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- © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.
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- 2573-2102
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- 10.1093/tas/txy139
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Abstract
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 The effect of precipitation received during gestation on progeny performance in Bos indicus influenced beef cattle ,† ,1 Joslyn K. Beard,* Gail A. Silver,* Eric J. Scholljegerdes,* and Adam F. Summers* *Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003; and Current address: University of Nebraska, West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE 69101 ABSTRACT: The objective of this retrospective body weight (BW) at birth (P = 0.02), weaning study was to determine the effect of precipitation (P = 0.05), and adjusted 205-d BW (P = 0.04) than level during key fetal development periods on beef those experiencing low precipitation . Female prog- progeny performance. The hypothesis that was eny gestated during low precipitation throughout precipitation level during different periods of ges- gestation were more likely to remain (P < 0.0001) in tation would program subsequent calves for an the herd and calve after the age of 8 yr when com- environment similar to that experienced in utero pared to heifers experiencing high precipitation resulting in altered growth and reproductive per- levels in utero (38% vs. 16% ± 5%, respectively). In formance. Data were collected on Brangus cows addition, a greater percentage (P < 0.0001) of heif- (n = 2,429) over a 46-yr span at the Chihuahuan ers experiencing low precipitation levels during the Desert Rangeland Research Center. Recorded pre- early gestation period produced a calf within the cipitation values were used to calculate average herd after 8 yr of age. Similarly, calves experienc- precipitation associated with total gestation (April– ing low precipitation during those same time points March), early gestation, (July–September), and late also had a greater number of calves while in pro- gestation (December–February). These values were duction (P < 0.0001) when compared to the average used to classify treatments: low (z value ≤ –1.00), and high precipitation groups. These results indi- average (z value –0.99 to +0.99), and high (z value cate that selection of heifers exposed to lower than ≥ +1.00) for each time period. Calves experiencing average precipitation levels in utero may result in high precipitation throughout gestation had heavier increased herd retention and productivity. Key words: beef, fetal programming, longevity © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which per- mits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Transl. Anim. Sci. 2019.XX:XX–XX doi: 10.1093/tas/txy139 negative effects on forage growth and quality INTRODUCTION (Oelberg, 1956). Forages undergo a translocation Cattle producers are dependent on adequate process under normal precipitation circumstances, precipitation for sustaining herds. Nutrient compo- which pulls nutrients from the root network into the sition of range pastures fluctuates with time of year stem and leaf system dictating mineral and nutrient and annual precipitation (Murphy, 1970; Marshal quality. During times of prolonged drought stress, et al., 2005). Variability in precipitation can cause this process is hindered and such compounds can- not be properly allocated through the plant cre- ating a dormant physiological status preventing Corresponding author: asummers@nmsu.edu Received September 4, 2018. plant growth. This relationship is especially crit- Accepted December 18, 2018. ical in desert areas where precipitation values are 1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 2 Precipitation and beef cattle generally low or seasonal. Therefore, drought can (1965) a z value was given based on the overall represent a major economic burden to cattle produc- precipitation mean for each time period, creating ers, with animal performance being altered due to three classes of treatments defined as low (“Low”; low nutrient availability (Scasta et al., 2015). z value ≤ –1.00), average (“Avg”; z value –0.99 to + Stresses experienced in utero affect fetal growth 0.99), and high (“High”; z value ≥ +1.00. Standard and development through a process referred deviation (σ) was calculated using the overall pre- to as fetal programming (Barker at al., 1993). cipitation variance from the 46-yr period using the Investigators have well documented that maternal following formula: nutrient intake during gestation can alter progeny n 2 Σ () x − μ calf health and