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Nonlinear vibration characteristics and stability of the printing moving membrane:

Nonlinear vibration characteristics and stability of the printing moving membrane: Most studies on the membrane vibration are limited to discussing small deflection linear problems, but rarely on the study of nonlinear large deflection problems. In practice, however, membrane deflection is not necessarily far less than the thickness, so it is necessary to research the large deflection vibration problems of moving membrane. In this paper, the large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving printing membrane are analyzed. Large deflection vibration equation of an axially moving membrane is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. The large deflection vibration of rectangle moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov– Galerkin method which is a semi-analytical-weighted residual method, and the large deflection vibration complex fre- quency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are obtained. The results show that the large deflection nonlinear vibration can be effectively avoided by increasing membrane aspect ratio and decreasing the membrane dimensionless velocity. The study provides theoretical basis for improving the operation stability of the printing equipment. Keywords Large deflection, nonlinear vibration, moving membrane, Bubnov–Galerkin method Introduction In the printing process, the printing objects of high-speed web press and gravure printing press are tensioned paper or plastic film, which vibrations can seriously affect the printing quality and the printing machines working stability. Most of the researches are related to the small deflection vibration characteristic of moving membrane. However, membrane is liable to occur large deflection vibration phenomenon such as membrane tear, snap in the high-speed production process. Therefore, it is very necessary to analyze large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving membrane. In recent years, the researches on axial movement systems of the transverse vibration and stability have made great achievements. Many scholars at home and abroad pay more attention to the membrane vibration and stability. Wang and Liu studied nonlinear free vibration of an axially moving string in transverse motions, the nonlinear free vibration equation was derived, and the non-system approximate response was obtained. Chen and Chen and Chen and Zhang analyzed the vibration characteristics of the axially moving viscoelastic string, and the bifur- cation and chaos were identiEed based on the Poincare maps and numerical simulations. Koivurova studied the periodic nonlinear problem of an axially moving string by the Fourier–Galerkin–Newton (FGN) method. Kong and Chen took tilted support spring system under the action of semi-sinusoidal impulse as the research object, and the nonlinear dynamical equations were established. It was shown that there was a sensitive area of the shock Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Faculty of Printing, Packing and Digital Media Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Corresponding author: Mingyue Shao, Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China. Email: shaomingyue_xaut@163.com Creative Commons CC-BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Wu et al. 307 response to the dimensionless pulse duration, and this area can be avoided by controlling the stiffness of the tilted spring support. Nonlinear parametric vibrations and stability of an axially accelerating elastic string were researched by Ghayesh. The method of multiple scales was applied to govern nonlinear equation of motion. The stability areas of system were constructed analytically. In terms of the axially moving beam and plate, Chen and Yang investigated bifurcation and chaos of axially accelerating viscoelastic beams by using the Galerkin method. The bifurcation diagrams were obtained. Chen and Yang also investigated the dynamic stability of the two-term truncated tensioned beam system using averaging method. Numerical examples demonstrated that the stability conditions were related to the tension, the dynamic viscosity and the mean axial speed. The steady-state response of an axially moving viscoelastic beam was obtained by using the method of multiple scales. Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of sandwich beams with viscoelastic materials were analyzed by the Enite element methods and the harmonic balance method by Jacques and Daya. Transverse vibration of viscoelastic sandwich beam with time-dependent axial tension and axially varying moving 11 12,13 14 velocity was studied by Lv and Li. Ghayesh and Amabili and Ghayesh investigated the nonlinear vibra- tions of an axially moving beam with an intermediate spring support numerically. The equation of motion was obtained via Hamilton’s principle, and then it was discretized via the Galerkin method. The resultant nonlinear ordinary differential equations were then solved via either the pseudo-arclength continuation technique or direct time integration. Bifurcation diagrams of Poincare maps were analyzed. Ghayesh and Amabili also researched the nonlinear dynamics of an axially moving beam with time-dependent axial speed, including numerical results for the nonlinear resonant response of the system in the sub-critical speed regime and global dynamical behavior. The nonlinear global forced dynamics of an axially moving viscoelastic beam was examined by Ghayesh et al. The equations of motion for both longitudinal and transverse motions were derived using Newton’s second law of motion and then discretized via Galerkin’s method. The subsequent set of nonlinear ordinary equations was solved numerically by means of the direct time integration via modified Rosenbrock method. Banichuk and 17 18 Neittaanma¨ ki and Saksa and Banichuk studied the dynamics and instability of an axially moving viscoelastic plate. Nonlinear free vibration analysis of square plates with various boundary conditions was studied by Saha et al.. The static problem and the dynamic problem of the large amplitude vibration were formulated through energy method. Ghayesh et al. used Von Karman plate theory to examine the