (Contreras Balderas & Ruiz Campos 2011, Costa Correa A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano et al. 2013), Emberizidae (Acosta Broche 2005, Grilli et characteristic pattern (Figure 1). This leucistic individual al. 2006), Turdidae (Campos Gonçales Junior et al. 2008, was observed and photographed in the same place during Azzarri et al. 2011), and Corvidae (Van Grouw 2014), April 2013 and a year later, in March 2014, along with among others. another individual with normal plumage (Figure 2). No During periodic field-work sampling at Carhué breeding records are available for these birds, thus, it is (37º10', 62º45'W), SW Buenos Aires province, a pair not known whether the leucistic condition could affect of American Barn Owls (Tyto furcata) was found in an the breeding success of the specimen in question. old abandoned barn. One of them caught our attention Previous studies have found no differences in life because the plumage of its facial disc, tail and the expectancy and reproductive success of leucistic- and ventral region was entirely white; furthermore, the neck, normal-phenotypes of several bird species, such as Great secondaries, and primaries were pigmented, albeit in Reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Bensch et al. a significantly lighter fashion than in specimens with a 2000) and other Strigiformes (Ajala & Mikkola 1997). normal pigmentation. On the other hand, the tertiaries, However, McCardle (2012) reported the death at two covert feathers, and alula had a normal pigmentation. months of age of a leucistic specimen of the great horned This combination of white and colored feathers denoted a owl (Bubo virginianus). If any, the adverse consequences Figure 1. An American Barn Owl Tyto furcata with partial leucism from Carhué, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Photograph taken on March 22, 2014 by M.C. Chiale. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano Figure 2. Leucistic and normal-phenotype American Barn owls (Tyto furcata) specimens from Carhué, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Photograph taken on April 30, 2013 by L.G. Pagano. of leucism in birds might compromise aspects such Austral pigmy owl (Glaucidium nana) was reported from as camouflage and prey capture, but not their vision. Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Chubut province, Argentina Leucistic birds have normal eye pigmentation and this (Comisso 2012). Previous reports for leucistic barn owls fact relates directly to a normal visual system; therefore, (T. alba) are from a male belonging to a private collection they should not have vision problems that might interfere in Norfolk, England, a specimen which was completely with prey search (Van Grouw 2006). white but with normal coloration eyes (Alaja & Mikkola According to several authors, albinism and leucism 1997). As far as we know, this contribution represents are rare among Strigiformes (Gross 1965, Ajala & the first report of partial leucism in the American barn Mikkola 1997). However, few species have been reported owl (T. furcata). with such chromatic aberrations (Ajala & Mikkola 1997). Leucism was reported in burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) by Sutton (1912), Ajala & Mikkola (1997), ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and most recently by Motta-Junior et al. (2010). A recent reference (Nogueira & Alves 2011) reports a specimen We thank Dr. Pablo A. Chiale for his useful comments and revision of this note and Jerónimo Pan for improving with its entire plumage being white but its eyes, legs and beak having a normal pigmentation. Likewise, a leucistic the English of the final version. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014 A case of partial leucism in the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) (Temminck, 1827), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina María Cecilia Chiale and Luis Pagano McCardle, H. 2012. Albinism in wild vertebrates. Master of Science REFERENCES dissertation. San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University. Møller, A. P. & Mousseau, T. A. 2001. Albinism and phenotype Acosta Broche, L. 2005. Primer caso conocido de leucismo parcial en of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) from Chernobyl. Evolution, Tiaris olivacea en Cuba. Huitzil, Vol. 6 (2): 14-15. 55(10): 2097-2104. Ajala, P. & Mikkola, H. 1997. Albinism in the Great Grey Owl (Srix Motta-Junior, J. C., Monteiro Granzinolli, M. A. & Resende nebulosa) and other owls. In: J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson and Monteiro, A. 2010. Miscellaneous ecological notes on Brasilian T. H. Nicholls (eds.) Biology and conservation of owls of the birds of prey and owls. Biota Neotropical, 10 (4): 355-359. Northern hemisphere. Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service Nemésio, A. 1999. Plumagens aberrantes em Psittacidae neotropicais (General Technical Report NC-190), p. 33-37. – uma revisão. Melopsittacus, 2(2/4): 51-58. Azzarri, D. E., Ferro, L. & Grilli, P. G. 2011. Leucismo en dos Nogueira, D. M. & Alves, M. A. S. 2011. A case of leucism in especies de zorzales en la Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas, 74 (2): the Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia (Aves: Strigiformes) 1-3. with confirmation of species identity using citogenetic analysis. Bensch, S., Hansson, B., Hasselquist, D. & Nielsen, B. 2000. Partial Zoologia, 28 (1): 53-57. albinism in a semi-isolated population of Great Reed Warblers. Robb, M. & Pop, R. 2012. An aberrantly coloured buzzard Buteo Hereditas, 133: 167-170. bannermani on Santo Antão, Cape Verde Islands, in November Campos Gonçales Junior, C., da Silva, N. A., Cordeiro De Luca, 2012, with notes on the past and present status of the species. A., Pongiluppi, T. & de Barros Molina, F. 2008. Record of a Zoologia Caboverdiana, 3 (2): 87-90. leucistic Rufuos-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris (Passeriformes, Sage, B. L. 1963. The incidence of albinism and melanism in British Turdidae) in Sao Paolo City, Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira birds. British Birds, 56: 409 416. de Ornitología, 16 (1): 72-75. Sutton, G. M. 1912. An Albinistic Burrowing Owl. Bird Lore, 14: Cestari, C. & Vernaschi Viera Da Costa, T. 2007. A case of leucism in Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) in the Pantanal, Brazil. Van Grouw, H. 2006. Not every white bird is an albino: sense and Boletín SAO, Vol. XVII (2): 145-147. nonsense about colour aberrations in birds. Dutch Birding, 28: Comisso, E. 2012. Caso de leucismo en Caburé Grande Glaucidium 79-89. nana. Ecoregistros, 2: 1-3. Van Grouw, H. J., Russel, S. & Merne, O. J. 2011. Notes on colour Contreras Balderas, A. J. & Ruiz Campos, G. 2011. Primer aberrations in Common Guillemot Uria aalge and Northern informe de leucismo en la Paloma de Collar Streptopelia decaocto Gannet Morus bassanus. Seabird, 24: 33-41. (Columbiformes), especie exótica en México. Cuadernos de Van Grouw, H. 2011. Lappet-faced Vultures with white feathers. Investigación UNED, Vol. 3 (1): 85-88. Vulture News, 60: 13-14. Costa Correa, L. L., Silva, D. E. & Vilges de Oliveira, S. 2013. A Van Grouw, H. 2014. Some black and white facts about the Faeroese partial leucism case in Columbina picui (Temminck 1813) (Birds: white-speckled Common Raven Corvus corax varius. Bulletin of Columbiformes), in South of Brazil. Caderno de Pesquisa, Serie the British Ornithologists´ Club, 134 (1): 4-13. Biologia, Vol. 25 (2): 41-46. Voisin, J. F., Mougin, J. L., Segonzac, M. & Ropert-Coudert, Y. Figueroa, J., Stucchi, M. & Mori, G. 2011. Cases of leucism in the 2002. Colour aberrations and physical deformities in the King Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) in Lobos de Tierra island, Perú. Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus at Crozet Islands. Marine Biology, Boletín informativo INOP, Vol. 6 (2): 14-18. 30 (1): 1-4. Forrest, S. C. & Naveen, R. 2000. Prevalence of leucism in Pygocelids Wilson, R. E.; Valqui, T.H. & McCracken, K.G. 2006. Aberrant Penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula. Waterbirds, 23 (2): 283-285. plumage in the Yellow- billed Pintail Anas georgica. Wildfowl, 56: Gill, F. B. 2007. Ornithology, Third Edition. Freeman, W.H. and 192-196. Company (Eds.), New York. Zapata, A. R. P & Novatti, R. 1979. Aves albinas en la colección del Grilli, P. G., Moschione, F.N. & Burgos, F.G. 2006. Leucismo Museo de La Plata. Hornero, 12 (01): 1-10. parcial en Pepitero de collar Saltator aurantiirostris en Santa Zapata, A. R. P. & Novatti, R. 1995. Passeriformes albinos en la Bárbara, Jujuy, Argentina. Cotinga, 25: 89-90. colección del Museo de La Plata. Revista de la Asociacion de Gross, A. O. 1965. The incidence of albinism in North American Ciencias Naturales del Litoral, 26: 69-71. birds. Bird Banding, 36 (2): 67-71. Hosner, P. A. & Lebbin, D. J. 2006. Observations of plumage pigment aberrations of birds in Ecuador, including Ramphastidae. Boletín SAO, Vol. XVI (1): 30-43. Mancini, P. L., Jiménez, S., Neves, T. & Bugoni, L. 2010. Records of leucism in albatrosses and petrels (Procellariiformes) in the South Associate Editor: Cristiano Schetini Atlantic Ocean. Revista Brasileira de Ornitología, 18 (3): 245-248. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(3), 2014

Journal

Ornithology ResearchSpringer Journals

Published: Sep 1, 2014

Keywords: birds; melanins; pigmentation; plumage; Strigiformes

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