performance (Corah et al., 1975; σ =√ Martin et al., 2007; Funston et al., 2010). Decreased A z value was determined using the formula dam nutrient intake can also influence female off- next, for each designated period. Each period mean spring puberty attainment and pregnancy rates was calculated based on the calf ’s birth year. (Sasser et al., 1988; Selk et al., 1988). Although the influences of nutrient intake in gestating range cat- Ζ = X– μσ ) / tle have been reported, little is known regarding the direct effects precipitation levels, and thus forage Ζ represents the z value and X is the mean pre- production may have on fetal growth and program- cipitation for the period specific to year and μ rep - ming. The objective of this study was to determine resents the overall mean precipitation for the period the effect of precipitation level during specific time over the 46-yr span. points during gestation on subsequent progeny growth and lifetime performance of female progeny. Cattle Data Cow performance data obtained from the MATERIALS AND METHODS CDRRC included cow weaning body weight (BW), Precipitation data and cattle performance data on yearling BW, and corresponding calf’s weaning 2,429 Brangus cows were collected from 1969 through BW, yearling BW, adjusted 205-d BW and calf sex. 2015 at the New Mexico State University Chihuahuan Cows (n = 2,429) were stratified by production year Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC; Las and calf data were grouped and averaged together Cruces, NM). All animal procedures and facilities by production year. Progeny data included calf were approved by the New Mexico State University weaning BW, yearling BW, and adjusted 205-d BW Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. were analyzed within year. Likewise, age at time of first calf, productive years in the herd, number of Precipitation Data total calves, and calving 8 yr of age was evaluated for female progeny. Treatments were applied to ani- Precipitation data were gathered and compiled mal records based on precipitation levels during from 25 standard rain gauges located in subdivided the early gestation, late gestation, and total time pastures. Precipitation averages were calculated for periods. each month and parameters set to analyze a time frame for the first trimester of gestation, which Statistical Analysis coincides with early gestation (July–September), late gestation (December–February), and total Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED duration, which would account for a produc- and GLMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., tion year from breeding to calving (April–March; Cary, NC). For reproduction and growth per- Figure 1). Using the methods reported by Palmer formance, cow was considered the experimental Total Period MAY APR JUN JULAUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Early Gestation Late Gestation Figure 1. Treatment periods throughout 1 yr of a cow’s production cycle. Total period encompasses breeding to calving, early gestation corre- sponds with conception through the first trimester, and late gestation accounting for the last trimester of pregnancy that parallels with when forage quality is typically the lowest for the year. Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Beard et al. 3 unit with precipitation treatment and year as the than the expected 30% of total precipitation levels fixed effects. Calf birth BW, weaning BW, and during these months. Monsoon season rains, coin- adjusted 205-d BW means were separated using the ciding with the early treatment period account for LSMEANS procedure of SAS and P values less 53% of precipitation reported during the total treat- than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant ment period. However, precipitation during the late and tendencies were considered at a P value greater gestation period (December through February) than or equal to 0.05 and P value less than or only accounted for approximately 17% of all pre- equal to 0.10. There were no interactions observed cipitation received. between treatment groups (P > 0.05), therefore, only the main effects will be reported. Calf Performance Data Calf growth performance is reported in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. Calves experiencing low precipita- Average precipitation for the CDRRC during tion throughout gestation had decreased (P ≤ the reporting period (1969–2015) was 168 ± 13 mm 0.05) birth and weaning BW compared to calves (Figure 2). During the 46-yr span Avg precipitation exposed to high precipitation levels while in utero. accounted for 63% of years, High precipitation In addition, calves had greater (P = 