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R. Quinney (1980)
Class, State, and Crime
S. Palmer (1965)
Murder and Suicide in Forty Non-Literate SocietiesJournal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 56
T. Gurr, Vaughn Bishop (1976)
Violent Nations, and OthersJournal of Conflict Resolution, 20
S. Spitzer (1975)
Punishment and social organization: a study of durkheim's theory of penal evolutionLaw & Society Review, 9
D. Chappell, P. Wilson (1972)
The Australian Criminal Justice System
J. Hall, G. Rusche, O. Kirchheimer (1939)
Punishment and Social StructureJournal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 30
ALTST & NZ JOLTRNAL OF CHI~llNOLOGY OUIlt> H)HOl 1:3 (99-10:21 TESTING A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PENAL SEVERITYl P N Crabosky " Introduction That violent societies tend to punish their transgressors with relative severity is a truism hardly worthy of much concerted scientific attention. But in what circumstances does a society respond with a harshness greater than that which might be expected by the violent propensities of its members? The research reported here constitutes an attempt to address that question. Attempts to explain intersocietal variations in the severity of penal sanctions have tended generally to be articulated in structural terms (Sorokin, 1937; Rusche and Kirchheimer, 1939; Spitzer, 1975). A few scholars, however, have sought to explain penal severity in terms of the magnitude and direction of aggressive behaviour expressed by mernbers of a society. An early theorist (Kann, 1941) suggested that severity would be greater in societies where there is a relative preponderance of outwardly directed aggression, and milder in those societies where aggressive impulses tend to be directed inward. A more recent study of primitive societies, however, reported a strong positive relationship between homicide, suicide and the severity of penal sanctions (Palmer. 196.5). This suggests that there may be
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology – SAGE
Published: Jun 1, 1980
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