Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
(1984)
The FRAME Research Programme on in vitro cytotoxicology
A. Gray, M. Garle, R. Clothier (1999)
Fluorescein cadaverine incorporation as a novel technique for the characterization of terminal differentiation in keratinocytes.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 13 4-5
R. Clothier, A. Willshaw, H. Cox, M. Garle, Helen Bowler, R. Combes (1999)
The Use of Human Keratinocytes in the EU/COLIPA International In Vitro Phototoxicity Test Validation Study and the ECVAM/COLIPA Study on UV Filter ChemicalsAlternatives to Laboratory Animals, 27
(2005)
The Development of an In Vitro Model to Investigate Ocular Exposure
(2003)
The Registry of Cytotoxicity: Tox icity testing in cell cultures to predict acute toxicity (LD50) and to reduce testing in animals
R. Clothier, L. Hulme, Aamer Ahmed, H. Reeves, Moira Smith, M. Balls (1988)
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of 150 Chemicals to 3T3-L1 Cells, Assessed by the FRAME Kenacid Blue MethodAlternatives to Laboratory Animals, 16
(1999)
The effects of UVA on human corneal and keratinocyte cell lines
H. Spielmann, M. Balls, M. Balls, J. Dupuis, J. Dupuis, W. Pape, W. Pape, W. Pape, G. Pechovitch, G. Pechovitch, O. Silva, O. Silva, O. Silva, H. Holzhütter, H. Holzhütter, H. Holzhütter, R. Clothier, R. Clothier, R. Clothier, P. Desolle, P. Desolle, P. Desolle, F. Gerberick, F. Gerberick, F. Gerberick, M. Liebsch, M. Liebsch, W. Lovell, W. Lovell, T. Maurer, T. Maurer, T. Maurer, U. Pfannenbecker, U. Pfannenbecker, U. Pfannenbecker, J. Potthast, J. Potthast, J. Potthast, M. Csató, M. Csató, M. Csató, D. Šladowski, D. Šladowski, W. Steiling, W. Steiling, W. Steiling, P. Brantom, P. Brantom (1998)
The International EU/COLIPA In Vitro Phototoxicity Validation Study: Results of Phase II (Blind Trial). Part 1: The 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 12 3
(1990)
Loss of trans-epithelial impermeability of a confluent monolayer of ocular irritancy potential
M. Balls, S. Horner (1985)
The FRAME interlaboratory programme on in vitro cytotoxicology.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 23 2
M. Vinken, T. Henkens, S. Snykers, G. Elaut, P. Papeleu, V. Rogiers (2006)
Modelling Long-Term Repeat-Dose Toxicity – Challenges Faced
L. Reid, R. Clothier, N. Khammo (2001)
Hydrogen peroxide induced stress in human keratinocytes and its effect on bithionol toxicity.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 15 4-5
R. Clothier (1995)
The FRAME Cytotoxicity Test (Kenacid Blue)Methods of Molecular Biology, 43
P. Brantom, L. Bruner, M. Chamberlain, O. Silva, J. Dupuis, L. Earl, D. Lovell, W. Pape, M. Uttley, D. Bagley, F. Baker, M. Bracher, P. Courtellemont, L. Declercq, S. Freeman, W. Steiling, A. Walker, G. Carr, N. Dami, G. Thomas, J. Harbell, P. Jones, U. Pfannenbecker, J. Southee, M. Tcheng, H. Argembeaux, D. Castelli, R. Clothier, D. Esdaile, H. Itigaki, K. Jung, Y. Kasai, H. Kojima, U. Kristen, M. Larnicol, R. Lewis, Kenneth Marenus, O. Moreno, A. Peterson, E. Rasmussen, C. Robles, M. Stern (1997)
A summary report of the COLIPA international validation study on alternatives to the draize rabbit eye irritation test.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 11 1-2
(1999)
The effects of UVA on human corneal and keratinocyte cell lines. In Alternatives to Animal Testing II (ed
Robin Cooper-Hannan, J. Harbell, S. Coecke, M. Balls, G. Bowe, M. Červinka, R. Clothier, Frauke Hermann, Lynn Klahm, J. Lange, M. Liebsch, P. Vanparys (1999)
The Principles of Good Laboratory Practice: Application to In Vitro Toxicology StudiesAlternatives to Laboratory Animals, 27
Hulme Lm, Reeves Hl, R. Clothier, M. Smith, M. Balls (1987)
Assessment of two alternative methods for predicting the in vivo toxicities of metallic compounds.Molecular toxicology, 1 4
(1987)
Trans-epithelial permeability of fluorescein in vitro as an assay to determine eye irritants
A. Gray, R. Clothier (2001)
The use of an in vitro submerged keratinocyte model to predict induction of squamous metaplasia.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 15 4-5
C. Clemedson (1996)
MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity for the first 30 reference chemicals: Part II. In vitro results from 68 methods and comparative cytotoxicity analysis, 24