nonlinear vibration for forced motions of an axially moving plate, and the equations of motion were obtained via an energy method based on Lagrange equations. The effect of the axial speed and the pretension on the resonant responses was highlighted. The dynamic stability of the moving viscoelastic plate with the piezoelectric layer was studied by Wang et al. A mathematical model was presented to analyze the vibration of a tapered isotropic rectangular plate under different boundary conditions by Khanna and Singhal. The geometrically nonlinear large deformation behavior of triangular carbon nanotube (CNT) composite plates under transversely distributed loads was investigated by using the element-free IMLS-Ritz method by Zhang and Liu. Further investigations on this topic focused on the nonlinear aspects of the web. Marynowski established elastic and viscoelastic dynamic model of an axially moving web using two-dimensional rheology theory. The finite 25,26 element method was applied by Kulachenko et al. to study the nonlinear dynamics problems about transverse vibration and stability of web and verify the calculation results. Koivurova and Pramila analyzed nonlinear vibration of an axially moving membrane by finite element method, which contained acoustic fluid elements and contact algorithms. Equilibrium and vibration analyses of a fabric web under arbitrary large deformation were 28 29 presented by Ma and Jiang. Vedrines and Knittel studied out of plane vibrations of the web in web handling systems and observed the influences of free and forced vibrations. The nonlinear vibration fundamental frequency and vibrational state of the moving rectangular membrane were discussed by Zhao and Wang. Nonlinear vibrations and instabilities of a stretched hyperelastic membrane were analyzed by using the finite element 31 32 method by Goncalves et al. and Soares and Gonc¸ alves. Von Karman nonlinear plate equations were modified to describe the motion of an axially moving web with small flexural stiffness under transverse loading by Lin and Mote. Transverse vibration characteristics and stability of a moving membrane with elastic supports were analyzed by Wu and Lei. They determined the dynamic instability region and the stability region of the web. Also, the influence of system parameters on the stability region was developed. Parametric vibration and dynamic stability of the printing paper web with multi-roller supports and the active vibration control of the web were also 35 36 studied by Wu et al. and Ma et al. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of interaction between a three-dimensional rubberlike membrane and liquid in a rectangular tank was studied in Parasil and Watanabe. The large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving membrane are researched. Large deflection vibration equation is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. Large deflection vibration of the rectangle moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov–Galerkin 308 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) method, also the large deflection vibration of the moving membrane complex frequency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are analyzed. Large deflection vibration mechanical model of membrane The mechanical model of the axially moving rectangle membrane is shown in Figure 1. The membrane is soft and homogeneous and has no flexural stiffness, shear force or bending moment. The membrane length is a, the membrane width is b, aspect ratio r is the ratio of the length to the width of the membrane, w  ðx, y, tÞ denotes the transverse vibration displacement of membrane in z direction, t denotes time,  denotes the mass per unit area and axial velocity v is constant, the T and T are the pulling force along unit length of membrane at the x y boundaries along x and y direction separately, and the thickness of the membrane is h. When the deflection is not far less than the thickness, we should deal with it according to the large deflection theory, and we must consider the in-plane displacement of each point in the middle plane caused by the deflection, and therefore we must consider the middle plane strain and in-plane force caused by middle plane displacement. The equilibrium differential equations are given by @N @N xy þ ¼ 0 @x @y ð1Þ @N @N y yx þ ¼ 0 @y @x Elastic surface differential equation is defined as 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w @ w @ w @ w @ w þ 2v þ v  N  N  2N ¼ 0 ð2Þ x y xy 2 2 2 2 @t @x@t @x @x @y @x@y where N , N , N is the membrane internal force per unit length. The above three differential equations containing x y xy four unknown functions, which are w, N , N , N , so the deformation and displacement must be considered. x y xy The system compatibility equation is expressed by the internal force and deflection "# 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ N @ N @ N @ N @ N @ w  @ w  @ w y y xy x x þ      2ð1 þ Þ ¼ Eh  ð3Þ 2 2 2 2 2 2 @y @x @x @y @x@y @x@y @x @y where E is the modulus of elasticity of the membrane and  is the Poisson’s ratio of the membrane. The internal force of the membrane can be expressed by the internal force function @ ’ N ¼ > 2 > @y @ ’ ð4Þ N ¼ @x > @ ’ N ¼ xy @x@y Figure 1. The mechanical model of the large deflection vibration membrane. Wu et al. 309 The equilibrium differential equations of the membrane units are independent from each other, and the mem- brane is soft and homogeneous, so equations (5) are obtained in the boundary conditions of the membrane with four edges fixed. N ¼ T N ¼ T N ¼ 0 ð5Þ xy xx¼0,a x yy¼0,b y Substituting equations (4) and (5) into equations (2) and (3), the large deflection vibration equations of the moving membrane are obtained based on the Von Karman nonlinear plate theory 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ ’ @ ’ > @ w  @ w  2 @ w  @ w  @ w þ 2 þ    ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @t @x@t @x @y @x @x @y ð6Þ 4 4 2 2 2 > @ ’ @ ’ @ w  @ w  @ w þ ¼ Eh : 4 4 2 2 @x @y @x@y @x @y Introducing the dimensionless quantities sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 2 x y w Eh a a ’ ð7Þ ¼ ,  ¼ , w ¼ ,  ¼ t , c ¼  r ¼ , f ¼ 4 3 3 a b h a Eh b Eh where  is the dimensionless time, c is the dimensionless speed, r is the aspect ratio. Then