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The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats

The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats the comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats M. M. Ferro,*† l. o. t edeschi,* A. S. Atzori‡ *Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471; †Departmento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78020, Brazil; and ‡Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy ABStrAct : The objective of this study was to char- selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were acterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of trans- greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 boundary breed names across countries. We selected versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times milk components were not different among breeds. For and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 literature that had milk production information (e.g., ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk (76%) because they lacked milk production informa- energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus tion. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater (P < 0.05) sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In con- fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other trast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and MY and milk composition, averages provided in this 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain a database compiled from published studies for the observed values when using nutrition models. Key words: dairy, energy, fat, lactation length, lactose, protein © 2017 American Society of Animal Science. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Transl. Anim. Sci. 2017.1:498–506 doi:10.2527/tas2017.0056 IntroductIon sheep, and goats) with 3,876 million heads in 2014, but their milk production constitutes a relatively small Small ruminants [sheep (Ovis aries) and goats share of globally-produced ruminant milk, about 1.3% (Capra hircus)] accounts for about 56.9% of the and 2.3%, respectively, when compared with dairy global ruminant domestic population (cattle, buffalo, cattle (82.9%) and buffalo (13.4%); goats milk rep- resent 63.5% whereas sheep milk accounts for only 36.5% of milk produced by small ruminants (Food and Corresponding author: luis.tedeschi@tamu.edu Agriculture Organization, FAO, 2017). Despite their Received August 17, 2017. small contribution to global milk output, sheep and Accepted September 8, 2017. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 499 goat farming plays a large socio-economic role in some originally developed by the European Federation for specific economies, especially in developing countries Animal Science Animal Genetic Data Bank program (subsistence) or in Europe and Oceania (market trade). and one that was initially developed by the Animal The chemical composition of milk differs among Genetic Resources Group of FAO (Bittante, 2011). animal species (Rezaei et al., 2016), but information Unfortunately, some of the breeds listed in the DAD- such as milk yield (MY) and composition are funda- IS are extinct and the DAD-IS database is not fully mental to adequately meet the requirements for en- searchable and custom queries are not allowed at this ergy and nutrients of lactating animals when using time. The transboundary breed names from the DAD- nutrition models to formulate diets or supplements to IS database were used to identify relevant breeds. The achieve optimum production (Tedeschi et al., 2010). transboundary breeds that were listed more than three While actual or observed information is needed to times across countries and had milk production infor- use modern nutrition models, tabular values provide mation were selected. Additionally, we included sheep means to compare different breeds and to complete and goat breeds listed by Haenlein (2007) that had the gaps when such information is not available. The highest total milk yield and the breed descriptions of National Research Council (NRC, 1996, 2000) and Porter et al. (2016) for high production importance the most recent National Academies of Sciences, based. Some breeds, however, have synonyms or dif- Engineering, and Medicine (2016) provided tabular ferent names within the same region. The selected rel- values for critical inputs needed to characterize the evant breeds of sheep and goats, including their syn- lactation of relevant beef cattle breeds, but the NRC onyms and diffusion level, are listed in Table 1. (2007) did not include such a table for small rumi- nants despite their requirement to properly formulate Database Development diets for lactating animals. Few publications have comparative values of milk composition for different A literature review was conducted to gather lac- breeds of sheep and goats. Therefore, the objective tation information and characteristics of the selected of this paper was to provide critical lactation infor- breeds of goats and sheep. The criteria for inclusion in mation for selected most relevant domestic breeds of the database were the existence of sample size, aver- sheep and goats to be used in nutrition models. age, and SD for the following independent variables: lactation length (d), total milk yield throughout the MAterIAlS And MetHodS lactation (kg), days in milk (DIM), MY (kg/d), milk fat (%), milk protein (%), milk lactose (%), and milk total solids (%). The milk energy content for sheep Identification of Relevant Breeds was computed as described by Cannas et al. (2004) The Domestic Animal Diversity Information and for goats as described by Tedeschi et al. (2010) System (DAD-IS; http://dad.fao.org/) developed by using the equations proposed by Pulina et al. (1992). the FAO (2001) contains critical information about Sheep breeds publications. A total of 65 publi- animal genetic resources around the world. The DAD- cations (Appendix 1, Supplementary Material) were IS is a combination of 2 large databases: one that was included in the database, as follows: Agriculture and t able 1. Most relevant breeds of sheep and goats based on the frequency of occurrence of transboundary names across countries Sheep breed Synonyms Diffusion level Goat breed Synonyms Diffusion level Awassi Arab, Ivesi, Baladi, Deiri, Shami, Geizirieh Cosmopolite Alpine Cosmopolite Fat Tailed Norduz, Mehraban, Ghezel, Rahmani, Barki, Naeini Local, Region Anglo Nubian Cosmopolite Chios Country, Region Boer Cosmopolite Comisana Lentinese, Red Head, Testa Rossa, Faccia Rossa Local Canaria Majorera, Palmera Local Dorset Down, Horn Cosmopolite Chamoisée Cosmopolite Lacaune Cosmopolite Damascus Shami Country, Region Karagouniki Country, Region La Mancha Country, Region Manchega Alcarreña, Black Manchega, Montesina Country Malagueña Málaga Country Finn-Sheep Cosmopolite Maltese Malta Cosmopolite East-Friesian Cosmopolite Murcia Granada Murciano Granadina Cosmopolite Merino Cosmopolite Nordic Norwegian Cosmopolite Sarda Sardinian Country Saanen Cosmopolite Tsigai Tigai, Cigaja, Zigaja, Tzigaqa Country, Region Toggenburg Cosmopolite Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 500 Ferro et al. Forestry (n = 1), Animal Production Science (n = 2), reSultS And dIScuSSIon Animal Science (n = 1), Annales de Zootechnie (n = 1), Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances (n = Identification of Relevant Breeds 1), Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (n = 2), Canadian Journal of Animal Science (n = 1), Ciência Based on the DAD-IS database, there are 1,096 Rural (n = 1), Czech Journal of Animal Science (n = breeds of goats (55% are local breeds) and 2,156 3), International Dairy Journal (n = 1), International breeds of sheep (61% are local breeds). Local breeds Journal of Dairy Technology (n = 1), The Journal occur only in one country. For local breeds, about 40% of Agricultural Science (n = 1), Journal of Applied (n = 237) and 31% (n = 185) of the goat breeds are Animal Research (n = 1), Journal Dairy Science (n localized in Europe and Asia, respectively, while for = 14), Journal of Central European Agriculture (n sheep breeds about 58% (n = 757) and 20% (n = 268) = 1), Journal of Dairy Research (n = 4), Livestock are localized in Europe and Asia, respectively (FAO, Production Science (n = 2), MLjekarstvo (n = 2), 2001). Transboundary breeds, on the other hand, occur New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research (n = in more than one country, but they are the same breed 4), Australian Society of Animal Production (n = 1), with regionalized naming. Figure 1 has the occurrence Small Ruminant Research (n = 17), Tropical Animal proportion of transboundary breeds of sheep and goats. Health Production (n = 2), and Veterinaria (n = 1). Sheep and goats adapt very easily to different pro- Goat breeds publications. A total of 78 publica- duction conditions, from arid to humid areas and from tions (Appendix 1, Supplementary Material) were in- poor extensive production systems to intensive ones. In cluded in the database, as follows: Acta Scientiarum particular, in the Mediterranean region, the majority of (n = 1), Agronomía Mesoamericana (n = 1), Animal sheep and all goats belong to dairy breeds, for which production (n = 1), Animal (n = 2), Animal Feed milk is the main product and meat is a secondary prod- Science and Technology (n = 2), Arquivos Brasileiro uct (Gerber et al., 2013). Due to the high specializa- Medicina Veterinaria Zootecnia (n = 1), British tion of breeds and farming systems in Western Europe, Journal of Nutrition (n = 2), Ciência Agrotecnologia small ruminants reach higher production levels and ef- (n = 1), International Journal of ChemTech Research ficiency, and higher economic importance than in other (n = 1), Italian Journal Animal Science (n = 1), Journal temperate areas or in most developing countries (Opio Animal Breeding and Genetics (n = 1), Journal Animal et al., 2013). Among the Mediterranean countries that Physiology and Animal Nutrition (n = 1), Journal included the most part of the top 10 world sheep pro- Dairy Science (n = 12), Journal of Agricultural and ducers, Italy in particular plays an important role being Food Chemistry (n = 1), Journal of Dairy Research (n one of the first world sheep milk producers and the top = 4), Livestock Production Science (n = 2), Livestock world sheep cheese exporter. In contrast, goat milk pro- Production Science (n = 2), Revista Brasileira de duction in Italy is less important than in other European Saúde e Produção Animal (n = 1), Revista Brasileira countries, such as Greece, Spain, and France, even de Zootecnia (n = 15), Revista Ciência Agronômica (n though goat milk production is continuously growing = 1), Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and that of sheep is declining (FAO, 2017). (n = 1), South African Journal of Animal Science (n The Mason’s World Encyclopedia of Breeds (Porter = 1), Small Ruminant Research (n = 19), Tropical et al., 2016) lists 238 breeds (regional or native breeds) Animal Health Production (n = 3), and Turk Journal of goats of which 71 (30%) were classified as dairy Veterinary Animal Science (n = 2). breeds, 55 (23%) were allocated as meat breeds, 105 (44%) were assigned to dual-purpose breeds, and the remaining 7 (3%) were designated adequate for coat or Statistical Analyses cashmere production. Similarly, Porter et al. (2016) also All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS registered 1,311 breeds of sheep of which 80 (6%) were version 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). A random coeffi- classified as dairy breeds, 247 (19%) were allocated as cients model, using the PROC GLIMMIX, assumed the meat breeds, 192 (15%) were ideal for dual-purposes, fixed effect of breeds and the random effect of studies 223 (17%) were designated wool breeds, and the re- and treatments within studies. The sample size divided maining 569 (43%) did not have a clear classification. by the SD (n/SD) of each independent variable served As shown in Figure 1, the majority of sheep breeds as a weight for all analyses. The DIM was used as a co- were classified as nondairy (76%) likely because the variate, but preliminary analyses indicated that when n/ DAD-IS database lacked adequate MY information. SD was used as weight, DIM did not affect the indepen- Though this value is similar to the 21% of dairy and du- dent variables significantly (P > 0.05); therefore, the al-purpose sheep breeds reported by Porter et al. (2016), covariate DIM was removed from the statistical models. our nondairy breeds do not necessarily represent meat Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 501 Figure 1. Frequency of occurrence of transboundary breeds of (A) sheep and (B) goats around the world based on the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) from the Food and Agriculture Organization (2001). Nondairy breeds are breeds that did not have milk production informa- tion; they do not necessarily represent meat, wool, or fiber breeds. Analysis of the Literature Data and wool breeds. Figure 1 indicates that Karakul and Merino each accounted for up to 1.2% of sheep breeds Park et al. (2007) suggested that the composition raised around the world; the other breeds accounted for and physicochemical characteristics of sheep and goats less than 1%, suggesting that transboundary sheep breeds milk are essential for successful development of dairy are evenly distributed worldwide. In contrast, nondairy industries as well as for the marketing of their prod- breeds of goats accounted for only 46.3% and of the re- ucts (e.g., fluid milk, cheese). There are distinct differ - maining 53.7% (dairy and dual-purpose breeds), Saanen, ences in the physicochemical characteristics of milk Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted from goats, sheep and cows. Barłowska et al. (2011) for 6.5, 5.0, 4.4, 4.0, and 3.0%, respectively, of the trans- performed a meta-analysis of milk composition of 5 boundary breeds. Porter et al. (2016), on the other hand, species (n = 30 studies/species), and provided descrip- indicated that about 74% of goat breeds were classified tive statistics for milk CP, fat, and lactose, as follows: either as dairy or dual-purpose breeds. Five sheep breeds cattle (3.42% CP, 4.09% fat, and 4.82% lactose), wa- and 6 goat breeds from Figure 1 were selected; the re- ter buffalo (4.38% CP, 7.73% fat, and 4.79% lactose), maining selected breeds (Table 2 for sheep and Table 3 sheep (5.73% CP, 6.99% fat, and 4.75% lactose), goat for goats) were based on Haenlein (2007). (3.26% CP, 4.07% fat, and 4.51% lactose), and camel Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 502 Ferro et al. t able 2. Lactation length and milk yield and composition for selected breeds of sheep Total Milk Milk Milk Milk Milk total Energy, Breeds n Length, d milk, kg yield, kg/d fat, % protein, % lactose, % solid, % Kcal/kg 