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Book Review: In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Environmental Agents - Current and Future Possibilities

Book Review: In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Environmental Agents - Current and Future Possibilities BOOK REVIEWS LD50 AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES The final group of chapters return to the need for hazard assessment for the protection of humans. R.E. Edited by P. Lindgren, M. Thelestam & N.G. Lindquist . Osterberg (FDA, Washington, USA) provides the regulators' viewpoint and explains their current Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 52, supplement II attachment to the LD50 value. T. Malmfors & A. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1983 Teiling (AB Astra, Siidertii.lje, Sweden) argue for the 302 pp. use of the maximum non-lethal dose as an indication oflethal toxicity of pharmaceuticals, and V.K. Brown ISBN 87-16-09587-1/ISSN 0065-1508 (Shell, Sittingbourne, UK) discusses the case of pesticides, which are by definition biocidal and, therefore, a special problem. Finally, D. Werner The volume contains the proceedings of the first CFN (Poison Information Centre, Stockholm, Sweden) symposium, sponsored by the Swedish National Board for Laboratory Animals and held at the questions the usefulness ofLD50 and LC50 values in assessing acute exposure risks in man, and calls for Uppsala Biomedical Center on September 15-16 1981. ' broader definitions and descriptions of poisonousness. The general discussion with which the .In the opening chapter, E. Paget (Monsanto, St. symposium ended may have been worthwhile to those LOUIS, USA) outlines the development of the LD50 present at the time, but difficulties of transcription test and its central place in toxicology, and concludes make incomprehensible much of what is given at the that ItS replacement is part of a larger and more end of this volume. fundamental problem of bringing science to the study This was a useful meeting and there is much and regulation of toxicology. J.S.L. Fowler & D.A. thoughtful consideration presented in these Rutty (lCI, Macclesfield, UK) emphasise the need for proceedings. However, a sense of deja vu cannot be acute toxicology, but question the reliance on avoided - perhaps there should be a moratorium on lethality and the need for the full classical LD50 test conferences on alternatives until there has been a lot and conclude that the working toxicologist should b~ more thorough research and a few technical given more discretion. The need for a broader breakthroughs. approach in acute toxicity testing is also stressed by A.D. Dayan (Wellcome, Beckenham, UK), coupled with the warning that a general, holistic approach to detect the unexpected is as essential as are specific studies. A.D. Rowan (Tufts University, Boston, USA) IN VITRO TOXICITY TESTING OF stresses that the apparent precision given by a ENVIRONMENTALAGENTS-CURRENT classical LD50 test is an illusion and lists a set of AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES proposals compiled by Professor Zbinden of the Swiss Insti tute of Toxicology. Edited by A.R. Kolber, T.K. Wong, L.D. Grant, R.S. The next group of papers deal with possible DeWoskin & T.J. Hughes alternative approaches. R.M. Nardone (Catholic Nato Conference Series 1: Ecology University, Washington, USA) sets the scene by New York: Plenum Press, 1983 saying that the goal of developing valid alternatives Vol. 5A: Surrey of Test Systems ( ix + 553 pp., incl. is attainable - in time and if the strategy is right. B. index) Ekwall (National Food Administration, Uppsala, Vol. 5B: Development of Risk and Assessment Sweden) points out that correlation between in vitro Guidelines (ix + 545 pp. incl. index) Price: $69.50 + $69.50 ($115.00 [or the two volume set) cytotoxicology and rodent in vivo toxicity has been shown in various studies to be good for some groups of ISBN 0-306-41123-7 (SA) & 0-306-41124-5 (SB) substances and poor for others. Ekwall puts a strong case for the development of a battery of cell culture These two volumes contain papers presented at a tests for use at early stages of new product NATO Advanced Study Institute held at.Monte Carlo development to provide information on basal in September, 1979. cytotoxicity and the influence of metabolism. E. Walum & A. Petersen (University of Stockholm, The first volume is divided into sections on: mutagenesis testing in eukaryotic systems, in vitro Sweden) discuss their experience with cultured carcinogenesis testing, neurobehavioural toxicity mouse neuroblastoma cells as models for nerve cells; testing, and end-organ toxicity testing. they found a good correlation between the The second volume is divided into sections on the concentrations of chemicals which caused 25% cell biochemistry and pharmacology of selected detachment and LD50 values. M. Balls & R. Clothier environmental agents (viz. polycyclic aromatic (University of Nottingham, UK) discuss the need for hydrocarbons and other alkylating agents), toxicity differentiated cell and organ cultures and point out testing of environmental pollutants and complex that in vitro methods are not necessarily more simple mixtures, teratology and other developmental toxic in terms of experimental design and interpretation effects, the scientific basis of risk assessment, and than in vivo procedures. E. Heilbronn (University of environmental programme development in selected Stockholm, Sweden) reviews a wider range of in vitro national and international agencies. methods (including subcellular fractions) in It is quite impossible to comment adequately on neurotoxicology. S. Wold, S. Hellberg & w.J. Dunn 53 chapters and 1100 pages in the short space (Umea University, Sweden) then provide a useful and available for this review. However, these volumes readable account of the potential predictive value of inc1udesome excellent reviews and much new mathematical models, and A.N. Rowan, having material, and will provide a comprehensive overview discussed the limitations of the LD50 test in an and a valuable reference source for practising earlier chapter, discusses the limitations of toxicologists and students. It is a pity that it has been alternative techniques for the assessment of acute published so long after the meeting. toxicity. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Alternatives to Laboratory Animals SAGE

Book Review: In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Environmental Agents - Current and Future Possibilities

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals , Volume 11 (1): 1 – Sep 1, 1983