substituting equations (7) into equations (6) yields 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w 2 @ w 2 @ f @ w 2 @ f @ w þ 2c þ c  r  r ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ ð8Þ 4 4 2 2 2 @ f 4 @ f 2 @ w 2 @ w @ w þ r ¼ r r 4 4 2 2 @@ @ @ @ @ The boundary conditions of the large deflection vibration equation are @ f @ f ¼ 0, 1 : ¼ 1, ¼ 0, ! ¼ 0 ð9Þ @@ @ f @ f ¼ 0, 1 : ¼ 1, ! ¼ 0 ð10Þ ¼ 0, @@ Solution of large deflection vibration equation The Bubnov–Galerkin method is used to study large deflection vibration problems. Firstly, we solve basic unknowns w and f using the separation of variables. Suppose the solutions which satisfy the boundary conditions of equations (9) and (10) are wð, , Þ¼ Wð, ÞTðÞð11Þ f ð, , Þ¼ Fð, ÞT ðÞð12Þ where Wð, Þ is a given known function, Fð, Þ and TðÞ are the unknown functions to be solved. The mode function in Galerkin discretization is a first-order mode in the nonlinear vibration of an axially moving membrane. Substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (8) yields the following equation. 4 4 2 2 2 @ F @ F @ W @ W @ W 4 2 2 ð13Þ þ r ¼ r r 4 4 2 2 @ @ @@ @ @ 310 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) Then we obtain Fð, Þ¼ F ðc Þþ F ð14Þ 0 i 0 0 where F ¼ F ð, Þ denotes the particular solution of equation (13), F ðc Þ¼ F ð, , c Þ is general solution, c are 0 i 0 i i unknown coefficients that are determined based on boundary conditions. Bubnov–Galerkin method is advantageously employed to discretize the partial differential equation of motion to a set of second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (8) yields the following equation by the Bubnov–Galerkin method. ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w @ w @ f @ w @ f @ w 2 2 2 þ 2c þ c  r  r Wð, Þds 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ ð15Þ ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ TðÞ @W @TðÞ @ W @ F @ W @ F @ W 2 2 3 2 3 ¼ W þ 2c þ c TðÞ  r T ðÞ r T ðÞ Wð, Þds ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Obviously, equation (15) is the nonlinear ordinary differential equation about TðÞ. d TðÞ dTðÞ ð16Þ A þ B þ C TðÞ DT ðÞ¼ 0 d d where DT ðÞ is the nonlinear term and the A, B, C and D are given by ZZ ZZ @W A ¼ W dsB ¼ 2c Wds s s ZZ ZZ ð17Þ 2 2 2 2 2 @ W @ F @ W @ F @ W 2 2 C ¼ c WdsD ¼ r þ Wds 2 2 2 2 2 @ @ @ @ @ s s A displacement function satisfying the boundary conditions is Wð, Þ¼ sin  sin  ð18Þ Substituting equation (18) into equation (13) yields 4 4 2 4 @ F @ F r ð19Þ þ r ¼ ðÞ cos 2  þ cos 2 4 4 @ @ 2 So we obtain r 1 ð20Þ FðÞ ,  ¼ cos 2  þ cos 2 32 32r According to equations (16), (18) and (20), we can obtain ZZ 2 2 A ¼ sin sin ds ¼ ZZ B ¼ 2c cos  sin  sin ds ¼ 0 s Wu et al. 311 ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 C ¼ c sin sin ds ¼ ZZ 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 D ¼ r cos 2  sin  sin  þ cos 2  sin  sin  ds ¼ ð1 þ rÞð21Þ 8r 8 64 Equation (16) can be simplified as d TðÞ ð22Þ TðÞ T ðÞ¼ 0 where 2 2 4 ð23Þ ¼c ; ¼ ð1 þ r Þ Equation (22) is integrated d TðÞ 2 4 ð24Þ T ðÞ T ðÞ¼ H d 2 The different values of H represent different curves on the phase plane, and the value of H is determined by the initial motion condition. The initial displacement C and the initial velocity V are given by Tj ¼ C ð25Þ ¼0 dT ¼ V ¼ 0 ð26Þ ¼0 Integrating equation (22) can get nonlinear vibration period of the axially moving membrane, which can be expressed as sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 d" 2 ð27Þ Z ¼ 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4 KðnÞ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 C C 0 ð1  " Þð1  n " Þ where 1 2 T 1 2 2 2 " ¼ ¼ n ¼ ð28Þ 2 2 C C and K(n) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The nonlinear vibration frequency of the membrane can be expressed as rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1 1 ð29Þ ! ¼ ¼ Z 2 2 KðnÞ where "# 2 2 2 1 1  3 1  3  5 2 4 6 KðnÞ¼ 1 þ n þ n þ n þ ð30Þ 2 2 2  4 2  4  6 312 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) Substituting equation (30) into equation (29) yields the nonlinear vibration frequency of an axially moving membrane. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi hi ! ¼ ð31Þ 2 2 2 1 2 13 4 135 6 1 þ n þ n þ n þ 2 24 246 where 2 2 4 ¼c , ¼ ð1 þ r Þ 4 ð32Þ 1 4 2 C  ð1 þ r ÞC 2 2 32 n ¼ ¼ 2 2 2 4 2 C c þ ð1 þ r ÞC Results analysis Relationship between large deflection vibration frequency and axial velocity As shown in Figure 2, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of axial velocity when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 1 and V ¼ 0, the aspect ratio is r ¼ 1, 2, 3, respectively. Figure 2 shows that when the aspect ratio r is constant and the dimensionless velocity c ¼ 0, dimensionless complex frequency ! is a real number. As the dimensionless velocity c increases gradually, the real part of complex frequency ! gradually decreases, while the imaginary part is always zero, which shows that the large deflection vibration of the axially moving rectangular membrane is small and does not damp. When the dimensionless speed c increases to a certain value, the real part of the complex frequency ! decreases to zero, and the imaginary part gradually increase from zero, the rectangular membrane begins to divergence instability and conducts damping vibration. Besides, comparing the curves when aspect ratio r is different, it is clear that the aspect ratio r increases with the increase of vibration instability critical speed. The vibration instability critical speed is higher than the operating speed of the membrane, which can effectively ensure the membrane in a stable state. As shown in Figure 3, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of axial velocity when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 0 and V ¼ 0, the aspect ratio is r ¼ 1, 2, 3, respectively. Figure 3 shows that when the dimensionless speed increases gradually, the real part of the dimensionless nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! is always zero (namely complex frequency ! is purely imaginary number) and the imaginary part linearly increases from zero. The results show that the membrane is always divergent instability, the greater the dimensionless speed, the faster the divergence instability. And this phenomenon has nothing to do with the aspect ratio of the membrane. (a) (b) r=1 r=1 12 r=2 r=2 r=3 r=3 6 15 4 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 c c Figure 2. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the dimensionless velocity (C ¼ 1). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Wu et al. 313 (a) (b) r=1 r=1 r=2 r=2 r=3 0.5 r=3 -0.5 -1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3. The curves relating the dimensionless nonlinear vibration complex frequency to the dimensionless velocity (C ¼ 0). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. (a) (b) 25 2.5 c=0.5 c=0.5 c=0.8 c=0.8 c=1 c=1 1.5 10 1 5 0.5 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 r r Figure 4. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the aspect ratio r (C ¼ 1). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. The large deflection vibration frequency and aspect ratio As shown in Figure 4, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of aspect ratio r when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 1 and V ¼ 0, the dimen- sionless speed is c ¼ 0.5, 0.8, 1, respectively. Figure 4 shows that when the dimensionless speed c remains unchanged and the aspect ratio is r ¼ 0, dimensionless complex frequency ! is a pure imaginary number, which indicates that the rectangular membrane begins to divergence instability and conducts damping vibration. As the aspect ratio r gradually increases to a certain value, the real part of complex frequency ! increases gradually, and the imaginary part decreases to zero, which indicates that moving membrane large deflection vibration begins to reduce and then gradually conducts undamped vibration. It can be obtained that large deflection vibration phe- nomenon is more obvious along with the decrease of the aspect ratio r. In addition, comparing the curves when the dimensionless speed c is different, it can be noted that the large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed, and the divergence instability happens more easily. To sum up, we can effectively avoid the large deflection nonlinear vibration phenomenon by increasing the membrane aspect ratio r and decreasing the membrane dimensionless speed c. As shown in Figure 5, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of aspect ratio r when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 0 and V ¼ 0, the dimen- sionless speed is c ¼ 0.5, 0.8, 1, respectively. Figure 5 shows that when dimensionless speed c remains unchanged, the dimensionless complex frequency ! is always a constant pure imaginary number, which has nothing to do with the aspect ratio r. And the membrane experiences divergence instability at any dimensionless speed c. In addition, comparing curves when the dimensionless speed is different, it can be noted that the large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed, and the divergence instability Re(ω ) Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Im(ω ) 314 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) 3.2 (a) (b) c=0.5 3 c=0.5 c=0.8 c=0.8 2.8 c=1 c=1 0.5 2.6 2.4 2.2 -0.5 1.8 1.6 1.4 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 r r Figure 5. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the aspect ratio r (C ¼ 0). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. happens more easily. To sum up, the large deflection nonlinear vibration phenomenon can be effectively avoided by reducing membrane dimensionless speed c. Conclusions The large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving printing membrane are studied. Large deflection vibration equation of an axially moving membrane is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. Large deflection vibration of an axially moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov–Galerkin method, and the large deflection vibration complex frequency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are highlighted. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The aspect ratio r increases with the increase of vibration instability critical speed. So the vibration instability critical speed can be improved by increasing the aspect ratio r, when the vibration instability critical speed is higher than the operating speed of the membrane, which can effectively ensure the membrane in a stable state. 2. The large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed c, when the divergence instability happens more easily. Therefore, we properly reduce dimensionless velocity c, which can effectively avoid the large deflection nonlinear vibration. 3. The initial motion state of C ¼ 0, the membrane has always been large deflection vibration state, the greater the dimensionless velocity c, the faster divergence instability, and the vibration is irrelevant with the aspect ratio r. Declaration of conflicting interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11272253 and 51305341). This work is also supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi (Grant No. 2016JM5023). References 1. Wang YF and Liu XT. Stability analyses for axially moving strings in nonlinear free and aerodynamically excited vibra- tions. Chaos Solitons Fract 2008; 38: 421–429. 2. Chen LQ and Chen H. Asymptotic analysis of axially accelerating viscoelastic string. Int J Eng Sci 2008; 45: 975–985. 3. Chen LQ and Zhang NH. Bifurcation and chaos of an axially moving viscoelastic string. Mech Res Commun 2002; 29: 81–90. 4. Koivurova H. The numerical study of the nonlinear dynamics of a light, axially moving string. J Sound Vib 2009; 320: 373–385. Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Wu et al. 315 5. Kong FL and Chen AJ. 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American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 29. Vedrines M and Knittel D. Analysis and rejection of out of plane moving web vibrations in web handling systems. Inte Cong Sound Vibr 2006; 1: 690–697. 30. Zhao FQ and Wang ZM. Nonlinear vibration analysis of a moving rectangular membrane. Mech Sci Technol Aerosp Eng 2010; 29: 768–771. (in Chinese). 31. Goncalves PB, Soares RM and Pamplona D. Nonlinear vibrations of radially stretched circular hyperelastic membrane. J Sound Vib 2009; 327: 231–248. 32. Soares RM and Gonc¸ alves PB. Nonlinear vibrations and instabilities of a stretched hyperelastic annular membrane. Int J Solids Struct 2012; 49: 514–526. 33. Lin CC and Mote CD. Equilibrium displacement and stress distribution in a two-dimensional, axially moving web under transverse loading. J Appl Mech 1995; 62: 772–779. 34. Wu JM and Lei WJ. Transverse vibration characteristics and stability of a moving membrane with elastic supports. 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Abstract