2 2 ab a a a a Awassi 43 120–300 130–550 1.11 5.87 5.44 5.09 16.2 983 2 2 ab a a a a Chios 36 170–250 135–300 1.46 6.40 5.55 4.81 15.7 1036 3 b b a a a Comisana 23 182 112 0.83 6.96 5.77 4.87 – 1094 b ab a a a a Dorset 43 – 99 1.12 8.41 5.16 4.85 19.4 1201 2 2 ab a a a a East Friesian 21 300–365 500–900 1.16 5.95 5.22 4.75 16.9 983 b ab a a a a Fat Tailed 11 – 161 0.84 5.26 5.15 5.40 17.6 918 ab a a a a Finn-Sheep 5 – – 1.36 8.05 4.96 5.40 16.8 1161 2 b ab a a a a Karagouniki 15 160–175 147 0.96 6.85 5.53 4.85 19.4 1075 2 a a a a a Lacaune 28 160–170 434 1.65 6.67 4.72 4.65 – 1028 2 2 ab a a a a Manchega 16 150–270 80–250 0.89 7.05 5.81 4.86 17.5 1103 ab a a a a Merino 41 – – 1.23 8.21 5.59 5.37 19.7 1199 3 b ab a a a a Sarda 27 168 116 1.36 6.11 5.22 4.79 17.9 997 4 b a a 2 2 Tsigai 31 162 – 0.62 7.73 5.99 4.99 18.8 1171 a,b Within a column, superscripts of different letters differ at P < 0.05. Number of animals. Adapted from Haenlein and Wendorff (2008). Ranges reflect the minimum and maximum across different countries. Adapted from Carta et al. (2009). Adapted from Selvaggi et al. (2016). t able 3. Lactation length and milk yield and composition for selected breeds of goats Total Milk Milk Milk Milk Milk total Energy Breeds n Length, d milk, kg yield, kg/d fat, % protein, % lactose, % solid, % kcal/kg a a a c bc ab c Alpine 68 248 601 2.66 3.33 3.10 4.53 11.05 679 2 ab de bc bc bc bc Anglo-Nubian 18 270–305 592 0.90 3.71 3.29 4.23 12.10 716 bcd a a a a Boer 8 – – 1.72 5.88 4.02 4.95 14.73 907 a b e bc ab ab bc Canaria (Canary) 47 251 183 0.79 3.96 3.72 4.66 12.77 754 a ab bc b ab c bc Damascus 22 270 378 1.88 4.46 3.82 3.60 12.94 795 2 2 3 ab abc ab La Mancha 4 270–305 720–800 2.63 4.95 3.34 – 13.67 807 2 2 cd a ab ab abc Malagueña 20 240–270 500–700 1.47 5.49 3.40 4.53 13.64 848 a b 3 bc bc ab Maltese 16 250 283 2.23 3.77 3.14 4.60 – 713 a ab cd b ab a bc Murciana-Granadina 20 231 368 1.70 4.59 3.48 4.84 13.01 788 2 2 bc b c abc c Nordic 32 250–300 600–700 1.92 4.28 2.87 4.29 11.25 736 a a ab c bc bc c Saanen 62 250 615 2.55 3.28 2.94 4.28 11.52 667 2 a 3 bc bc Charmoisée 2 265–290 645 2.55 3.40 2.84 – – 671 a b bcd bc bc bc abc Toggenburg 10 245 424 1.82 3.37 2.96 4.26 13.14 675 a–e Within a column, superscripts of different letters differ at P < 0.05. Number of animals. Adapted from Haenlein (2008). Ranges reflect the minimum and maximum acr oss different countries. Calculated from Haenlein (2007) as the reported total milk yield divided by the reported lactation length. (3.26% CP, 3.8% fat, and 4.3% lactose). These authors lactation, the contents of milk fat, protein, solids, and also indicated that sheep’s milk had the greatest energy minerals increase while milk lactose content decreases. content (1,417 kcal/kg), followed by cattle (891 kcal/ The variation in MY and milk composition among kg), water buffalo (825 kcal/kg), and goat (721 kcal/kg). different breeds of sheep and goats has been observed Major differences in the AA profile of the milk protein, by several authors. Such factors include genetics (Clark the FA of the milk fat, and the minerals and vitamins ex- and Sherbon, 2000; Greyling et al., 2004; Koutsouli et al., ist (Barłowska et al., 2011; Haenlein and Anke, 2010). 2017; Lôbo et al., 2017; Montaldo et al., 2010; Salvador Furthermore, the composition of cow’s milk is expected et al., 2016); nutrition (Baldin et al., 2014; Bernard et to have minimal changes throughout the year, whereas al., 2009; Bernard et al., 2012; Carnicella et al., 2008; changes in the composition of sheep and goats milk oc- Catunda et al., 2016); parity and number of lambs born cur naturally by seasons because toward the end of the (Ahuya et al., 2009; Carnicella et al., 2008; Salvador et Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 503 al., 2016); days after parturition (Koutsouli et al., 2017); trast, Tsiplakou et al. (2006) compared 4 sheep breeds milking frequency (Koutsouli et al., 2017; Kremer and (Awassi, Lacaune, Friesland, and Chios) and indicated Rosés, 2016; Torres et al., 2014); environmental condi- that the average daily MY, milk composition (protein, tions (Arias et al., 2012; Peana et al., 2017); and other lactose) and yield of protein and fat were not different physiological status (Caroprese et al., 2010). among them (1.6 kg/d; 5.72 and 4.92%; and 90.5 and There is a tremendous genetic diversity with- 119 g/d, respectively). Nonetheless, the milk fat con- in breeds of sheep and goats, but few publications tent was greater for Awassi ewes and the total solids have documented their production aptitude and ex- content was less for Chios ewes when compared to pected productivity. While genetic differentiation of the other breeds. Selvaggi et al. (2016) studied three breeds has been conducted for many Asian countries sheep breeds (Comisana, Leccese, and Sarda) and re- (Periasamy et al., 2017), basic production characteriza- ported differences in MY and lactation length in which tion is rare or incomplete for the most important breeds Leccese ewes produced less total MY per lactation of sheep and goats that are used in different regions of (84.9 kg) compared to Comisana (112 kg) and Sarda the world. In agreement, Raynal-Ljutovac et al. (2008) (116 kg), and had shorter duration of lactation (156 indicated that milk composition varies according to an- d) versus Comisana (182 d) and Sarda (178 d), but imal breed, feed and feeding conditions, and environ- Leccese ewes had greater milk fat (7.75%), protein ment. They reported the average composition of total (5.13%), and lactose (5.06%) contents than Comisana solids of sheep milk varies between 14.4 to 20.7% with and Sarda (7.27%, 4.96%, and 4.89%, respectively). mean of 18.1%, milk fat content varies from 3.60 to Nowadays, dairy sheep farming systems vary from 9.97% with mean of 6.82%, milk protein content var- extensive (marked seasonal milk production, dual-pur- ies from 4.75 to 7.20% with mean of 5.59%, and milk pose breeds, low feed supplementation, hand milking, lactose varies from 4.11 to 5.51% with mean 4.88%. absence of farm facilities, farm-made cheese) to inten- sive (seasonal or continuous milk production, improved local breeds or crosses, exploitation of forage crops, Sheep Breeds high feed supplementation, milking machine and hous- Table 2 has the average of lactation length, total ing facilities, industrial cheese) according to economic milk yield, MY, milk composition, and milk energy of relevance of the production chain and the specific en- selected breeds of sheep. The average and SD across vironmental and breed (Carta et al., 2009). In agree- breeds were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk ment, dairy sheep management varies greatly with fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk breed, production system and country, where the most lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 important dairy sheep in the European Mediterranean ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest countries produce 65% of the total European sheep MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus milk and raise most dairy sheep under extensive and 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but milk semi-extensive systems (Sitzia et al., 2015). components were not different among breeds. Dorset Carta et al. (2009) indicated that another factor of had the greatest milk energy content (1,201 kcal/kg) variation between sheep breeds are breeding strategy