0.04) weaning represented 22% of years, and Low precipita- BW and adjusted 205-d weaning BW (P = 0.03) if tion accounting for 15% of the designated years. precipitation levels were high during the early ges- Traditional precipitation patterns in the south- tation period when compared to the low-treatment west result in 50% of total precipitation during group. Previous research conducted by Gatson the designated monsoon season from July through et al. (2016) investigated dry and wet conditions September, with very little precipitation during the on beef cattle performance and revealed simi- off-season; although it should be noted that win- lar BW differences from cool season dry and wet ter precipitation can account for up to 30% of total classes of calves entering the feedlot with normal precipitation (reviewed by Sheppard et al. [2002]). and wet classes being heavier. The effect precip- However, the location of the experiment station in itation has on forage yield would indicate that the Chihuahuan desert typically receives very little cool and wet conditions offer a greater plane of snowfall/snowpack and thereby receiving much less nutrition for grazing cattle resulting in increased High/Mean/Low precipitation values (mm): Total 450 Early: 293/ 93/ 18 Late: 124/ 56/ 2 Late Total: 421/ 180/ 35 Early Year Figure 2. Annual precipitation reported on the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland and Research Center from 1969 to 2015 in millimeter. Precipitation recorded during early gestation (open bar) represents 53% of precipitation received throughout the total period (black bar). Precipitation received during the late period (gray bar) represents approximately 17% of precipitation received. Average precipitation level indicated as dark horizontal bar (180 mm). Translate basic science to industry innovation Precipitation (mm) 2015 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 4 Precipitation and beef cattle Table 1. Brangus calf growth performance based on precipitation received in utero Treatments* Item Low Avg High SEM P value Birth weight, kg Early gestation† 32 35 35 1.7 0.05 Late gestation‡ 34 35 — 0.9 0.89 a b b Total|| 31 35 37 1.6 0.05 Weaning weight, kg a ab b Early gestation 218 236 259 14.4 0.04 Late gestation 227 244 — 7.6 0.12 a ab b Total 218 238 258 15.8 0.05 Adj 205-d weight, kg a ab b Early gestation 211 230 249 13.2 0.03 Late gestation 221 236 — 7.0 0.13 Total 210 233 247 14.6 0.08 *Treatments are low (Low) = z value less than or equal to –0.99, average (Avg) = z value –0.99 to +0.99 of the mean, and high (High) = z value more than or equal to 0.99. †Late gestation = summation of monthly average rainfall received during the last trimester December–March. ‡Early gestation = summation of monthly average rainfall received the first trimester from July to September. ||Total = summation of monthly average rainfall from average conception date to average parturition date. a,b Within a row means with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). BW entering the feedlot. Similarly, Sullivan et al. During prolonged drought, reduction in for- (2009) reported differences in birth BW in a stair- age yield and quality (Oelberg, 1956 Chaves et al., step supplementation study with a 2 × 2 factorial 2002; Anjum et al., 2003; Jaleel et al., 2008) are arrangement of treatments in pregnant beef heif- common. This combined with limitations of nat- ers. Heifers were assigned a high (250% crude pro- ural forage availability in semiarid environments tein [CP] and 243% metabolizable energy [ME], have the potential to result in unfavorable progeny expressed as a percentage of National Research growth and development (Wu et al., 2006; Ford Council [NRC; 1996] requirements) or low (75% et al., 2007; Long et al., 2009). However, favorable CP and 199% ME) protein and dietary energy diet forage quality can often overcome performance during the first or second 90 d of gestation. Heifers challenges with slightly limited forage availability. fed high levels of CP in either the first or the sec- Desert plants have evolved to withstand prolonged ond trimester displayed greater concentrations drought by becoming more efficient in utilization of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and leptin, of resources, preserving nutrient content. Pnueli which coincided with increased birth BW of their et al. (2002) investigated the physiological mech- progeny when compared to calves from heifers fed anism of plant dormancy in a desert legume as a the restricted diet (Sullivan et al., 2009). defense against such harsh environmental condi- In contrast to the current data, Long et al. tions. Plant DNA was extracted