Most studies on the membrane vibration are limited to discussing small deflection linear problems, but rarely on the study of nonlinear large deflection problems. In practice, however, membrane deflection is not necessarily far less than the thickness, so it is necessary to research the large deflection vibration problems of moving membrane. In this paper, the large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving printing membrane are analyzed. Large deflection vibration equation of an axially moving membrane is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. The large deflection vibration of rectangle moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov– Galerkin method which is a semi-analytical-weighted residual method, and the large deflection vibration complex fre- quency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are obtained. The results show that the large deflection nonlinear vibration can be effectively avoided by increasing membrane aspect ratio and decreasing the membrane dimensionless velocity. The study provides theoretical basis for improving the operation stability of the printing equipment. Keywords Large deflection, nonlinear vibration, moving membrane, Bubnov–Galerkin method Introduction In the printing process, the printing objects of high-speed web press and gravure printing press are tensioned paper or plastic film, which vibrations can seriously affect the printing quality and the printing machines working stability. Most of the researches are related to the small deflection vibration characteristic of moving membrane. However, membrane is liable to occur large deflection vibration phenomenon such as membrane tear, snap in the high-speed production process. Therefore, it is very necessary to analyze large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving membrane. In recent years, the researches on axial movement systems of the transverse vibration and stability have made great achievements. Many scholars at home and abroad pay more attention to the membrane vibration and stability. Wang and Liu studied nonlinear free vibration of an axially moving string in transverse motions, the nonlinear free vibration equation was derived, and the non-system approximate response was obtained. Chen and Chen and Chen and Zhang analyzed the vibration characteristics of the axially moving viscoelastic string, and the bifur- cation and chaos were identiEed based on the Poincare maps and numerical simulations. Koivurova studied the periodic nonlinear problem of an axially moving string by the Fourier–Galerkin–Newton (FGN) method. Kong and Chen took tilted support spring system under the action of semi-sinusoidal impulse as the research object, and the nonlinear dynamical equations were established. It was shown that there was a sensitive area of the shock Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Faculty of Printing, Packing and Digital Media Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Corresponding author: Mingyue Shao, Faculty of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China. Email: shaomingyue_xaut@163.com Creative Commons CC-BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Wu et al. 307 response to the dimensionless pulse duration, and this area can be avoided by controlling the stiffness of the tilted spring support. Nonlinear parametric vibrations and stability of an axially accelerating elastic string were researched by Ghayesh. The method of multiple scales was applied to govern nonlinear equation of motion. The stability areas of system were constructed analytically. In terms of the axially moving beam and plate, Chen and Yang investigated bifurcation and chaos of axially accelerating viscoelastic beams by using the Galerkin method. The bifurcation diagrams were obtained. Chen and Yang also investigated the dynamic stability of the two-term truncated tensioned beam system using averaging method. Numerical examples demonstrated that the stability conditions were related to the tension, the dynamic viscosity and the mean axial speed. The steady-state response of an axially moving viscoelastic beam was obtained by using the method of multiple scales. Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of sandwich beams with viscoelastic materials were analyzed by the Enite element methods and the harmonic balance method by Jacques and Daya. Transverse vibration of viscoelastic sandwich beam with time-dependent axial tension and axially varying moving 11 12,13 14 velocity was studied by Lv and Li. Ghayesh and Amabili and Ghayesh investigated the nonlinear vibra- tions of an axially moving beam with an intermediate spring support numerically. The equation of motion was obtained via Hamilton’s principle, and then it was discretized via the Galerkin method. The resultant nonlinear ordinary differential equations were then solved via either the pseudo-arclength continuation technique or direct time integration. Bifurcation diagrams of Poincare maps were analyzed. Ghayesh and Amabili also researched the nonlinear dynamics of an axially moving beam with time-dependent axial speed, including numerical results for the nonlinear resonant response of the system in the sub-critical speed regime and global dynamical behavior. The nonlinear global forced dynamics of an axially moving viscoelastic beam was examined by Ghayesh et al. The equations of motion for both longitudinal and transverse motions were derived using Newton’s second law of motion and then discretized via Galerkin’s method. The subsequent set of nonlinear ordinary equations was solved numerically by means of the direct time integration via modified Rosenbrock method. Banichuk and 17 18 Neittaanma¨ ki and Saksa and Banichuk studied the dynamics and instability of an axially moving viscoelastic plate. Nonlinear free vibration analysis of square plates with various boundary