and Fat Tailed had the least one (918 kcal/kg). There to improve dairy traits that may involve either cross- was a moderate correlation of milk fat (r = 0.55) but breeding or purebreeding selection programs. Several low correlations of milk protein (r = 0.24) and milk comparisons between local and exotic breeds were lactose (r = 0.17) with the values reported by Haenlein made to determine whether local dairy breeds could and Wendorff (2008). Studies had incomplete data, be used successfully under the improved conditions or leading to some breeds with missing values; thus, the whether it would have been better to replace them with missing values were populated with those reported by more productive genotypes. Haenlein and Wendorff (2008). Nudda et al. (2002) evaluated 3 breeds and report- Goat Breeds ed differences in MY: the Sarda breed had greater MY (0.58 kg/d) than Awassi (0.36 kg/d) and Merino (0.16 Table 3 has the average of lactation length, total milk kg/d), and their MY is less than the MY presented in yield, MY, milk composition, and milk energy of select- Table 2 for the same breeds: the average MY for Sarda ed breeds of goats. The average and SD across breeds ewes was 1.36 kg/d followed by Awassi (1.11 kg/d) were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 and Merino (1.23 kg/d). However, in agreement with ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, Table 2, their Sarda ewes had lower milk fat (6.56%) 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg and protein (5.75%) contents compared to their of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 Merino ewes (7.99 and 5.99%, respectively). In con- versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 504 Ferro et al. than the other breeds (P < 0.05). The Boer breed had the respectively. However, as indicated above, these val- greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than ues are will certainly vary depending on the plane of several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy nutrition, animal management, and environmental content (907 kcal/kg). There was a moderate correlation conditions. Ideal environmental conditions may vary of MY (r = 0.42) and milk fat (r = 0.66) with the values across different breeds, but as a rule of thumb, tem - reported by Haenlein (2007). Studies had incomplete perature humidity index (Tedeschi and Fox (2016)) data, leading to some breeds with missing values; thus, below 68, wind speed below 4 m/s, and solar radiation are usually ideal for dairy sheep in the missing values were populated with those reported below 24 MJ/m by Haenlein (2007) or Haenlein (2008). the Mediterranean region (Peana et al., 2017). Mestawet et al. (2012) reported differences be- In conclusion, we identified 16 breeds of sheep and tween breeds of goats: Boer breed produced the high- 16 breeds of goats that met our criterion of relevant breeds, est average MY (1.41 kg/d) followed by Arsi-Bale e.g., those breeds that occur more than 3 times across (1.13 kg/d) and Toggenburg × Somali and Arsi-Bale countries. However, some breeds did not have enough × Somali crossbreds (0.89 kg/d). Their reported MY published lactation data (e.g., milk yield and composi- for Boer is identical to that reported in Table 2 (1.72 tion) that we could include in our analyses. Based on our kg/d). Similarly, Lôbo et al. (2017) compared breeds literature search, we developed a table containing lacta- of Alpine, Saanen, and Toggenburg raised in the tion information for 13 breeds of sheep and 13 breeds of Southeast of Brazil with breeds of Anglo-Nubian and goats, but because there are many factors that can alter Saanen raised in the Northeast of Brazil. They report- MY and milk composition (e.g., stage of lactation, en- ed that genetics and environmental conditions (i.e., vironment, and management), these averages should be geolocations) could alter MY, lactation length, and used as guidelines by nutritionists when formulating and milk composition. Thus, the values reported in Table 3 balancing diets with nutrition models. must be used with caution and adjustments when rais- ing goats outside of the conditions used in the litera- lIterA ture cIted ture dataset studies might be necessary. Ahuya, C. O., J. M. K. Ojango, R. O. Mosi, C. P. Peacock, and A. M. In respect to the values reported in Table 3, Soryal Okeyo. 2009. Performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in small- holder production systems of the eastern highlands of Kenya. Small et al. (2005) observed higher values of milk fat (4.37%), Rumin. Res. 83:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.012 total protein, (3.87%) and total solids (13.5%) con- Arias, R., B. Oliete, M. Ramón, C. Arias, R. Gallego, V. Montoro, tents for Nubian breed, and lower values of milk fat C. Gonzalo, and M. D. Pérez-Guzmán. 2012. Long-term (2.7%), total protein (2.53%), and total solids (10.1%) study of environmental effects on test-day somatic cell contents for Alpine breed. Mestawet et al. (2012) also count and milk yield in Manchega sheep. Small Rumin. Res. found differences between Boer, Arsi-Bale purebred 106:92–97. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.03.019 Baldin, M., R. Dresch, J. Souza, D. Fernandes, M. S. Gama, K. and crossbreds, and Toggenburg crossbreds in which J. Harvatine, and D. E. Oliveira. 2014. CLA induced milk Boer had the greatest fat (4.92%) and total solids fat depression reduced dry matter intake and improved en- (15.9%) contents. A greater variation in milk composi- ergy balance in dairy goats. Small Rumin. Res. 116:44–50. tion was also reported by Lôbo et al. (2017) in which doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.001 the Anglo-Nubian breed presented greater fat (4.25%), Barłowska, J., M. Szwajkowska, Z. Litwińczuk, and J. Król. 2011. Nutritional value and technological suitability of milk from various protein (3.4%), and total solids (12.5%) contents, fol- animal species used for dairy production. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. lowed by Saanen raised in Southeastern of Brazil and Food Saf. 10:291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00163.x Alpine breeds with an average of 3.7% for fat, 2.95% Bernard, L., C. Leroux, Y. Faulconnier, D. Durand, K. J. Shingfield, for protein, and 11.8% for total solids contents. In and Y. Chilliard. 2009. Effect of sunflower-seed oil or linseed their comparison, Saanen raised in the Northeastern of oil on milk fatty acid secretion and lipogenic gene expres- Brazil and Toggenburg had the least milk components: sion in goats fed hay-based diets. J. Dairy Res. 76:241–248. doi:10.1017/S0022029909003951 3.3% for fat, 2.73% for protein, and 11.2% for total Bernard, L., C. Leroux, J. Rouel, M. Bonnet, and Y. Chilliard. 2012. solids contents. 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The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats

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the comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats M. M. Ferro,*† l. o. t edeschi,* A. S. Atzori‡ *Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471; †Departmento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78020, Brazil; and ‡Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy ABStrAct : The objective of this study was to char- selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were acterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of trans- greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 boundary breed names across countries. We selected versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times milk components were not different among breeds. For and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 literature that had milk production information (e.g., ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk (76%) because they lacked milk production informa- energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus tion. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater (P < 0.05) sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In con- fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other trast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and MY and milk composition, averages provided in this 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain a database compiled from published studies for the observed values when using nutrition models. Key words: dairy, energy, fat, lactation length, lactose, protein © 2017 American Society of Animal Science. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Transl. Anim. Sci. 2017.1:498–506 doi:10.2527/tas2017.0056 IntroductIon sheep, and goats) with 3,876 million heads in 2014, but their milk production constitutes a relatively small Small ruminants [sheep (Ovis aries) and goats share of globally-produced ruminant milk, about 1.3% (Capra hircus)] accounts for about 56.9% of the and 2.3%, respectively, when compared with dairy global ruminant domestic population (cattle, buffalo, cattle (82.9%) and buffalo (13.4%); goats milk rep- resent 63.5% whereas sheep milk accounts for only 36.5% of milk produced by small ruminants (Food and Corresponding author: luis.tedeschi@tamu.edu Agriculture Organization, FAO, 2017). Despite their Received August 17, 2017. small contribution to global milk output, sheep and Accepted September 8, 2017. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 499 goat farming plays a large socio-economic role in some originally developed by the European Federation for specific economies, especially in developing countries Animal Science Animal Genetic Data Bank program (subsistence) or in Europe and Oceania (market trade). and one that was initially developed by the Animal The chemical composition of milk differs among Genetic Resources Group of FAO (Bittante, 2011). animal species (Rezaei et al., 2016), but information Unfortunately, some of the breeds listed in the DAD- such as milk yield (MY) and composition are funda- IS are extinct and the DAD-IS database is not fully mental to adequately meet the requirements for en- searchable and custom queries are not allowed at this ergy and nutrients of lactating animals when using time. The transboundary breed names from the DAD- nutrition models to formulate diets or supplements to IS database were used to identify relevant breeds. The achieve optimum production (Tedeschi et al., 2010). transboundary breeds that were listed more than three While actual or observed information is needed to times across countries and had milk production infor- use modern nutrition models, tabular values provide mation were selected. Additionally, we included sheep means to compare different breeds and to complete and goat breeds listed by Haenlein (2007) that had the gaps when such information is not available. The highest total milk yield and the breed descriptions of National Research Council (NRC, 1996, 2000) and Porter et al. (2016) for high production importance the most recent National Academies of Sciences, based. Some breeds, however, have synonyms or dif- Engineering, and Medicine (2016) provided tabular ferent names within the same region. The selected rel- values for critical inputs needed to characterize the evant breeds of sheep and goats, including their syn- lactation of relevant beef cattle breeds, but the NRC onyms and diffusion level, are listed in Table 1. (2007) did not include such a table for small rumi- nants despite their requirement to properly formulate Database Development diets for lactating animals. Few publications have comparative values of milk composition for different A literature review was conducted to gather lac- breeds of sheep and goats. Therefore, the objective tation information and characteristics of the selected of this paper was to provide critical lactation infor- breeds of goats and sheep. The criteria for inclusion in mation for selected most relevant domestic breeds of the database were the existence of sample size, aver- sheep and goats to be used in nutrition models. age, and SD for the following independent variables: lactation length (d), total milk yield throughout the MAterIAlS And MetHodS lactation (kg), days in milk (DIM), MY (kg/d), milk fat (%), milk protein (%), milk lactose (%), and milk total solids (%). The milk energy content for sheep Identification of Relevant Breeds was computed as described by Cannas et al. (2004) The Domestic Animal Diversity Information and for goats as described by Tedeschi et al. (2010) System (DAD-IS; http://dad.fao.org/) developed by using the equations proposed by Pulina et al. (1992). the FAO (2001) contains critical information about Sheep breeds publications. A total of 65 publi- animal genetic resources around the world. The DAD- cations (Appendix 1, Supplementary Material) were IS is a combination of 2 large databases: one that was included in the database, as follows: Agriculture and t able 1. Most relevant breeds of sheep and goats based on the frequency of occurrence of transboundary names across countries Sheep breed Synonyms Diffusion level Goat breed Synonyms Diffusion level Awassi Arab, Ivesi, Baladi, Deiri, Shami, Geizirieh Cosmopolite Alpine Cosmopolite Fat Tailed Norduz, Mehraban, Ghezel, Rahmani, Barki, Naeini Local, Region Anglo Nubian Cosmopolite Chios Country, Region Boer Cosmopolite Comisana Lentinese, Red Head, Testa Rossa, Faccia Rossa Local Canaria Majorera, Palmera Local Dorset Down, Horn Cosmopolite Chamoisée Cosmopolite Lacaune Cosmopolite Damascus Shami Country, Region Karagouniki Country, Region La Mancha Country, Region Manchega Alcarreña, Black Manchega, Montesina Country Malagueña Málaga Country Finn-Sheep Cosmopolite Maltese Malta Cosmopolite East-Friesian Cosmopolite Murcia Granada Murciano Granadina Cosmopolite Merino Cosmopolite Nordic Norwegian Cosmopolite Sarda Sardinian Country Saanen Cosmopolite Tsigai Tigai, Cigaja, Zigaja, Tzigaqa Country, Region Toggenburg Cosmopolite Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 500 Ferro et al. Forestry (n = 1), Animal Production Science (n = 2), reSultS And dIScuSSIon Animal Science (n = 1), Annales de Zootechnie (n = 1), Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances (n = Identification of Relevant Breeds 1), Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (n = 2), Canadian Journal of Animal Science (n = 1), Ciência Based on the DAD-IS database, there are 1,096 Rural (n = 1), Czech Journal of Animal Science (n = breeds of goats (55% are local breeds) and 2,156 3), International Dairy Journal (n = 1), International breeds of sheep (61% are local breeds). Local breeds Journal of Dairy Technology (n = 1), The Journal occur only in one country. For local breeds, about 40% of Agricultural Science (n = 1), Journal of Applied (n = 237) and 31% (n = 185) of the goat breeds are Animal Research (n = 1), Journal Dairy Science (n localized in Europe and Asia, respectively, while for = 14), Journal of Central European Agriculture (n sheep breeds about 58% (n = 757) and 20% (n = 268) = 1), Journal of Dairy Research (n = 4), Livestock are localized in Europe and Asia, respectively (FAO, Production Science (n = 2), MLjekarstvo (n = 2), 2001). Transboundary breeds, on the other hand, occur New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research (n = in more than one country, but they are the same breed 4), Australian Society of Animal Production (n = 1), with regionalized naming. Figure 1 has the occurrence Small Ruminant Research (n = 17), Tropical Animal proportion of transboundary breeds of sheep and goats. Health Production (n = 2), and Veterinaria (n = 1). Sheep and goats adapt very easily to different pro- Goat breeds publications. A total of 78 publica- duction conditions, from arid to humid areas and from tions (Appendix 1, Supplementary Material) were in- poor extensive production systems to intensive ones. In cluded in the database, as follows: Acta Scientiarum particular, in the Mediterranean region, the majority of (n = 1), Agronomía Mesoamericana (n = 1), Animal sheep and all goats belong to dairy breeds, for which production (n = 1), Animal (n = 2), Animal Feed milk is the main product and meat is a secondary prod- Science and Technology (n = 2), Arquivos Brasileiro uct (Gerber et al., 2013). Due to the high specializa- Medicina Veterinaria Zootecnia (n = 1), British tion of breeds and farming systems in Western Europe, Journal of Nutrition (n = 2), Ciência Agrotecnologia small ruminants reach higher production levels and ef- (n = 1), International Journal of ChemTech Research ficiency, and higher economic importance than in other (n = 1), Italian Journal Animal Science (n = 1), Journal temperate areas or in most developing countries (Opio Animal Breeding and Genetics (n = 1), Journal Animal et al., 2013). Among the Mediterranean countries that Physiology and Animal Nutrition (n = 1), Journal included the most part of the top 10 world sheep pro- Dairy Science (n = 12), Journal of Agricultural and ducers, Italy in particular plays an important role being Food Chemistry (n = 1), Journal of Dairy Research (n one of the first world sheep milk producers and the top = 4), Livestock Production Science (n = 2), Livestock world sheep cheese exporter. In contrast, goat milk pro- Production Science (n = 2), Revista Brasileira de duction in Italy is less important than in other European Saúde e Produção Animal (n = 1), Revista Brasileira countries, such as Greece, Spain, and France, even de Zootecnia (n = 15), Revista Ciência Agronômica (n though goat milk production is continuously growing = 1), Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and that of sheep is declining (FAO, 2017). (n = 1), South African Journal of Animal Science (n The Mason’s World Encyclopedia of Breeds (Porter = 1), Small Ruminant Research (n = 19), Tropical et al., 2016) lists 238 breeds (regional or native breeds) Animal Health Production (n = 3), and Turk Journal of goats of which 71 (30%) were classified as dairy Veterinary Animal Science (n = 2). breeds, 55 (23%) were allocated as meat breeds, 105 (44%) were assigned to dual-purpose breeds, and the remaining 7 (3%) were designated adequate for coat or Statistical Analyses cashmere production. Similarly, Porter et al. (2016) also All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS registered 1,311 breeds of sheep of which 80 (6%) were version 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). A random coeffi- classified as dairy breeds, 247 (19%) were allocated as cients model, using the PROC GLIMMIX, assumed the meat breeds, 192 (15%) were ideal for dual-purposes, fixed effect of breeds and the random effect of studies 223 (17%) were designated wool breeds, and the re- and treatments within studies. The sample size divided maining 569 (43%) did not have a clear classification. by the SD (n/SD) of each independent variable served As shown in Figure 1, the majority of sheep breeds as a weight for all analyses. The DIM was used as a co- were classified as nondairy (76%) likely because the variate, but preliminary analyses indicated that when n/ DAD-IS database lacked adequate MY information. SD was used as weight, DIM did not affect the indepen- Though this value is similar to the 21% of dairy and du- dent variables significantly (P > 0.05); therefore, the al-purpose sheep breeds reported by Porter et al. (2016), covariate DIM was removed from the statistical models. our nondairy breeds do not necessarily represent meat Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 501 Figure 1. Frequency of occurrence of transboundary breeds of (A) sheep and (B) goats around the world based on the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) from the Food and Agriculture Organization (2001). Nondairy breeds are breeds that did not have milk production informa- tion; they do not necessarily represent meat, wool, or fiber breeds. Analysis of the Literature Data and wool breeds. Figure 1 indicates that Karakul and Merino each accounted for up to 1.2% of sheep breeds Park et al. (2007) suggested that the composition raised around the world; the other breeds accounted for and physicochemical characteristics of sheep and goats less than 1%, suggesting that transboundary sheep breeds milk are essential for successful development of dairy are evenly distributed worldwide. In contrast, nondairy industries as well as for the marketing of their prod- breeds of goats accounted for only 46.3% and of the re- ucts (e.g., fluid milk, cheese). There are distinct differ - maining 53.7% (dairy and dual-purpose breeds), Saanen, ences in the physicochemical characteristics of milk Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted from goats, sheep and cows. Barłowska et al. (2011) for 6.5, 5.0, 4.4, 4.0, and 3.0%, respectively, of the trans- performed a meta-analysis of milk composition of 5 boundary breeds. Porter et al. (2016), on the other hand, species (n = 30 studies/species), and provided descrip- indicated that about 74% of goat breeds were classified tive statistics for milk CP, fat, and lactose, as follows: either as dairy or dual-purpose breeds. Five sheep breeds cattle (3.42% CP, 4.09% fat, and 4.82% lactose), wa- and 6 goat breeds from Figure 1 were selected; the re- ter buffalo (4.38% CP, 7.73% fat, and 4.79% lactose), maining selected breeds (Table 2 for sheep and Table 3 sheep (5.73% CP, 6.99% fat, and 4.75% lactose), goat for goats) were based on Haenlein (2007). (3.26% CP, 4.07% fat, and 4.51% lactose), and camel Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 502 Ferro et al. t able 2. Lactation length and milk yield and composition for selected breeds of sheep Total Milk Milk Milk Milk Milk total Energy, Breeds n Length, d milk, kg yield, kg/d fat, % protein, % lactose, % solid, % Kcal/kg 2 2 ab a a a a Awassi 43 120–300 130–550 1.11 5.87 5.44 5.09 16.2 983 2 2 ab a a a a Chios 36 170–250 135–300 1.46 6.40 5.55 4.81 15.7 1036 3 b b a a a Comisana 23 182 112 0.83 6.96 5.77 4.87 – 1094 b ab a a a a Dorset 43 – 99 1.12 8.41 5.16 4.85 19.4 1201 2 2 ab a a a a East Friesian 21 300–365 500–900 1.16 5.95 5.22 4.75 16.9 983 b ab a a a a Fat Tailed 11 – 161 0.84 5.26 5.15 5.40 17.6 918 ab a a a a Finn-Sheep 5 – – 1.36 8.05 4.96 5.40 16.8 1161 2 b ab a a a a Karagouniki 15 160–175 147 0.96 6.85 5.53 4.85 19.4 1075 2 a a a a a Lacaune 28 160–170 434 1.65 6.67 4.72 4.65 – 1028 2 2 ab a a a a Manchega 16 150–270 80–250 0.89 7.05 5.81 4.86 17.5 1103 ab a a a