revealing a combi- (2010) allotted 20 crossbred heifers to one of two nation of avoidance and resistance strategies as the diets, low 55% of NRC nutrient requirements or plant decreased protein denaturation and upregu- moderate 100% of NRC nutrient requirements at lated transcription factors for a pathogenesis-re- day 32 of gestation until day 83. Authors reported lated protein. This suggests that native desert plant no differences in calf birth BW or postnatal growth. species have the ability to withstand harsh drought This may suggest that the short duration of nutri- conditions with decreasing nutrient content before ent deprivation was not sufficient to elicit a devel- drought exposure. This mechanism may explain, opmental programming effect. Meyer et al. (2016) in part, why there were no differences in birth BW, reported that Iowa calves classified as being born weaning BW, and adjusted 205-d BW among treat- following a wet year had greater BW at feedlot entry ments during the late gestation period. and reduced number of days on feed when com- pared to calves born following a dry year. In addi- Female Progeny Reproductive Performance Data tion, Meyer et al. (2016) also reported a decrease Female progeny reproductive performance in 12th rib fat and marbling scores for calves in the data are reported in Table 2. Though there were no high compared with low precipitation class. Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 Beard et al. 5 Table 2. Brangus female progeny performance based on precipitation received in utero Treatments* Item Low Avg High SEM P value Age at first calving Early gestation† 2.27 2.20 2.33 0.10 0.17 Late gestation‡ 2.24 2.25 — 0.05 0.90 Total|| 2.22 2.26 2.20 0.09 0.82 Calved at 2 yr of age, % Early gestation 77 87 81 5 0.06 Late gestation 85 84 — 2 0.81 Total 82 85 86 5 0.77 Calved after 8 yr, % Early gestation 48 18 9 5 <0.0001 Late gestation 18 19 — 3 0.66 Total 38 15 16 5 <0.0001 Number of calves a b b Early gestation 5.90 3.78 3.11 0.40 <0.0001 Late gestation 3.63 3.95 — 0.19 0.22 a b b Total 5.23 3.52 3.88 0.36 <0.0001 *Treatments are low (Low) = z value less than or equal to –0.99, average (Avg) = z value –0.99 to +0.99 of the mean, and high (High) = z value more than or equal to 0.99. †Early gestation = summation of monthly average rainfall received the first trimester from July to September. ‡Late gestation = summation of monthly average rainfall received during the last trimester December–March. ||Total = summation of monthly average rainfall from average conception date to average parturition date. a,b Within a row means with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). differences (P ≥ 0.17) between treatment groups for that range ewes consuming a limited diet had sim- age at first calf, females exposed to low precipitation ilar fetal blood glucose concentrations and weight levels in utero produced a greater (P < 0.0001) num- compared with their range counterparts consuming ber of calves compared with animals experiencing an adequate plane of nutrition. Moreover, nutri- average or high precipitation throughout gestation. ent restricted and control fed range ewes displayed In addition, there tended to be a greater (P = 0.06) similar placental efficiency, whereas the farm ewes proportion of heifers calving by 2 yr of age when on a nutrient restricted diet had reduced placental exposed to average precipitation during early gesta- efficiency compared to farm ewes consuming the tion when compared to their counterparts. Funston control diet. On the basis of these data, researchers et al. (2010) reported dams in late gestation grazing suggested that ewes managed in a harsh environ- winter range or corn residue, with or without pro- ment are adapted to nutrient insults and can com- tein supplementation had similar pregnancy rates pensate to maintain normal nutrient allocation to in female offspring. Low-treatment females from developing fetuses while consuming a lower plane the same periods also had a greater percentage of nutrition. calve after 8 yr of age (P < 0.0001). One potential During early gestation, factors such as maxi- factor for this would be the influence of maternal mal placental growth, cellular differentiation, vas- nutrition on the development of the HPG-axis. cularization, and fetal organogenesis are occurring. In response to maternal nutrient stress, the fetal These processes are vital in constructing basic fun- HPG-axis upregulates circulating corticotropin damental necessities of fetal development and sur- binding globulin and downregulates hypothalamic vival success (Funston et al., 2010). Female herd glucocorticoid receptors, which essentially protects