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Publisher
SAGE
Copyright
© 1983 Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments
ISSN
0261-1929
eISSN
2632-3559
DOI
10.1177/026119298301100113
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

BOOK REVIEWS LD50 AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES The final group of chapters return to the need for hazard assessment for the protection of humans. R.E. Edited by P. Lindgren, M. Thelestam & N.G. Lindquist . Osterberg (FDA, Washington, USA) provides the regulators' viewpoint and explains their current Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 52, supplement II attachment to the LD50 value. T. Malmfors & A. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1983 Teiling (AB Astra, Siidertii.lje, Sweden) argue for the 302 pp. use of the maximum non-lethal dose as an indication oflethal toxicity of pharmaceuticals, and V.K. Brown ISBN 87-16-09587-1/ISSN 0065-1508 (Shell, Sittingbourne, UK) discusses the case of pesticides, which are by definition biocidal and, therefore, a special problem. Finally, D. Werner The volume contains the proceedings of the first CFN (Poison Information Centre, Stockholm, Sweden) symposium, sponsored by the Swedish National Board for Laboratory Animals and held at the questions the usefulness ofLD50 and LC50 values in assessing acute exposure risks in man, and calls for Uppsala Biomedical Center on September 15-16 1981. ' broader definitions and descriptions of poisonousness. The general discussion with which the .In the opening chapter, E. Paget (Monsanto, St. symposium ended may have been worthwhile to those LOUIS, USA) outlines the development of the LD50 present at the time, but difficulties of transcription test and its central place in toxicology, and concludes make incomprehensible much of what is given at the that ItS replacement is part of a larger and more end of this volume. fundamental problem of bringing science to the study This was a useful meeting and there is much and regulation of toxicology. J.S.L. Fowler & D.A. thoughtful consideration presented in these Rutty (lCI, Macclesfield, UK) emphasise the need for proceedings. However, a sense of deja vu cannot be acute toxicology, but question the reliance on avoided - perhaps there should be a moratorium on lethality and the need for the full classical LD50 test conferences on alternatives until there has been a lot and conclude that the working toxicologist should b~ more thorough research and a few technical given more discretion. The need for a broader breakthroughs. approach in acute toxicity testing is also stressed by A.D. Dayan (Wellcome, Beckenham, UK), coupled with the warning that a general, holistic approach to detect the unexpected is as essential as are specific studies. A.D. Rowan (Tufts University, Boston, USA) IN VITRO TOXICITY TESTING OF stresses that the apparent precision given by a ENVIRONMENTALAGENTS-CURRENT classical LD50 test is an illusion and lists a set of AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES proposals compiled by Professor Zbinden of the Swiss Insti tute of Toxicology. Edited by A.R. Kolber, T.K. Wong, L.D. Grant, R.S. The next group of papers deal with possible DeWoskin & T.J. Hughes alternative approaches. R.M. Nardone (Catholic Nato Conference Series 1: Ecology University, Washington, USA) sets the scene by New York: Plenum Press, 1983 saying that the goal of developing valid alternatives Vol. 5A: Surrey of Test Systems ( ix + 553 pp., incl. is attainable - in time and if the strategy is right. B. index) Ekwall (National Food Administration, Uppsala, Vol. 5B: Development of Risk and Assessment Sweden) points out that correlation between in vitro Guidelines (ix + 545 pp. incl. index) Price: $69.50 + $69.50 ($115.00 [or the two volume set) cytotoxicology and rodent in vivo toxicity has been shown in various studies to be good for some groups of ISBN 0-306-41123-7 (SA) & 0-306-41124-5 (SB) substances and poor for others. Ekwall puts a strong case for the development of a battery of cell culture These two volumes contain papers presented at a tests for use at early stages of new product NATO Advanced Study Institute held at.Monte Carlo development to provide information on basal in September, 1979. cytotoxicity and the influence of metabolism. E. Walum & A. Petersen (University of Stockholm, The first volume is divided into sections on: mutagenesis testing in eukaryotic systems, in vitro Sweden) discuss their experience with cultured carcinogenesis testing, neurobehavioural toxicity mouse neuroblastoma cells as models for nerve cells; testing, and end-organ toxicity testing. they found a good correlation between the The second volume is divided into sections on the concentrations of chemicals which caused 25% cell biochemistry and pharmacology of selected detachment and LD50 values. M. Balls & R. Clothier environmental agents (viz. polycyclic aromatic (University of Nottingham, UK) discuss the need for hydrocarbons and other alkylating agents), toxicity differentiated cell and organ cultures and point out testing of environmental pollutants and complex that in vitro methods are not necessarily more simple mixtures, teratology and other developmental toxic in terms of experimental design and interpretation effects, the scientific basis of risk assessment, and than in vivo procedures. E. Heilbronn (University of environmental programme development in selected Stockholm, Sweden) reviews a wider range of in vitro national and international agencies. methods (including subcellular fractions) in It is quite impossible to comment adequately on neurotoxicology. S. Wold, S. Hellberg & w.J. Dunn 53 chapters and 1100 pages in the short space (Umea University, Sweden) then provide a useful and available for this review. However, these volumes readable account of the potential predictive value of inc1udesome excellent reviews and much new mathematical models, and A.N. Rowan, having material, and will provide a comprehensive overview discussed the limitations of the LD50 test in an and a valuable reference source for practising earlier chapter, discusses the limitations of toxicologists and students. It is a pity that it has been alternative techniques for the assessment of acute published so long after the meeting. toxicity.

Journal

Alternatives to Laboratory AnimalsSAGE

Published: Sep 1, 1983

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