a Merino 41 – – 1.23 8.21 5.59 5.37 19.7 1199 3 b ab a a a a Sarda 27 168 116 1.36 6.11 5.22 4.79 17.9 997 4 b a a 2 2 Tsigai 31 162 – 0.62 7.73 5.99 4.99 18.8 1171 a,b Within a column, superscripts of different letters differ at P < 0.05. Number of animals. Adapted from Haenlein and Wendorff (2008). Ranges reflect the minimum and maximum across different countries. Adapted from Carta et al. (2009). Adapted from Selvaggi et al. (2016). t able 3. Lactation length and milk yield and composition for selected breeds of goats Total Milk Milk Milk Milk Milk total Energy Breeds n Length, d milk, kg yield, kg/d fat, % protein, % lactose, % solid, % kcal/kg a a a c bc ab c Alpine 68 248 601 2.66 3.33 3.10 4.53 11.05 679 2 ab de bc bc bc bc Anglo-Nubian 18 270–305 592 0.90 3.71 3.29 4.23 12.10 716 bcd a a a a Boer 8 – – 1.72 5.88 4.02 4.95 14.73 907 a b e bc ab ab bc Canaria (Canary) 47 251 183 0.79 3.96 3.72 4.66 12.77 754 a ab bc b ab c bc Damascus 22 270 378 1.88 4.46 3.82 3.60 12.94 795 2 2 3 ab abc ab La Mancha 4 270–305 720–800 2.63 4.95 3.34 – 13.67 807 2 2 cd a ab ab abc Malagueña 20 240–270 500–700 1.47 5.49 3.40 4.53 13.64 848 a b 3 bc bc ab Maltese 16 250 283 2.23 3.77 3.14 4.60 – 713 a ab cd b ab a bc Murciana-Granadina 20 231 368 1.70 4.59 3.48 4.84 13.01 788 2 2 bc b c abc c Nordic 32 250–300 600–700 1.92 4.28 2.87 4.29 11.25 736 a a ab c bc bc c Saanen 62 250 615 2.55 3.28 2.94 4.28 11.52 667 2 a 3 bc bc Charmoisée 2 265–290 645 2.55 3.40 2.84 – – 671 a b bcd bc bc bc abc Toggenburg 10 245 424 1.82 3.37 2.96 4.26 13.14 675 a–e Within a column, superscripts of different letters differ at P < 0.05. Number of animals. Adapted from Haenlein (2008). Ranges reflect the minimum and maximum acr oss different countries. Calculated from Haenlein (2007) as the reported total milk yield divided by the reported lactation length. (3.26% CP, 3.8% fat, and 4.3% lactose). These authors lactation, the contents of milk fat, protein, solids, and also indicated that sheep’s milk had the greatest energy minerals increase while milk lactose content decreases. content (1,417 kcal/kg), followed by cattle (891 kcal/ The variation in MY and milk composition among kg), water buffalo (825 kcal/kg), and goat (721 kcal/kg). different breeds of sheep and goats has been observed Major differences in the AA profile of the milk protein, by several authors. Such factors include genetics (Clark the FA of the milk fat, and the minerals and vitamins ex- and Sherbon, 2000; Greyling et al., 2004; Koutsouli et al., ist (Barłowska et al., 2011; Haenlein and Anke, 2010). 2017; Lôbo et al., 2017; Montaldo et al., 2010; Salvador Furthermore, the composition of cow’s milk is expected et al., 2016); nutrition (Baldin et al., 2014; Bernard et to have minimal changes throughout the year, whereas al., 2009; Bernard et al., 2012; Carnicella et al., 2008; changes in the composition of sheep and goats milk oc- Catunda et al., 2016); parity and number of lambs born cur naturally by seasons because toward the end of the (Ahuya et al., 2009; Carnicella et al., 2008; Salvador et Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 Milk information for selected sheep and goat breeds 503 al., 2016); days after parturition (Koutsouli et al., 2017); trast, Tsiplakou et al. (2006) compared 4 sheep breeds milking frequency (Koutsouli et al., 2017; Kremer and (Awassi, Lacaune, Friesland, and Chios) and indicated Rosés, 2016; Torres et al., 2014); environmental condi- that the average daily MY, milk composition (protein, tions (Arias et al., 2012; Peana et al., 2017); and other lactose) and yield of protein and fat were not different physiological status (Caroprese et al., 2010). among them (1.6 kg/d; 5.72 and 4.92%; and 90.5 and There is a tremendous genetic diversity with- 119 g/d, respectively). Nonetheless, the milk fat con- in breeds of sheep and goats, but few publications tent was greater for Awassi ewes and the total solids have documented their production aptitude and ex- content was less for Chios ewes when compared to pected productivity. While genetic differentiation of the other breeds. Selvaggi et al. (2016) studied three breeds has been conducted for many Asian countries sheep breeds (Comisana, Leccese, and Sarda) and re- (Periasamy et al., 2017), basic production characteriza- ported differences in MY and lactation length in which tion is rare or incomplete for the most important breeds Leccese ewes produced less total MY per lactation of sheep and goats that are used in different regions of (84.9 kg) compared to Comisana (112 kg) and Sarda the world. In agreement, Raynal-Ljutovac et al. (2008) (116 kg), and had shorter duration of lactation (156 indicated that milk composition varies according to an- d) versus Comisana (182 d) and Sarda (178 d), but imal breed, feed and feeding conditions, and environ- Leccese ewes had greater milk fat (7.75%), protein ment. They reported the average composition of total (5.13%), and lactose (5.06%) contents than Comisana solids of sheep milk varies between 14.4 to 20.7% with and Sarda (7.27%, 4.96%, and 4.89%, respectively). mean of 18.1%, milk fat content varies from 3.60 to Nowadays, dairy sheep farming systems vary from 9.97% with mean of 6.82%, milk protein content var- extensive (marked seasonal milk production, dual-pur- ies from 4.75 to 7.20% with mean of 5.59%, and milk pose breeds, low feed supplementation, hand milking, lactose varies from 4.11 to 5.51% with mean 4.88%. absence of farm facilities, farm-made cheese) to inten- sive (seasonal or continuous milk production, improved local breeds or crosses, exploitation of forage crops, Sheep Breeds high feed supplementation, milking machine and hous- Table 2 has the average of lactation length, total ing facilities, industrial cheese) according to economic milk yield, MY, milk composition, and milk energy of relevance of the production chain and the specific en- selected breeds of sheep. The average and SD across vironmental and breed (Carta et al., 2009). In agree- breeds were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk ment, dairy sheep management varies greatly with fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk breed, production system and country, where the most lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 important dairy sheep in the European Mediterranean ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest countries produce 65% of the total European sheep MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus milk and raise most dairy sheep under extensive and 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but milk semi-extensive systems (Sitzia et al., 2015). components were not different among breeds. Dorset Carta et al. (2009) indicated that another factor of had the greatest milk energy content (1,201 kcal/kg) variation between sheep breeds are breeding strategy and Fat Tailed had the least one (918 kcal/kg). There to improve dairy traits that may involve either cross- was a moderate correlation of milk fat (r = 0.55) but breeding or purebreeding selection programs. Several low correlations of milk protein (r = 0.24) and milk comparisons between local and exotic breeds were lactose (r = 0.17) with the values reported by Haenlein made to determine whether local dairy breeds could and Wendorff (2008). Studies had incomplete data, be used successfully under the improved conditions or leading to some breeds with missing values; thus, the whether it would have been better to replace them