longevity and fertility are closely related to ovarian the fetus (Challis et al., 2001). This phenomenon development that can be altered based on mater- may suggest that calves experiencing below average nal diet (Da Silva et al., 2001; Sullivan et al., 2009). precipitation in utero are adapted to the intended Thus, improved longevity in cows gestated during environment. Vonnahme et al. (2006) investigated low precipitation periods may be related to the fact pregnant ewes from two systems, farm and range that cows were supplemented. The supplement ocks fl , consuming either 50% or 100% of the NRC would improve not only nutrient supply but supple- requirements during early to mid-gestation on fetal ments may be of greater quality (e.g., complimen- development. Vonnahme et al. (2006) reported tary amino acid profiles), thereby improving fetal Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/tas/txy139/5253812 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 January 2019 6 Precipitation and beef cattle Corah L. R., T. G. Dunn, and C. C. Kaltenbach. 1975. development. Conversely, a lower plane of nutrition Influence of prepartum nutrition on the reproductive during the third trimester may negatively influence performance of beef females and the performance of the development and growth of the endometrial their progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 41:819–824. doi: 10.2527/ tissue in progeny, by affecting the regulating hor- jas1975.413819x mones and their respective receptors (Gray et al., Da Silva, P., R. P. Aitken, S. M. Rhind, P. A. Racey, and J. M. Wallace. 2001. Influence of placentally mediated fetal 2001). Martin et al. (2007) evaluated two groups of growth restriction on the onset of puberty in male and gestating dams offered the equivalent of 0.45 kg/d female lambs. Reproduction. 122:375–383. of protein supplement or no supplement while graz- Ford, S. P., B. W. Hess, M. M. Schwope, M. J. Nijland, J. S. ing low quality range, and reported heifers born to Gilbert, K. A. Vonnahme, W. J. Means, H. Han, and P. supplemented dams had greater pregnancy rates W. Nathanielsz. 2007. Maternal undernutrition during compared with heifers born to non-supplemented early gestation in the ewe results in altered growth, adi- posity, and glucose tolerance in male offspring. J. Anim. dams. Suggesting a higher plane of nutrition during Sci. 85:1285–1294. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-624 the last trimester in dams may increase reproductive Funston, R. N., J. L. Martin, D. C. Adams, and D. M. Larson. function in subsequent progeny. However, further 2010. Winter grazing system and supplementation of research is warranted to identify the mechanisms beef cows during late gestation influence heifer progeny. J. that alter reproductive factors of female progeny in Anim. Sci. 88:4094–4101. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3039 Gatson G. A., B. L. Vander Ley, W. D. Busby, P. J. Gunn, and utero during the last trimester of gestation. A. M. Meyer. 2016. Effects of dry and wet conditions Drought has affected cattle production for during the pre-weaning phase subsequent feedlot per- years, which, from a management perspective, formance and carcass composition of beef cattle. Proc. causes selection pressure for more adaptable cattle West. Sec. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 67:157–161. doi:10.2527/ to better cope with difficult environments. By select- jam2016-1181 ing for the more durable female, this may contrib- Gray, C. A., F. F. Bartol, B. J. Tarleton, A. A. Wiley, G. A. Johnson, F. W. Bazer, and T. E. Spencer. 2001. ute to increased reproductive efficiency in the herd Developmental biology of uterine glands. Biol. Reprod. (Adams et al., 1996; Scasta et al., 2015). These 65:1311–1323. doi:doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod65.5.1311 results suggest animal reproductive performance Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi, B. Sankar, M. Gomathinayagam, and may be programmed in utero and correlate to pre- R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Differential responses in water cipitation level. Further research is warranted inves- use efficiency in two varieties of Catharanthus roseus under drought stress. C. R. Biol. 331:42–47. doi:10.1016/j. tigating physiological or mechanistic differences crvi.2007.11.003 within female progeny from the various precipita- Long, N. M., K. A. Vonnahme, B. W. Hess, P. W. Nathanielsz, tion levels experienced to elucidate the effect of pre- and S. P. Ford. 2009. 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Translational Animal Science – Oxford University Press
Published: Jan 3, 2019