conditions was studied by Saha et al.. The static problem and the dynamic problem of the large amplitude vibration were formulated through energy method. Ghayesh et al. used Von Karman plate theory to examine the nonlinear vibration for forced motions of an axially moving plate, and the equations of motion were obtained via an energy method based on Lagrange equations. The effect of the axial speed and the pretension on the resonant responses was highlighted. The dynamic stability of the moving viscoelastic plate with the piezoelectric layer was studied by Wang et al. A mathematical model was presented to analyze the vibration of a tapered isotropic rectangular plate under different boundary conditions by Khanna and Singhal. The geometrically nonlinear large deformation behavior of triangular carbon nanotube (CNT) composite plates under transversely distributed loads was investigated by using the element-free IMLS-Ritz method by Zhang and Liu. Further investigations on this topic focused on the nonlinear aspects of the web. Marynowski established elastic and viscoelastic dynamic model of an axially moving web using two-dimensional rheology theory. The finite 25,26 element method was applied by Kulachenko et al. to study the nonlinear dynamics problems about transverse vibration and stability of web and verify the calculation results. Koivurova and Pramila analyzed nonlinear vibration of an axially moving membrane by finite element method, which contained acoustic fluid elements and contact algorithms. Equilibrium and vibration analyses of a fabric web under arbitrary large deformation were 28 29 presented by Ma and Jiang. Vedrines and Knittel studied out of plane vibrations of the web in web handling systems and observed the influences of free and forced vibrations. The nonlinear vibration fundamental frequency and vibrational state of the moving rectangular membrane were discussed by Zhao and Wang. Nonlinear vibrations and instabilities of a stretched hyperelastic membrane were analyzed by using the finite element 31 32 method by Goncalves et al. and Soares and Gonc¸ alves. Von Karman nonlinear plate equations were modified to describe the motion of an axially moving web with small flexural stiffness under transverse loading by Lin and Mote. Transverse vibration characteristics and stability of a moving membrane with elastic supports were analyzed by Wu and Lei. They determined the dynamic instability region and the stability region of the web. Also, the influence of system parameters on the stability region was developed. Parametric vibration and dynamic stability of the printing paper web with multi-roller supports and the active vibration control of the web were also 35 36 studied by Wu et al. and Ma et al. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of interaction between a three-dimensional rubberlike membrane and liquid in a rectangular tank was studied in Parasil and Watanabe. The large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving membrane are researched. Large deflection vibration equation is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. Large deflection vibration of the rectangle moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov–Galerkin 308 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) method, also the large deflection vibration of the moving membrane complex frequency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are analyzed. Large deflection vibration mechanical model of membrane The mechanical model of the axially moving rectangle membrane is shown in Figure 1. The membrane is soft and homogeneous and has no flexural stiffness, shear force or bending moment. The membrane length is a, the membrane width is b, aspect ratio r is the ratio of the length to the width of the membrane, w  ðx, y, tÞ denotes the transverse vibration displacement of membrane in z direction, t denotes time,  denotes the mass per unit area and axial velocity v is constant, the T and T are the pulling force along unit length of membrane at the x y boundaries along x and y direction separately, and the thickness of the membrane is h. When the deflection is not far less than the thickness, we should deal with it according to the large deflection theory, and we must consider the in-plane displacement of each point in the middle plane caused by the deflection, and therefore we must consider the middle plane strain and in-plane force caused by middle plane displacement. The equilibrium differential equations are given by @N @N xy þ ¼ 0 @x @y ð1Þ @N @N y yx þ ¼ 0 @y @x Elastic surface differential equation is defined as 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w @ w @ w @ w @ w þ 2v þ v  N  N  2N ¼ 0 ð2Þ x y xy 2 2 2 2 @t @x@t @x @x @y @x@y where N , N , N is the membrane internal force per unit length. The above three differential equations containing x y xy four unknown functions, which are w, N , N , N , so the deformation and displacement must be considered. x y xy The system compatibility equation is expressed by the internal force and deflection "# 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ N @ N @ N @ N @ N @ w  @ w  @ w y y xy x x þ      2ð1 þ Þ ¼ Eh  ð3Þ 2 2 2 2 2 2 @y @x @x @y @x@y @x@y @x @y where E is the modulus of elasticity of the membrane and  is the Poisson’s ratio of the membrane. The internal force of the membrane can be expressed by the internal force function @ ’ N ¼ > 2 > @y @ ’ ð4Þ N ¼ @x > @ ’ N ¼ xy @x@y Figure 1. The mechanical model of the large deflection vibration membrane. Wu et al. 309 The equilibrium differential equations of the membrane units are independent from each other, and the mem- brane is soft and homogeneous, so equations (5) are obtained in the boundary conditions of the membrane with four edges fixed. N ¼ T N ¼ T N ¼ 0 ð5Þ xy xx¼0,a x yy¼0,b y Substituting equations (4) and (5) into equations (2) and (3), the large deflection vibration equations of the moving membrane are obtained based on the Von Karman nonlinear plate theory 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ ’ @ ’ > @ w  @ w  2 @ w  @ w  @ w þ 2 þ    ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @t @x@t @x @y @x @x @y ð6Þ 4 4 2 2 2 > @ ’ @ ’ @ w  @ w  @ w þ ¼ Eh : 4 4 2 2 @x @y @x@y @x @y Introducing the dimensionless quantities sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 2 x y w Eh a a ’ ð7Þ ¼ ,  ¼ , w ¼ ,  ¼ t , c ¼  r ¼ , f ¼ 4 3 3 a b h a Eh b Eh where  is the dimensionless time, c is the dimensionless speed, r is the aspect ratio. Then substituting equations (7) into equations (6) yields 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w 2 @ w 2 @ f @ w 2 @ f @ w þ 2c þ c  r  r ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ ð8Þ 4 4 2 2 2 @ f 4 @ f 2 @ w 2 @ w @ w þ r ¼ r r 4 4 2 2 @@ @ @ @ @ The boundary conditions of the large deflection vibration equation are @ f @ f ¼ 0, 1 : ¼ 1, ¼ 0, ! ¼ 0 ð9Þ @@ @ f @ f ¼ 0, 1 : ¼ 1, ! ¼ 0 ð10Þ ¼ 0, @@ Solution of large deflection vibration equation The Bubnov–Galerkin method is used to study large deflection vibration problems. Firstly, we solve basic unknowns w and f using the separation of variables. Suppose the solutions which satisfy the boundary conditions of equations (9) and (10) are wð, , Þ¼ Wð, ÞTðÞð11Þ f ð, , Þ¼ Fð, ÞT ðÞð12Þ where Wð, Þ is a given known function, Fð, Þ and TðÞ are the unknown functions to be solved. The mode function in Galerkin discretization is a first-order mode in the nonlinear vibration of an axially moving membrane. Substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (8) yields the following equation. 4 4 2 2 2 @ F @ F @ W @ W @ W 4 2 2 ð13Þ þ r ¼ r r 4 4 2 2 @ @ @@ @ @ 310 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) Then we obtain Fð, Þ¼ F ðc Þþ F ð14Þ 0 i 0 0 where F ¼ F ð, Þ denotes the particular solution of equation (13), F ðc Þ¼ F ð, , c Þ is general solution, c are 0 i 0 i i unknown coefficients that are determined based on boundary conditions. Bubnov–Galerkin method is advantageously employed to discretize the partial differential equation of motion to a set of second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (8) yields the following equation by the Bubnov–Galerkin method. ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ w @ w @ w @ f @ w @ f @ w 2 2 2 þ 2c þ c  r  r Wð, Þds 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ ð15Þ ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ TðÞ @W @TðÞ @ W @ F @ W @ F @ W 2 2 3 2 3 ¼ W þ 2c þ c TðÞ  r T ðÞ r T ðÞ Wð, Þds ¼ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Obviously, equation (15) is the nonlinear ordinary differential equation about TðÞ. d TðÞ dTðÞ ð16Þ A þ B þ C TðÞ DT ðÞ¼ 0 d d where DT ðÞ is the nonlinear term and the A, B, C and D are given by ZZ ZZ @W A ¼ W dsB ¼ 2c Wds s s ZZ ZZ ð17Þ 2 2 2 2 2 @ W @ F @ W @ F @ W 2 2 C ¼ c WdsD ¼ r þ Wds 2 2 2 2 2 @ @ @ @ @ s s A displacement function satisfying the boundary conditions is Wð, Þ¼ sin  sin  ð18Þ Substituting equation (18) into equation (13) yields 4 4 2 4 @ F @ F r ð19Þ þ r ¼ ðÞ cos 2  þ cos 2 4 4 @ @ 2 So we obtain r 1 ð20Þ FðÞ ,  ¼ cos 2  þ cos 2 32 32r According to equations (16), (18) and (20), we can obtain ZZ 2 2 A ¼ sin sin ds ¼ ZZ B ¼ 2c cos  sin  sin ds ¼ 0 s Wu et al. 311 ZZ 2 2 2 2 2 2 C ¼ c sin sin ds ¼ ZZ 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 D ¼ r cos 2  sin  sin  þ cos 2  sin  sin  ds ¼ ð1 þ rÞð21Þ 8r 8 64 Equation (16) can be simplified as d TðÞ ð22Þ TðÞ T ðÞ¼ 0 where 2 2 4 ð23Þ ¼c ; ¼ ð1 þ r Þ Equation (22) is integrated d TðÞ 2 4 ð24Þ T ðÞ T ðÞ¼ H d 2 The different values of H represent different curves on the phase plane, and the value of H is determined by the initial motion condition. The initial displacement C and the initial velocity V are given by Tj ¼ C ð25Þ ¼0 dT ¼ V ¼ 0 ð26Þ ¼0 Integrating equation (22) can get nonlinear vibration period of the axially moving membrane, which can be expressed as sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 d" 2 ð27Þ Z ¼ 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4 KðnÞ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 C C 0 ð1  " Þð1  n " Þ where 1 2 T 1 2 2 2 " ¼ ¼ n ¼ ð28Þ 2 2 C C and K(n) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The nonlinear vibration frequency of the membrane can be expressed as rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1 1 ð29Þ ! ¼ ¼ Z 2 2 KðnÞ where "# 2 2 2 1 1  3 1  3  5 2 4 6 KðnÞ¼ 1 þ n þ n þ n þ ð30Þ 2 2 2  4 2  4  6 312 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) Substituting equation (30) into equation (29) yields the nonlinear vibration frequency of an axially moving membrane. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi hi ! ¼ ð31Þ 2 2 2 1 2 13 4 135 6 1 þ n þ n þ n þ 2 24 246 where 2 2 4 ¼c , ¼ ð1 þ r Þ 4 ð32Þ 1 4 2 C  ð1 þ r ÞC 2 2 32 n ¼ ¼ 2 2 2 4 2 C c þ ð1 þ r ÞC Results analysis Relationship between large deflection vibration frequency and axial velocity As shown in Figure 2, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of axial velocity when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 1 and V ¼ 0, the aspect ratio is r ¼ 1, 2, 3, respectively. Figure 2 shows that when the aspect ratio r is constant and the dimensionless velocity c ¼ 0, dimensionless complex frequency ! is a real number. As the dimensionless velocity c increases gradually, the real part of complex frequency ! gradually decreases, while the imaginary part is always zero, which shows that the large deflection vibration of the axially moving rectangular membrane is small and does not damp. When the dimensionless speed c increases to a certain value, the real part of the complex frequency ! decreases to zero, and the imaginary part gradually increase from zero, the rectangular membrane begins to divergence instability and conducts damping vibration. Besides, comparing the curves when aspect ratio r is different, it is clear that the aspect ratio r increases with the increase of vibration instability critical speed. The vibration instability critical speed is higher than the operating speed of the membrane, which can effectively ensure the membrane in a stable state. As shown in Figure 3, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of axial velocity when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 0 and V ¼ 0, the aspect ratio is r ¼ 1, 2, 3, respectively. Figure 3 shows that when the dimensionless speed increases gradually, the real part of the dimensionless nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! is always zero (namely complex frequency ! is purely imaginary number) and the imaginary part linearly increases from zero. The results show that the membrane is always divergent instability, the greater the dimensionless speed, the faster the divergence instability. And this phenomenon has nothing to do with the aspect ratio of the membrane. (a) (b) r=1 r=1 12 r=2 r=2 r=3 r=3 6 15 4 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 c c Figure 2. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the dimensionless velocity (C ¼ 1). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Wu et al. 313 (a) (b) r=1 r=1 r=2 r=2 r=3 0.5 r=3 -0.5 -1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 3. The curves relating the dimensionless nonlinear vibration complex frequency to the dimensionless velocity (C ¼ 0). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. (a) (b) 25 2.5 c=0.5 c=0.5 c=0.8 c=0.8 c=1 c=1 1.5 10 1 5 0.5 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 r r Figure 4. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the aspect ratio r (C ¼ 1). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. The large deflection vibration frequency and aspect ratio As shown in Figure 4, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of aspect ratio r when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 1 and V ¼ 0, the dimen- sionless speed is c ¼ 0.5, 0.8, 1, respectively. Figure 4 shows that when the dimensionless speed c remains unchanged and the aspect ratio is r ¼ 0, dimensionless complex frequency ! is a pure imaginary number, which indicates that the rectangular membrane begins to divergence instability and conducts damping vibration. As the aspect ratio r gradually increases to a certain value, the real part of complex frequency ! increases gradually, and the imaginary part decreases to zero, which indicates that moving membrane large deflection vibration begins to reduce and then gradually conducts undamped vibration. It can be obtained that large deflection vibration phe- nomenon is more obvious along with the decrease of the aspect ratio r. In addition, comparing the curves when the dimensionless speed c is different, it can be noted that the large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed, and the divergence instability happens more easily. To sum up, we can effectively avoid the large deflection nonlinear vibration phenomenon by increasing the membrane aspect ratio r and decreasing the membrane dimensionless speed c. As shown in Figure 5, the curves that nonlinear vibration complex frequency ! of the axially moving membrane along with the change of aspect ratio r when the initial movement conditions are C ¼ 0 and V ¼ 0, the dimen- sionless speed is c ¼ 0.5, 0.8, 1, respectively. Figure 5 shows that when dimensionless speed c remains unchanged, the dimensionless complex frequency ! is always a constant pure imaginary number, which has nothing to do with the aspect ratio r. And the membrane experiences divergence instability at any dimensionless speed c. In addition, comparing curves when the dimensionless speed is different, it can be noted that the large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed, and the divergence instability Re(ω ) Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Im(ω ) 314 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36(3) 3.2 (a) (b) c=0.5 3 c=0.5 c=0.8 c=0.8 2.8 c=1 c=1 0.5 2.6 2.4 2.2 -0.5 1.8 1.6 1.4 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 r r Figure 5. The relationship between the dimensionless complex frequency and the aspect ratio r (C ¼ 0). (a) Complex frequency variation of the real part, (b) Complex frequency variation of the imaginary part. happens more easily. To sum up, the large deflection nonlinear vibration phenomenon can be effectively avoided by reducing membrane dimensionless speed c. Conclusions The large deflection vibration characteristics and stability of the moving printing membrane are studied. Large deflection vibration equation of an axially moving membrane is derived by using Von Karman nonlinear plate theory. Large deflection vibration of an axially moving membrane with four edges fixed boundary is studied by using the Bubnov–Galerkin method, and the large deflection vibration complex frequency curves along with the change of speed and aspect ratio in the different initial conditions are highlighted. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The aspect ratio r increases with the increase of vibration instability critical speed. So the vibration instability critical speed can be improved by increasing the aspect ratio r, when the vibration instability critical speed is higher than the operating speed of the membrane, which can effectively ensure the membrane in a stable state. 2. The large deflection nonlinear vibration is more obvious along with the increase of the dimensionless speed c, when the divergence instability happens more easily. Therefore, we properly reduce dimensionless velocity c, which can effectively avoid the large deflection nonlinear vibration. 3. The initial motion state of C ¼ 0, the membrane has always been large deflection vibration state, the greater the dimensionless velocity c, the faster divergence instability, and the vibration is irrelevant with the aspect ratio r. Declaration of conflicting interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11272253 and 51305341). This work is also supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi (Grant No. 2016JM5023). References 1. Wang YF and Liu XT. Stability analyses for axially moving strings in nonlinear free and aerodynamically excited vibra- tions. Chaos Solitons Fract 2008; 38: 421–429. 2. Chen LQ and Chen H. Asymptotic analysis of axially accelerating viscoelastic string. Int J Eng Sci 2008; 45: 975–985. 3. Chen LQ and Zhang NH. Bifurcation and chaos of an axially moving viscoelastic string. Mech Res Commun 2002; 29: 81–90. 4. Koivurova H. The numerical study of the nonlinear dynamics of a light, axially moving string. J Sound Vib 2009; 320: 373–385. Re(ω ) Im(ω ) Wu et al. 315 5. Kong FL and Chen AJ. 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Journal

"Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control" – SAGE

Published: Jul 10, 2017

Keywords: Large deflection; nonlinear vibration; moving membrane; Bubnov–Galerkin method

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