with missing values were populated with those reported by more productive genotypes. Haenlein and Wendorff (2008). Nudda et al. (2002) evaluated 3 breeds and report- Goat Breeds ed differences in MY: the Sarda breed had greater MY (0.58 kg/d) than Awassi (0.36 kg/d) and Merino (0.16 Table 3 has the average of lactation length, total milk kg/d), and their MY is less than the MY presented in yield, MY, milk composition, and milk energy of select- Table 2 for the same breeds: the average MY for Sarda ed breeds of goats. The average and SD across breeds ewes was 1.36 kg/d followed by Awassi (1.11 kg/d) were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 and Merino (1.23 kg/d). However, in agreement with ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, Table 2, their Sarda ewes had lower milk fat (6.56%) 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg and protein (5.75%) contents compared to their of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 Merino ewes (7.99 and 5.99%, respectively). In con- versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater Translate basic science to industry innovation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/tas/article-abstract/1/4/498/4780406 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 10 April 2018 504 Ferro et al. than the other breeds (P < 0.05). The Boer breed had the respectively. However, as indicated above, these val- greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than ues are will certainly vary depending on the plane of several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy nutrition, animal management, and environmental content (907 kcal/kg). There was a moderate correlation conditions. Ideal environmental conditions may vary of MY (r = 0.42) and milk fat (r = 0.66) with the values across different breeds, but as a rule of thumb, tem - reported by Haenlein (2007). Studies had incomplete perature humidity index (Tedeschi and Fox (2016)) data, leading to some breeds with missing values; thus, below 68, wind speed below 4 m/s, and solar radiation are usually ideal for dairy sheep in the missing values were populated with those reported below 24 MJ/m by Haenlein (2007) or Haenlein (2008). the Mediterranean region (Peana et al., 2017). Mestawet et al. (2012) reported differences be- In conclusion, we identified 16 breeds of sheep and tween breeds of goats: Boer breed produced the high- 16 breeds of goats that met our criterion of relevant breeds, est average MY (1.41 kg/d) followed by Arsi-Bale e.g., those breeds that occur more than 3 times across (1.13 kg/d) and Toggenburg × Somali and Arsi-Bale countries. However, some breeds did not have enough × Somali crossbreds (0.89 kg/d). Their reported MY published lactation data (e.g., milk yield and composi- for Boer is identical to that reported in Table 2 (1.72 tion) that we could include in our analyses. Based on our kg/d). Similarly, Lôbo et al. (2017) compared breeds literature search, we developed a table containing lacta- of Alpine, Saanen, and Toggenburg raised in the tion information for 13 breeds of sheep and 13 breeds of Southeast of Brazil with breeds of Anglo-Nubian and goats, but because there are many factors that can alter Saanen raised in the Northeast of Brazil. They report- MY and milk composition (e.g., stage of lactation, en- ed that genetics and environmental conditions (i.e., vironment, and management), these averages should be geolocations) could alter MY, lactation length, and used as guidelines by nutritionists when formulating and milk composition. Thus, the values reported in Table 3 balancing diets with nutrition models. must be used with caution and adjustments when rais- ing goats outside of the conditions used in the litera- lIterA ture cIted ture dataset studies might be necessary. Ahuya, C. O., J. M. K. Ojango, R. O. Mosi, C. P. Peacock, and A. M. In respect to the values reported in Table 3, Soryal Okeyo. 2009. Performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in small- holder production systems of the eastern highlands of Kenya. Small et al. (2005) observed higher values of milk fat (4.37%), Rumin. Res. 83:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.012 total protein, (3.87%) and total solids (13.5%) con- Arias, R., B. Oliete, M. Ramón, C. Arias, R. Gallego, V. Montoro, tents for Nubian breed, and lower values of milk fat C. Gonzalo, and M. D. Pérez-Guzmán. 2012. Long-term (2.7%), total protein (2.53%), and total solids (10.1%) study of environmental effects on test-day somatic cell contents for Alpine breed. Mestawet et al. (2012) also count and milk yield in Manchega sheep. Small Rumin. Res. found differences between Boer, Arsi-Bale purebred 106:92–97. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.03.019 Baldin, M., R. Dresch, J. Souza, D. Fernandes, M. S. Gama, K. and crossbreds, and Toggenburg crossbreds in which J. Harvatine, and D. E. Oliveira. 2014. CLA induced milk Boer had the greatest fat (4.92%) and total solids fat depression reduced dry matter intake and improved en- (15.9%) contents. A greater variation in milk composi- ergy balance in dairy goats. Small Rumin. Res. 116:44–50. tion was also reported by Lôbo et al. (2017) in which doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.001 the Anglo-Nubian breed presented greater fat (4.25%), Barłowska, J., M. Szwajkowska, Z. Litwińczuk, and J. Król. 2011. Nutritional value and technological suitability of milk from various protein (3.4%), and total solids (12.5%) contents, fol- animal species used for dairy production. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. lowed by Saanen raised in Southeastern of Brazil and Food Saf. 10:291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00163.x Alpine breeds with an average of 3.7% for fat, 2.95% Bernard, L., C. Leroux, Y. Faulconnier, D. Durand, K. J. Shingfield, for protein, and 11.8% for total solids contents. In and Y. Chilliard. 2009. Effect of sunflower-seed oil or linseed their comparison, Saanen raised in the Northeastern of oil on milk fatty acid secretion and lipogenic gene expres- Brazil and Toggenburg had the least milk components: sion in goats fed hay-based diets. J. Dairy Res. 76:241–248. doi:10.1017/S0022029909003951 3.3% for fat, 2.73% for protein, and 11.2% for total Bernard, L., C. Leroux, J. Rouel, M. Bonnet, and Y. Chilliard. 2012. solids contents. Contrary to these findings, Mayer and Effect of the level and type of starchy concentrate on tissue lip- Fiechter (2012) compared 6 goat dairy breeds (Colored, id metabolism, gene expression and milk fatty acid secretion in Pinzgau, Saanen, Strahlen, Toggenburg, and White) Alpine goats receiving a diet rich in sunflower-seed oil. Br. J. Nutr. and reported similar chemical composition (3.67% for 107:1147–1159. doi:10.1017/S0007114511004181 Bittante, G. 2011. Italian animal genetic resources in the Domestic fat, 3.35% for protein, 12.2% for total solids, and 4.23% Animal Diversity Information System of FAO. Ital. J. Anim. for lactose contents). Their results are in contrast to Sci. 10:e29. doi:10.4081/ijas.2011.e29 those listed in Table 3 in which Saanen breed had less Cannas, A., L. O. Tedeschi, D. G. Fox, A. N. Pell, and P. J. Van fat, protein, and total solids contents than Toggenburg. Soest. 2004. 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Journal

Translational Animal Science – Oxford University Press

Published: Dec 1, 2017

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