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C. Weil (1983)
Economical LD50 and slope determinations.Drug and chemical toxicology, 6 6
D. Salsburg (1986)
Statistics for Toxicologists
Vernon Brown (1981)
The “Up-And-Down” Approach to Dose Fixing in Acute Toxicity TestsAlternatives to Laboratory Animals, 9
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Quantification of biological risk assessment and evaluation of risks to health from chemicalsProceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 376
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A new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of acute toxicity
Zur planung von versuchen : wieviel versuchseinheiten ?
Annex iii : Toxicological and Pharmacological Tests ( summary of the tasks to be performed by the expert pharmacologist ) . Annex iiia : Acute Toxicity
(1984)
Redundancy for the laboratory guinea pig
The technical basis for regulatory decision - making
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LD50 versus acute toxicity: critical assessment of the methodology currently in use. Archives ofToxicology 51,183-186
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Annex iii: Toxicological and Pharmacological Tests (summary of the tasks to be performed by the expert pharmacologist)
R. Bass, P. Günzel, D. Henschler, J. König, D. Lorke, D. Neubert, E. Schütz, D. Schuppan, G. Zbinden (1983)
[The LD50 in comparison with acute toxicity. A critical evaluation of the present method].Arzneimittel-Forschung, 33 1
F. Sperling, J. McLaughlin (1976)
Biological parameters and the acute LD50 test.Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 59 4
(1982)
In reference to the paper by Bass et al. (Letter to the Editor)
R. Bruce (1985)
An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing.Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 5 1
Optimalisation endeavour of the numerousness of animals in experimental groups in acute toxicity routine estimation assays on rats
(1983)
Acute Toxicity Testing with Small Numbers of Animals
(1982)
LD 50 versus acute toxicity : critical assessment of the methodology currently in use
Standard Recommended Practice for use of the terms precision and accuracy as applied to measurement ofa property ofa material . ( 1980 )
Environmental Health Criteria 6: Principles and Methods for Evaluating the Toxicity ofChemicals
(1983)
LD50 im vergleich zur akuten toxizitat: eine kritische einschatzung der gegenwartig ublichen methodik
Referring to the paper by Zbinden and Fluri - Roversi . ( Letter to the Editor )
A. Rosiello, J. Essigmann, G. Wogan (1977)
Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) and its error with a small computer.Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 3 5-6
D. Chanter, R. Heywood (1982)
The LD50 test: some considerations of precision.Toxicology letters, 10 2-3
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ATLA 12, 75-79,1984 The LD50 Value - a Frequently Misapplied Concept V.K.Brown 7 Greenfields, Willington Street, Maidstone, Kent ME15 BET, UK A substantial understanding ofthe mechanistic processes associated with toxic interactions has been developed in recent years and will continue to improve as the available techniques for investigations become more refined. However, there remains an intellectual hurdle that troubles many people concerned with toxicology. The hurdle is related to the handling of the toxiological information that is generated and is seen to be imprecise. This imprecision contrasts with the high level of precision that is associated with data in the physical sciences. A very long time ago, Leonardo da Vinci is reputed to have stated that: ''There is no certainty in science where mathematics cannot be applied." Now, in the twentieth century, we accept that there is little that is certain in toxicology, but we apply the mathematical principles of probability to our findings in order to achieve a level of scientific respectability. The objective here is to review briefly the importance of quantification in relation to acute toxicology with, of necessity , special reference to the much abused LD50 value. There is a school of thought that repudiates
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals – SAGE
Published: Dec 1, 1984
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