C. Clemedson, E. McFarlane-Abdulla, M. Andersson, F. Barile, M. Calleja, C. Chesné, R. Clothier, M. Cottin, R. Curren, P. Dierickx, M. Ferro, G. Fiskesjö, L. Garza-Ocañas, M. Gómez‐Lechón, M. Gülden, B. Isomaa, J. Janus, P. Judge, A. Kahru, R. Kemp, G. Kerszman, U. Kristen, M. Kunimoto, S. Kärenlampi, K. Lavrijsen, L. Lewan, H. Lilius, A. Malmsten, T. Ohno, G. Persoone, R. Pettersson, R. Roguet, L. Romert, M. Sandberg, T. Sawyer, H. Seibert, R. Shrivastava, M. Sjöström, A. Stammati, N. Tanaka, O. Torres-Alanís, J. Voss, S. Wakuri, E. Walum, X. Wang, F. Zucco, B. Ekwall (1996)
MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity .2. In vitro results from 68 toxicity assays used to test the first 30 reference chemicals and a comparative cytotoxicity analysis.Atla-alternatives To Laboratory Animals
R. Clothier, N. Bourne (2003)
Effects of THz Exposure on Human Primary Keratinocyte Differentiation and ViabilityJournal of Biological Physics, 29
R. Riddell, R. Clothier, M. Balls (1986)
An evaluation of three in vitro cytotoxicity assays.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 24 6-7
(1988)
Register der Zyto toxizität (IC50) in der Zellkultur und Möglichkeiten zur Abschätzung der Akuten Toxizität (LD50)
P. Knox, P. Uphill, J. Fry, J. Benford, M. Balls (1986)
The FRAME multicentre project on in vitro cytotoxicology.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 24 6-7
R. Clothier, Rebekah Sansom (1996)
Effects of Surfactant Retreatment in Vitro: A Method to Evaluate Changes in Cell Junctions and in Cell ViabilityAlternatives to Laboratory Animals, 24
Balls Michael (1996)
The Validation of Alternative Test Methods
R. Clothier, M. Balls (1990)
Validation of alternative toxicity tests: Principles, practices and cases.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 4 4-5
M. Balls, P. Botham, L. Bruner, H. Spielmann (1995)
The EC/HO international validation study on alternatives to the draize eye irritation test.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 9 6
FRAME and the University of Nottingham have been in association for the past 25 years. During this time, the research in the FRAME Alternatives Laboratory (FAL) at the University of Nottingham, which is partly funded by FRAME and also, more recently, by ECVAM, has involved participation in a number of international validation studies. Validation has become a pre-requisite for the regulatory acceptance of in vitro alternative test procedures, and a number of key lessons have been learned from these studies. The directors of validation studies need to ensure that standard operating procedures (SOPs) are fully complied with, and that the equipment used is certified to be of an acceptable standard. Database managers need to be able to check the original data, and to ensure adherence to procedures agreed before the study began. When the validation study is part of an integrated EU Framework Project, such as ACute-Tox, the Workpackage Leader must have the ability to understand and evaluate the data to be presented for inclusion in the study analysis, and to check that it complies with acceptance criteria. The potential to relate observed cellular biochemical changes to morphological endpoints also increases the level of understanding of the relevance and/or limitations of an assay. For example, exposure to a surfactant can induce the temporary loss of adhesion junctions between adjacent epithelial cells, resulting in the loss of barrier integrity and other effects on cell culture activity, which can potentially be restored over time. Unexpected results from the NRU phototoxicity assay with human keratinocytes instead of 3T3 cells, stimulated research into the ability of the in vitro assay, not only to identify phototoxins, but also to identify their possible mechanisms of action and mechanisms underlying the protective capacity within human primary keratinocytes in vitro. The protective effects of UV-filters can also be used to ascertain their effects on the photoactivation of drugs.
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals – SAGE
Published: Oct 1, 2007
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.